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zDrugs 2020 > Stimulants > Flashcards

Stimulants Flashcards

1
Q

what is Ma Huang?

A

chinese herb from the ‘horsetail’ plant

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2
Q

when was the earliest documentation of ma huang?

A

3000 BC

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3
Q

what is the active ingredient in ma huang?

A

ephedrine

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4
Q

what effect does ephedrine have on the lungs?

A

its a broncodialator, so used for nasal decongestion and asthma

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5
Q

what drug is produced illegally from legal obtaining of ephedrine?

A

methamphetamine

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6
Q

what products were ephedrine found in before it was banned?

A

weight loss, helps burn fat bc it regulates body temp

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7
Q

what is khat?

A

from the catha edulis plant in africa

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8
Q

what form was the early use of khat?

A

Abyssinian tea

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9
Q

what is the active ingredient in khat?

A

cathinone

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10
Q

what are the effects of chewing khat leaves?

A

feeling content, not tired, anorexia, mental stim

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11
Q

when was khat made illegal?

A

1997

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12
Q

what is methcathinone?

A

a modified version of the active ingred. in khat (cathinon)

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13
Q

why was methcathinone synthesized?

A

soviet russia wanted to use it to treat depression or abuse

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14
Q

what is the street name for methcathinone?

A

cat

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15
Q

what is the main effect from methcathinone?

A

euphoria

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16
Q

what is the consumption pattern of methcathinone users?

A

binge for several days without eating or sleeping, then crashing for several days following and repeat

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17
Q

what drug is methcathinone similar to abuse-wise?

A

methamphetamine

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18
Q

does use of methcathinone damage neurons?

A

yes, it damages dopaminergic neurons

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19
Q

what is the most recently famous synthetic cathinone?

A

bath salts

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20
Q

what are the most popular synthetic cathinones?

A

mephedrone and methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV)

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21
Q

what is the main term used to describe effects of synthetic cathinones?

A

‘excited delirium’

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22
Q

where does the coca plant originate from?

A

central america and south america

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23
Q

which indigenous culture chewed coca plants regularly?

A

the inca

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24
Q

when spanish conquerors arrived, what did they think of coca chewing?

A

that it was bad bc it created bonds for the indigenous people and thought it was a pagan ritual

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25
Q

why did the spanish eventually allow the chewing of coca?

A

native people could work longer and needed less food when chewing coca

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26
Q

who isolated cocaine from the coca plant?

A

Niemann, 1859

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27
Q

why did coca not take well in europe until cocaine was isolated?

A

only way to get coca was chewing w wasnt popular, once cocaine was isolated it could be added to drinks like they preferred (suited the culture there)

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28
Q

what was freud’s opinion of cocaine?

A

initially thought it was great and showed everyone, but later on disapproved bc he saw how it ruined lives

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29
Q

what is vin mariani?

A

a cocaine infused french wine

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30
Q

who created vin marian in 1863?

A

angelo mariani, a corsican businessman

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31
Q

who created an imitation of vin mariani in 1885 and what was it called?

A

Pemberton, French wine cola

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32
Q

what product followed the creation of french wine cola?

A

Coca cola (soda water + kola nut instead of wine)

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33
Q

are coca leaves still used in the production of coca cola?

A

yes! but they are decocainized since 1906

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34
Q

are coca leaves still used in the production of coca cola?

A

yes! but they are decocainized since 1906

35
Q

when did the anti-drug sentiment begin

A

1900s

36
Q

what was the ethnic association with drugs?

A

if an ethnic minority used a drug, the drug is dangerous and should be banned

37
Q

what government legislation was introduced on medicine in 1906?

A

pure drug and food act, required list of ingredients on medicine (big pharma was sad)

38
Q

when was cocaine included in drug legistlation?

A

1911, it missed the first legistlation that was in 1908

39
Q

what was the time article about the white goddess about?

A

a cuban official being part of the cocaine dealings in the 1950s

40
Q

what was the peak time range that cocaine was #1 stimulant drug?

A

1970s to 1980s

41
Q

why was there such a peak in cocaine production and distribution in the 70s/80s?

A

better organized drug growers and traffickers, lax south american govt

42
Q

what was the 5 years that cocaine abuse admission was at its peak?

A

1975 to 1980

43
Q

why was cocaine so sought after?

