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zDrugs 2020 > Serotonergic Hallucinogens > Flashcards

Serotonergic Hallucinogens Flashcards

1
Q

which drug is most identified with the term ‘hallucinogen?’

A

LSD

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2
Q

what does LSD stand for?

A

lysergic acid diethylamide

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3
Q

what is the trade name for LSD?

A

delysid

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4
Q

who first synthesized LSD?

A

Albert Hoffman, swiss chemist

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5
Q

what was being studied when LSD was first synthesized?

A

studying derivatives of the ergot fungus, in vasoconstrictive action, giving muscle tone to the uterus

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6
Q

what is ergot?

A

a fungus found on variety of grains (ex. wheat, rye)

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7
Q

was LSD created on purpose?

A

no

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8
Q

what ergot derivative is LSD?

A

the 25th

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9
Q

what other derivative was discovered alongside LSD?

A

methergine- controls uterine bleeding and muscle tone

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10
Q

how much LSD did hoffman ingest initially to study the effects?

A

250 micrograms

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11
Q

what is the minimum psychoactive dose of LSD?

A

the size/weight of a grain of salt

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12
Q

who coined the term ‘psychedelic’?

A

Dr. Humphrey Osmond

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13
Q

what did the government think LSD could be used for?

A

interrogations

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14
Q

who did research on LSD in the 60s at Harvard?

A

Dr. Leary and Alpert

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15
Q

when was LSD used in psychotherapy?

A

50’s and 60s

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16
Q

what was the rationale of using LSD in psychotherapy?

A

could more openly communicate feelings and be more receptive of theraputic suggestions

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17
Q

when was LSD made illegal in the US?

A

1966

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18
Q

when did the rise of LSD use rise exponentially?

A

‘67 to ‘71

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19
Q

how much did LSD use rise (%) after it became illegal?

A

from 1% to 18%

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20
Q

what forms can LSD be found in?

A

tablets or absorbent paper

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21
Q

what is the normal street dose of LSD?

A

50micrograms

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22
Q

what was the dose of LSD at its peak use?

A

200 micrograms

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23
Q

what are the first symptoms of LSD taking effect?

A

activation of the sympathetic nervous system -sweating, tremour, ^ body temp etc

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24
Q

what is the most visual index of LSD’s hallucinogenic effect?

A

dilated pupils

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25
Q

what is the unexpected symptom of LSD?

A

analgesia (not feeling pain)

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26
Q

what are object trails?

A

where there is perceptual residue of an object moving around

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27
Q

what is the first effect of LSD onset?

A

wave/rhythmic movements

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28
Q

what are form constants?

A

patterned forms that all users experience: seeing lattices, honeycombbs, spirals, funnels, tunnels, etc

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29
Q

what is synaesthesia?

A

where another sense is perceived by another ex. seeing sounds (coloured music notes) or see/hear tastes

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30
Q

what is the time perception distortions experienced with LSD?

A

small moments feeling very long

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31
Q

what is ego disintegration?

A

hard to distinguish self from environment (ex. melted into the couch, or feel like they have become air)

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32
Q

why does LSD have the ego disintegration effect?

A

due to the analgesic effect, whole body was numb

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33
Q

what are bad trips?

A

panic attacks during the drug effects, feeling like the effect is permanent

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34
Q

who is most likely to experience bad trips?

A

novice users, mentally disturbed ppl, or unknowingly consumed it

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35
Q

which hallucinogen is least likely to produce bad trips?

A

LSD (3%)

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36
Q

what are flashbacks?

A

unexpected psychedelic experiences long after the use of LSD

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37
Q

what is the rate of occurrence of flashbacks in LSD users?

A

33%

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38
Q

what is hallucinogen persisting perception disorder? (HPPD)

A

a long lasting, distressing, reversible psychedelic experience lasting well after drug use

39
Q

whats the prevalence of HPPD in users?

A

4%

40
Q

can LSD be fatal?

A

the LD50 of LSD is 300x the minimum dose (14milligrams vs 50 micrograms)

41
Q

does tolerance occur to hallucinogenic effects of LSD?

A

yes, as little as 3-4 days with daily exposure

42
Q

what contributes to the development of tolerance in LSD?

A

pavlovian conditioning

43
Q

can you develop physical dependence on LSD?

A

no, there is no withdrawal symptoms /syndrome

44
Q

does LSD cause brain damage in chromosomes?

A

no evidence in increased birth defects vs normal ppl

45
Q

how do serotonergic hallucinogens create hallucinogenic effects?

A

they act as an agonist on senotonergic neurons

46
Q

which neurons does LSD act on?

A

acts as an agonist at the PREsynaptic 5-HT1, on the serotonin neurons in the raphe nuclei

47
Q

where are the serotonin neurons found?

