tk test 1 fall 2023 Flashcards by Louie Zavala

which system to produce ATP will only last about 5 seconds?

ATP-PC system

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what is the predominant system to produce ATP during a cross country race?

Kreb’s cycle and electron transport system (chain)

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which all out activity would primarily used glycolysis to produce ATP for that activity

400 meter

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what is the net gain from one glucose molecule going through glycolysis (pyruvate, NADH, ATP

2 pyruvate, 2 NADH, 2 ATP

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How many pyruvate are produced from one glucose going through glycolysis

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how many carbon atoms are in an acetyl molecule?

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what happens to the number of carbon atoms as pyruvate is transformed into acetyl?

loss of one carbon atoms

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how many acetyl-coA can enter the kreb’s cycle going through glycolysis

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what is produce from one turn of the Kreb’s cycle

1 ATP, 3 NADH, 1 FADH, 2 CO2

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how many Hydrogen are pumped across the inter-mitochondrial membrane as one NADH goes through the electron transport system (chain)?

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which system produces the largest amount of ATP?

Electron transport system (chain)

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what makes the ATPase turn

Hydrogen moving from high concentration to lower concentration

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how many ATP are produced for one complete turn of the ATPase

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How many turns will the ATPase do for NADH going through the electron transport system

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during a high intensity activity, which is true about oxygen at the end o the electron transport system

not enough oxygen is getting to the end of the electron transport system, to maintain the demand for the ATP production

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which causes an increase in glycogen production?

increase rate of glucose entering the cell, decreased rate of glycolysis

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while performing a constant activity, at approximately what time will a person have insufficient glucose to continue glycolysis

90 minutes

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define oxygen consumption

the ability to deliver and use oxygen

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which is the lag in oxygen uptake at the beginning of exercise

oxygen deficit

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which is when the oxygen supply to the end of the electron transport system meets the demand to produce ATP

steady-state

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define VO2 max

maximal ability to deliver and use oxygen

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which is the elevated oxygen consumption for several minutes immediately following exercise

EPOC

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which is one of the “rapid” factors contributing to EPOC

resynthesis of PC in muscle

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what makes an activity a high intensity exercise

the inability to achieve steady state

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why can a person not achieve steady state

VO2 cannot meet the demand required for ATP production

define lactate threshold

point that blood lactate suddenly rises rapidly during incremental exercise

which is not a mechanism that causes lactate threshold

recruitment of slow-twitch muscle fibers

what causes the upward drift of oxygen uptake during prolonged exercise in a hot and humid environment?

increased body temperature, increased epinephrine and norepinephrine

what is the purpose of the respiratory exchange ratio (RER)

estimate fat and CHO as fuel source

if the fuel source to produce ATP comes 50% from fat and 50% from carbohydrate, the RER will be

.85

what is the primary fuel source used to produce ATP at less than 30% of VO2 max

fat

as the intensity of exercise increased the primary fuel used to produce ATP

shifts from fat to carbs

list two reasons why the fuel source used to produce ATP shifts from carbs to fats as the duration exercise increases

slow rise in epinephrine, upregulaton of oxidative enzyme or increase in lipase activity

what is the purpose of the multiple layers of connective tissue that surround the whole muscle, fascicle and each individual muscle fiber

to transmit the force generated at the sarcomere to the bone

what is the purpose of the transverse tubule (t-tubule)

to bring the propagation of the action potential into the inferior of the muscle cell

at the neuromuscular junction, what is the neurotransmitter that is released into the synaptic cleft to cause the sarcolemma to depolarize

acetylcholine (Ach)

which binds to troponin to shift the tropomyosin and uncover the active sites and the actin

calcium (Ca)

what is released from the cross-bridge head during the power stroke

ADP

what causes the release of the cross-bridge head form the active site on the actin

the binding of ATP to the cross-bridge head

what is the definition of a muscle twitch

the tension (force) generating response from one single motor neuron stimulation of a motor unit

which frequency of stimulation would produce the greatest force production

100 hz

for an isometric contraction the sarcomeres are what

shortening

which is described as the muscle getting longer as its contracting because the internal force generated is less than the external resistance

eccentric

which muscle fiber type has the largest cross section area

fast

which muscle fiber type has the most mitochondria, capillaries and myoglobin

slow

what is the predominant muscle fiber type of mile runners

fast oxidative glycolytic

with any type of training muscle fiber types shift towards

fast oxidative glycolytic

define optimal length

length at which the maximum number of cross bridges can attach

a muscle can generate a greater force at what velocities

lower

when using the same muscles, why are eccentric contractions stronger that concentrations