A

seen as the ‘cadillac’ of drugs aka famous ppl use it

44
Q

when did crack emerge?

A

1980s, lots of media attention

45
Q

why is crack named crack?

A

because of the popping noise that the lil rocks make when smoked

46
Q

why is crack different than cocaine?

A

cocaine doesnt do well with heat so you cant smoke it, it has to be injected or snorted. crack has higher temperature resistance so can be smoked

47
Q

why is crack more sought after than cocaine?

A

because you can smoke it, you get a stronger and faster high (but also shorter lived) and you dont have to do injections

48
Q

how many pounds of coca leaves is needed to make 1 pound of cocaine?

A

400 lbs of leaves

49
Q

how is coca paste made?

A

extract cocaine from coca leaves and kerosene is added to float it to the top where its skimmed off

50
Q

what is the % purity of coca paste?

A

60% pure cocaine

51
Q

how is coca paste turned into 99% pure white powder?

A

treated by acids and oxidizing stuff to make cocaine hydrochloride (99% cocaine)

52
Q

what is the name of the 99% pure white powder cocaine?

A

cocaine hydrochloride

53
Q

how is crack derived from cocaine hydrochloride?

A

treat it w alkaline solution that separates the salt from the cocaine, therefore making it lil smokable rocks

54
Q

what is the biggest difference between crack and cocaine hydrochloride?

A

the method of administration (effects are relatively the same)

55
Q

why was amphetamine synthesized in 1887?

A

sought it to be a replacement for the natural stim. ephedrine

56
Q

when was methamphetamine synthesized?

A

1919

57
Q

when were amphetamines incorporated into society and medicine?

A

not until 1930s

58
Q

what was benzedrine marketed as?

A

it was a nasal inhaler treatment for asthma and nasal congestion, contained amphetamine to act similar to ephedrine

59
Q

what public transit system sold benzedrine inhalers without prescription?

A

airlines

60
Q

when was amphetamine available in tablet form?

A

1937

61
Q

what was tablet form amphetamine’s trade name

A

Dexedrine

62
Q

what was dexedrine treatment for?

A

narcolepsy, weight loss, ADD

63
Q

how were benzedrine inhalers abused?

A

the cloth containing benzedrine was removed and chewed, brewed, or bagged like a solvent

64
Q

why did amphetamine appear a good time for drug users?

A

prohibition was just ending and cocaine was not as popular since the 20s

65
Q

what was the college nickname for amphetamine tablets?

A

pep pills, pepper uppers - to be taken for studying or during exams

66
Q

who in ww2 took methamphetamine?

A

hitler

67
Q

which country experienced a big boom in amphetamine following ww2?

A

japan had a surplus so sold it = high lvl of use

68
Q

what year did they initiate requiring a medical prescription for amphetamine meds?

A

1965

69
Q

when was amphetamine listed as a bad drug?

A

1971

70
Q

what was the consumption method of amphetamine in EARLY use?

A

oral or inhalation

71
Q

what area of san fran. did injection of amphetamine start u in the 60s?

A

Haight Ashbury district

72
Q

what is speedball?

A

the combo of heroin and another stimulant (cocaine or amphetamine or methamphetamine)

73
Q

what does NIU stand for?

A

non injection forms of use

74
Q

what is more -vely perceived? injection or non injection use?

A

injection is more -ve

75
Q

what contributed to the -ve perception of amphetamine?

A

distrib. of drug assoc with motorcycle gangs, and medical knowledge that chronic amphetamine use = psychosis and aggression

76
Q

what does speed freak mean?

A

indv that were psychotic and aggressive due to amphetamine use

77
Q

what is phenmetrazine?

A

an antiobesity drug that temporarily replaced amphetamines on its popularity decline

78
Q

what eventually replaced the distaste with amphetamines?

A

cocaine aka the white goddess

79
Q

what is the street name of phenmetrazine?

A

bam

80
Q

why is amphetamine/methamphetamine popular again since the 90s?

A

ease of supply- can be easily made from chemicals available here

81
Q

can cocaine be produced in canada?

A

nope must be smuggled into country

82
Q

what is a street name for methamphetamine?

A

crank or ice

83
Q

what does the gay community call methamphetamine?

A

tina - assoc. w unsafe sex and needle sharing

zDrugs 2020 (14 decks)

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