A

the raphe nuclei, part of the ARAS

48
Q

what is the ascending reticular activating system (ARAS)?

A

filters sensory information (LSD interferes, therefore sensory distortions)

49
Q

how does LSD mainly produce effects on the body?

A

has agonistic action at the 5-HT2 (or 5-HT2a) receptors

50
Q

does LSD take effect on 5-HT1 or 5-HT2?

A

BOTH ahahah

51
Q

what is lysergic acid amide?

A

naturally occuring hallucinogen similar to LSD

52
Q

where is lysergic acid amide found in nature?

A

ergot( a fungus on moldy grains)

53
Q

what is ergot also known as?

A

cockspur

54
Q

what plant contains lysergic acid amide?

A

morning glory seeds

55
Q

what hallucinogenic did the aztecs use in ceremonies?

A

morning glory seeds

56
Q

what is Holyfire/ St. Anthony’s fire?

A

lysergic acid amide

(hallucinogen seeds) used by Greek Oracles

57
Q

why was holyfire given its name?

A

lysergic acid amide found in infected bread induces vasoconstriction -restricted bloodflow creates a warm sensation

58
Q

can using holyfire be dangerous?

A

yes, vasoconstriction long enough can kill the limb and it will fall off

59
Q

what was the history of st. anthony and holyfire>

A

a religious order under st. anthony treated ppl affected by hallucinogen-infected bread

60
Q

how did st. anthony cure the holyfire?

A

people who were treated were separated from the infected bread source therefore ‘cured’

61
Q

what is ergotism?

A

behaviour caused by ingestion of ergot

62
Q

where was the modern outbreak of ergotism?

A

russia 1926, french town in 1951

63
Q

what characteristics accompany ‘holy fire’ in ergotism??

A

tingling skin, convulsions, hallucinations

64
Q

what is the potency of lysergic acid amide compared to LSD?

A

1/10 potency

65
Q

what is psilocybin’s chemical name?

A

4-phosphoryl-dimethyltryptamine

66
Q

where is psilocybin naturally found?

A

mushrooms in mexico and central america

67
Q

what is the aspect of psilocybin that occurs in the mushrooms?

A

tryptamine, an alkaloid that is similar to what the body needs to synthesize serotonin

68
Q

what neurotransmitter does psilocybin represent?

A

serotonin

69
Q

how much psilocybin consumption is required for an effect?

A

psychoactive effect: 4 -8mg

over 15mg for hallucinogenic effects

70
Q

who isolated psilocybin in 1958?

A

hoffman

71
Q

which ancient group of people used psilocybin?

A

aztec and mayans, called the mushrooms ‘flesh of the gods’

72
Q

what is the onset and duration of psilocybin?

A

30 min, duration of 2-6 hrs

73
Q

how is psilocybin processed in the body?

A

converted to a lipid soluble active agent called psilocin

74
Q

does tolerance occur to psilocybin?

A

yes, and cross tolerance to other hallucinogens

75
Q

what is the common street name for psilocybin?

A

shrooms

76
Q

where is Dimethyltryptamine (DMT) found?

A

the plant group virola /piptadenia peregrina

77
Q

where is natural dimethyltryptamine (DMT) found in the world?

A

jungles of south/central america

78
Q

what is an entheogen?

A

natural substances that produce mystical or religious experiences

79
Q

what is used as an entheogen in south/central america?

A

DMT (dimethyltryptamine)

80
Q

what does virola plant look like?

A

a reddish bark

81
Q

how is DMT consumed?

A

reddish bark is used as snuff

82
Q

what is the onset and duration of DMT?

A

10 sec onset, peak effects 15 min, duration just an hour

83
Q

what happens if you drink DMT?

A

not effective, gets metabolized by monoamine oxidase

84
Q

how to make DMT effective when drinking it?

A

consume another drink containing harmaline alkaloids at the same time as DMT drink, counteracts monoamine oxidase which breaks down DMT

85
Q

what is ayahuasca?

A

common indigenous DMT drink

86
Q

what treatment is ayahuasca used for?

A

treating PTSD

87
Q

what effects does ayahuasca create?

A

otherworldly experience, numbness, hallucinations, excitability

88
Q

what is the chemical name for bufotenine?

A

5 hydroxy DMT

89
Q

where is bufotenine found?

A

plants in haiti/venezuela, ‘dream fish’, and toads

90
Q

how is bufotenine ingested?

A

snuff or licking toads, smoking dried secretions

91
Q

how do indigenous people use bufotenine?

A

snuff

92
Q

what makes bufotenine an unappealing hallucinogenic drug?

A

stronger sympathetic arousal than other hallucinogens

93
Q

what is the unique side effect of bufotenine?

A

cyanosis - skin turns blue/purple

zDrugs 2020 (14 decks)

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