as the muscle is pulled longer the cross bridges are stretched to a longer length that allows other cross bridges to move into to position to attached to active sites on actin

when a Golgi tendon organ is stimulated, what does it tell the same muscle To do

inhibits contraction

which of these types of activities would causes the greater delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS)

running

which type of treatment may have some effect to decrease DOMS

NSAIDS

what is the correct pathway for blood through the heart, lungs and body

left ventricle, aorta, system circulation, right atrium, right ventricle, pulmonary circulation, left atrium

what are all the functions of the cardiovascular system

transport oxygen, transport nutrients to tissues, regulation of body temp removal of waste

define cardiac output

the amount of blood pumped by the heart each minute

does diastole or systole represent the relaxation phase of the cardiac cycle?

diastole

as heart rate increases, what happens to the cardiac cycle

the time for diastole decreases to a greater extent that the time for systole

define blood pressure

the pressure exerted on the walls of the arteries

which are korotkoff sounds

the sound of turbulent blood flow through arteries

what is the formula to calculate the aver pressure in arteries

diastolic + 1/3 (systolic - diastolic)

what increases arterial blood pressure

increase in blood volume increase in stroke volume increase in blood viscosity increase in HR increase in peripheral resistance

list the path of the electrical activity through the heart

atrial myocardium- arterioventricular node- atrioventricular bundle- bundle of his- left and right bundle branches- purkinje fibers

which part of an eectrocardiogram (EKG) represents the atrial repolarization

QRS

what factors increase cardiac output

decrease in mean arterial pressure, increase in end-diastolic volume, increase in contraction strength of the myocardium

what increases end-diastolic volume by creating a negative pressure in the thoracic cavity?

respiratory pump

how does stroke volume change during exercise as % VO2 max increases?

linear increase until 40% VO2 max then plateau

what happens to diastolic blood pressure as the intensity of exercise increases

remains the same

what does the redistribution of blood flow look like during heavy exercise

approx. 5x increase in cardiac output, blood flow to muscles and heart increase and blood flow to skin and GI tract is decreased

What causes the increase in heart rate (HR) during prolonged exercise in a hot/humid environment?

Dehydration Increase blood flow to skin Decrease stroke volume

What is primary method for fats to enter the bioenergetic pathways

Into the Krebs cycle through beta-oxidation

What is produced in the Krebs cycle for one glucose that enters glycolysis?

6 NADH, 2 FADH, 2 ATP, and 2 CO2

What should be the appropriate response for blood pressure as exercise intensity increases?

Diastolic should remain the same while systolic should increase

define cellular respiration

use of oxygen in bioenergetics

which pleura membrane adheres to the inside of the thoracic walls (parietal or visceral)

parietal

what are the parts of the conducting zone

nasal cavity, trachea, brooches, terminal bronchioles ***

doing breathing at rest, what causes exhalation

stetch of thoracic cavity, muscles, and surface tension of liquid lining the aveoli

define pulmonary ventilation

air moved in or out of the lungs per minute

give the formula for pulmonary ventilation

V=Vt x F

what is the amount of gas moved per breath

tidal volume

which is the volume of air expired in one second

FEV1

what is the volume of air left in the lungs after a maximum expiration

residual volume

true or false: gas exchange takes place in the conducting zone

false

what percent of oxygen is transported in the blood bound to hemoglobin

99%

what percentage of carbon dioxide is transported dissolved in the blood?

10%

what has a higher affinity for oxygen

Myoglobin

which way does the equation go for muscle activity ?

right

how is most of carbon dioxide transported in the blood?

as bicarbonate

which type of molecule is capable of combing with H ion?

base

what is normal blood pH

7.4

define a buffer

resist a change in pH

which are extracellular blood buffers

proteins, hemoglobin, bicarbonate

during heavy exercise how do we get rid of most of the increase in hydrogen

blown off as carbon dioxide

while detraining, what causes the initial decrease in SV?

rapid loss of plasma volume in blood

after 21 days, what happens to a-vO2 diff. and mitochondria

both decrease

what is the primary energy source for anaerobic training

ATP-PC and Glycolysis

what junction does not seem to be a site of fatigue

Neuromuscular junction

define fatigue

inability to maintain a peer output or force during repeated muscle contractions

during short term performance (<10 sec) what muscle fiber type generates great forces that are needed

type II

what is the recommended body fat % for both men and women

men: 10-20% women: 15-25^