tk test 1 fall 2023 Flashcards
which system to produce ATP will only last about 5 seconds?
ATP-PC system
what is the predominant system to produce ATP during a cross country race?
Kreb’s cycle and electron transport system (chain)
which all out activity would primarily used glycolysis to produce ATP for that activity
400 meter
what is the net gain from one glucose molecule going through glycolysis (pyruvate, NADH, ATP
2 pyruvate, 2 NADH, 2 ATP
How many pyruvate are produced from one glucose going through glycolysis
2
how many carbon atoms are in an acetyl molecule?
2
what happens to the number of carbon atoms as pyruvate is transformed into acetyl?
loss of one carbon atoms
how many acetyl-coA can enter the kreb’s cycle going through glycolysis
2
what is produce from one turn of the Kreb’s cycle
1 ATP, 3 NADH, 1 FADH, 2 CO2
how many Hydrogen are pumped across the inter-mitochondrial membrane as one NADH goes through the electron transport system (chain)?
6
which system produces the largest amount of ATP?
Electron transport system (chain)
what makes the ATPase turn
Hydrogen moving from high concentration to lower concentration
how many ATP are produced for one complete turn of the ATPase
3
How many turns will the ATPase do for NADH going through the electron transport system
1
during a high intensity activity, which is true about oxygen at the end o the electron transport system
not enough oxygen is getting to the end of the electron transport system, to maintain the demand for the ATP production
which causes an increase in glycogen production?
increase rate of glucose entering the cell, decreased rate of glycolysis
while performing a constant activity, at approximately what time will a person have insufficient glucose to continue glycolysis
90 minutes
define oxygen consumption
the ability to deliver and use oxygen
which is the lag in oxygen uptake at the beginning of exercise
oxygen deficit
which is when the oxygen supply to the end of the electron transport system meets the demand to produce ATP
steady-state
define VO2 max
maximal ability to deliver and use oxygen
which is the elevated oxygen consumption for several minutes immediately following exercise
EPOC
which is one of the “rapid” factors contributing to EPOC
resynthesis of PC in muscle
what makes an activity a high intensity exercise
the inability to achieve steady state
why can a person not achieve steady state
VO2 cannot meet the demand required for ATP production
define lactate threshold
point that blood lactate suddenly rises rapidly during incremental exercise
which is not a mechanism that causes lactate threshold
recruitment of slow-twitch muscle fibers
what causes the upward drift of oxygen uptake during prolonged exercise in a hot and humid environment?
increased body temperature, increased epinephrine and norepinephrine
what is the purpose of the respiratory exchange ratio (RER)
estimate fat and CHO as fuel source
if the fuel source to produce ATP comes 50% from fat and 50% from carbohydrate, the RER will be
.85
what is the primary fuel source used to produce ATP at less than 30% of VO2 max
fat
as the intensity of exercise increased the primary fuel used to produce ATP
shifts from fat to carbs
list two reasons why the fuel source used to produce ATP shifts from carbs to fats as the duration exercise increases
slow rise in epinephrine, upregulaton of oxidative enzyme or increase in lipase activity
what is the purpose of the multiple layers of connective tissue that surround the whole muscle, fascicle and each individual muscle fiber
to transmit the force generated at the sarcomere to the bone
what is the purpose of the transverse tubule (t-tubule)
to bring the propagation of the action potential into the inferior of the muscle cell
at the neuromuscular junction, what is the neurotransmitter that is released into the synaptic cleft to cause the sarcolemma to depolarize
acetylcholine (Ach)
which binds to troponin to shift the tropomyosin and uncover the active sites and the actin
calcium (Ca)
what is released from the cross-bridge head during the power stroke
ADP
what causes the release of the cross-bridge head form the active site on the actin
the binding of ATP to the cross-bridge head
what is the definition of a muscle twitch
the tension (force) generating response from one single motor neuron stimulation of a motor unit
which frequency of stimulation would produce the greatest force production
100 hz
for an isometric contraction the sarcomeres are what
shortening
which is described as the muscle getting longer as its contracting because the internal force generated is less than the external resistance
eccentric
which muscle fiber type has the largest cross section area
fast
which muscle fiber type has the most mitochondria, capillaries and myoglobin
slow
what is the predominant muscle fiber type of mile runners
fast oxidative glycolytic
with any type of training muscle fiber types shift towards
fast oxidative glycolytic
define optimal length
length at which the maximum number of cross bridges can attach
a muscle can generate a greater force at what velocities
lower
when using the same muscles, why are eccentric contractions stronger that concentrations
as the muscle is pulled longer the cross bridges are stretched to a longer length that allows other cross bridges to move into to position to attached to active sites on actin
when a Golgi tendon organ is stimulated, what does it tell the same muscle To do
inhibits contraction
which of these types of activities would causes the greater delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS)
running
which type of treatment may have some effect to decrease DOMS
NSAIDS
what is the correct pathway for blood through the heart, lungs and body
left ventricle, aorta, system circulation, right atrium, right ventricle, pulmonary circulation, left atrium
what are all the functions of the cardiovascular system
transport oxygen, transport nutrients to tissues,
regulation of body temp
removal of waste
define cardiac output
the amount of blood pumped by the heart each minute
does diastole or systole represent the relaxation phase of the cardiac cycle?
