TLO 1.3a Immune Flashcards
What is Innate immunity?
Nonspecific Immune Functions
Protective barriers triggered in response to antigen but NOT specific to that antigen
- chemical barriers (bactericides, enzymes in body secretions)
- inflammation (vasodilation, phagocytosis)
Phagocytosis
- Can occur along or with inflammatory process
- Neutrophils 1st phagocytes to respond
- Ingest antigen either survive or die
Increased capillary permeability and vasodilation
-redness and edema
Immune response effective= inflammation recedes
What is phagocytosis?
Can occur along or with inflammatory process
Neutrophils 1st phagocytes to respond
Ingest antigen either survive or die
What is Adaptive Immune Response?
Specific Immune Response
Antigen survives phagocyte, specific immune response is initiated
Two types
- humoral response
- cell mediated response
Lymphocytes function in both types of response
- types of leukocyte
- 2 types of lymphocytes are involved in immune response:
- B cells: promote humoral response
- T cells: promote cell mediated response
What are two types of Adaptive Immune Response?
Humoral response
Cell mediated response
What are the 2 types of lymphocytes involved in Adaptive Immune Response?
B cell: promote humoral response
T cell: promote cell mediated response
What does Humoral (antibody mediated) Response?
Immune response is produced by B lymphocytes (B cell)
B cells are activated by contact with antigen and by T cells
B cell is activated by specific antigen= proliferates into antibody producing plasma cells and memory cells
Memory cells retain antibody producing data for future encounter
B cell links to antigen and inactivates it
What is a Cell Mediated Response?
T cells initiate this response
T cells are antigen specific
T cell activates = produces antigen specific clones
Specific clones differentiate into cytotoxic, helper or suppressor cells
Effector and regulator T cells produce and release cytokines
What are the 5 immunoglobins and the total percentage?
IgG 75% IgA 10-15% IgM 5-10% IgD <1% IgE <0.1%
What is the significance of IgG?
75%
Most abundant, found in blood, lymph and intestines
Crosses placenta
Major antibody protecting against active bacteria, fungi and viruses
Binds to macrophages
Provides maternal antibody protection to infants
Longer/stronger response than other Ig
What is the significance of IgA?
10-15%
Provides local protection to mucous membranes
Especially important in antiviral protection
Appears in body secretions
Passes to neonate in breastmilk
Levels decrease with stress
What is the significance of IgM?
IgM
5-10%
Found in blood and lymph
Produced early in life
Response to blood transfusion reactions in ABO typing system
High concentration early in infection, decreases within about a week
Mediates cytotoxic response and activates complement
What is the significance of IgD?
<1%
Poorly understood, function unknown; found in blood, lymph, surfaces of B cells
What is the significance of IgE?
IgE
<0.1%
Leads to release of histamines= allergic response; elevation suggests allergy
Plays role in defense against parasites
What is the difference between Natural and Artificial PASSIVE IMMUNITY?
Passive
Natural
-acquired by transfer of maternal antibodies to the fetus or neonate via the placenta or breastmilk
-Ex: neonate initially protected again MMR if mother immune
Artificial
- acquired by administration of antibodies or antitoxins in immune globulin
- Ex: gamma globulin injected following Hep A exposure
What is the difference between Natural and Artificial
ACTIVE IMMUNITY?
Active
Natural
-acquired by infection with a pathogen, resulting in the production of antibodies
-Ex: chickenpox
Artificial
- acquired by immunization with antigen, such as attenuated live virus vaccines
- Ex: MMR, polio, DPT, hepatitis B vaccines
What is Allergic Reaction?
Immune response to an antigen= hypersensitivity reaction
Occurs with second exposure to antigen
Immediate (anaphylaxis, transfusion reaction) or delayed (contact dermatitis)
Most children with allergies r/t genetic link
What tests are performed to confirm allergen?
Increased serum IgE
Skin test
RAST (radioallergosorbent test)
Oral food challenge (food allergies)
What does histamine release causes (pathophysiology)?
Vasodilation and increased capillary permeability
Smooth muscle contraction
Bronchial constriction
Anaphylaxis treatment/nursing responsibilities?
Must begin immediately
911 or rapid response
Maintain patent airway- O2, prepare for intubation
Keep warm, lay flat, feet elevated (treats shock)
IV access
If reaction caused by insect bite, use tourniquet proximal to site, prevent spread of allergen
Administer meds
What are anaphylaxis medications?
Epinephrine: epi-pen, can give through clothing, hold to skin for 10 sec
Antihistamines: blocks histamine receptors
Corticosteroids: reduce local and systems inflammatory symptoms
Latex allergy s/s?
Hives Itching Wheezing Difficulty breathing Rhinorrhea/Rhinitis
Food to avoid when you have latex allergy?
High degree: bananas, avocados, chestnuts, kiwi
Moderate: apples, carrots, celery, papaya, potato, tomato, melons
Low: pear, mango, sweet pepper, peach, cayenne pepper
Undetermined: grapes, apricots, chickpeas
Two types of vaccines?
Live or Attenuated
Killed or Inactivated
What does a Live or Attenuated vaccines do?
Virulence diminished
Body produces antibodies
Causes immunity to be established
Ex: measles vaccine
What does a Killed or Inactivated vaccines do?
Pathogens made inactive by chemicals or heat
Allows body to produce antibodies but does not cause clinical disease
Tend to elicit limited immune response, requiring several doses
Ex: polio, pertussis
What is Viral Exanthems (rash)?
Unique organisms that contain DNA or RNA Can't reproduce on own Need a host cell to allow virus to duplicate Ex: Rubeola (measles) Rubella (3 day measles, German measles) Fifth's disease (erythema infectiosum) Varicella Zoster (chickenpox, shingles) Roseola Infantum
Define Exanthem?
Eruption or rash on the skin