diastole
as heart rate increases, what happens to the cardiac cycle
the time for diastole decreases to a greater extent that the time for systole
define blood pressure
the pressure exerted on the walls of the arteries
which are korotkoff sounds
the sound of turbulent blood flow through arteries
what is the formula to calculate the aver pressure in arteries
diastolic + 1/3 (systolic - diastolic)
what increases arterial blood pressure
increase in blood volume
increase in stroke volume
increase in blood viscosity
increase in HR
increase in peripheral resistance
list the path of the electrical activity through the heart
atrial myocardium- arterioventricular node- atrioventricular bundle- bundle of his- left and right bundle branches- purkinje fibers
which part of an eectrocardiogram (EKG) represents the atrial repolarization
QRS
what factors increase cardiac output
decrease in mean arterial pressure, increase in end-diastolic volume, increase in contraction strength of the myocardium
what increases end-diastolic volume by creating a negative pressure in the thoracic cavity?
respiratory pump
how does stroke volume change during exercise as % VO2 max increases?
linear increase until 40% VO2 max then plateau
what happens to diastolic blood pressure as the intensity of exercise increases
remains the same
what does the redistribution of blood flow look like during heavy exercise
approx. 5x increase in cardiac output, blood flow to muscles and heart increase and blood flow to skin and GI tract is decreased
What causes the increase in heart rate (HR) during prolonged exercise in a hot/humid environment?
Dehydration
Increase blood flow to skin
Decrease stroke volume
What is primary method for fats to enter the bioenergetic pathways
Into the Krebs cycle through beta-oxidation
What is produced in the Krebs cycle for one glucose that enters glycolysis?
6 NADH, 2 FADH, 2 ATP, and 2 CO2
What should be the appropriate response for blood pressure as exercise intensity increases?
Diastolic should remain the same while systolic should increase
define cellular respiration
use of oxygen in bioenergetics
which pleura membrane adheres to the inside of the thoracic walls (parietal or visceral)
parietal
what are the parts of the conducting zone
nasal cavity, trachea, brooches, terminal bronchioles ***
doing breathing at rest, what causes exhalation
stetch of thoracic cavity, muscles, and surface tension of liquid lining the aveoli
define pulmonary ventilation
air moved in or out of the lungs per minute
give the formula for pulmonary ventilation
V=Vt x F
what is the amount of gas moved per breath
tidal volume
which is the volume of air expired in one second
FEV1
what is the volume of air left in the lungs after a maximum expiration
residual volume
true or false: gas exchange takes place in the conducting zone
false
what percent of oxygen is transported in the blood bound to hemoglobin
99%
what percentage of carbon dioxide is transported dissolved in the blood?
10%
what has a higher affinity for oxygen
Myoglobin
which way does the equation go for muscle activity ?
right
how is most of carbon dioxide transported in the blood?
as bicarbonate
which type of molecule is capable of combing with H ion?
base
what is normal blood pH
7.4
define a buffer
resist a change in pH
which are extracellular blood buffers
proteins, hemoglobin, bicarbonate
during heavy exercise how do we get rid of most of the increase in hydrogen
blown off as carbon dioxide
while detraining, what causes the initial decrease in SV?
rapid loss of plasma volume in blood
after 21 days, what happens to a-vO2 diff. and mitochondria
both decrease
what is the primary energy source for anaerobic training
ATP-PC and Glycolysis
what junction does not seem to be a site of fatigue
Neuromuscular junction
define fatigue
inability to maintain a peer output or force during repeated muscle contractions
during short term performance (<10 sec) what muscle fiber type generates great forces that are needed
type II
what is the recommended body fat % for both men and women
men: 10-20%
women: 15-25^
