psychosocial test #2 Flashcards
methods of loss
death of a loved one or friend, change or termination or retirement of a job or a career, separation or termination of a relationship, change in period of life, changes in homes or living situation
definition of grief
a neurophyschobiological process that occurs in response to loss in every age group and culture
types of grief
nomads, memorialists, normalizers, activists, seekers
nomad
unresolved grief
memorialists
create memorials, rituals or tributes
normalizers
welcome a sense of family and community
activists
reach out and help others going through similar situations
seekers
embrace spiritual, philosophical or religious beliefs to find comfort and meaning
common stages or themes of grief
denial,
anger,
bargaining,
sadness and depression,
guilt,
acceptance,
anxiety
coping definition
thoughts and behaviors used to manage the internal and external demands of situations that are appraised as stressful
coping strategies
-appraisal- focused coping
-problem-focused coping
-emotional-focused coping
appraisal focused coping
look for the meaning of a situation, look for the positive
problem-focused coping
problem solving actions, pragmatic
emotion-focused coping
managing the emotions associated with a situation, can be positive and negative
defense mechanisms
protect the person from harm: anxiety, pain, tension, etc. tends to be unconscious
examples of defense mechanisms
denial, fantasy, repression/ suppression, rationalization, projection, withdrawal, acting out
mental illness
disturbance in an individuals thinking, emotions, behaviors, and physiology
burden of illness
-overall impact of disease or health condition on individual communities/ healthcare system
typically emerges in adolescence and early adulthood (college aged)
burden of illness- higher prevalence of high risk behavior such as what
unsafe sex
accidents and injuries
substance abuse
less likely to adhere to treatment and interventions
major depressive disorder (MDD)
- 7% of the population
-women 2x times more likely, beginning in adolescence
-18-29 year olds, prevalence 3x higher than adults over 60
depression in children and teens, how are symptoms different than adults
-irritability or cranky mood instead of sadness
-boredom
-changes in grades or attendance
depression in elderly, tend to present with more physical symptoms
-fatigue
-insomnia
-loss of appetite
-pain
-headaches
-GI distress
symptoms of Bipolar Spectrum Disorder
-episodic with intervals of mania and periods of remission when person may be symptom free (intervals of depression may or may not be present)
-more complex than depression, higher morbidity and mortality rate
anxiety disorder definition
nervousness that is out of proportion to the intensity of the situation or persists longer than is typical
definition of phobia
an intense fear of an event, object, person, or situation
definition of panic attack
a sudden, uncued, and intense fear of anxiety
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
-trauma and stressor-related disorder
-must be diagnosed based on the presence of 3 clusters: re-experiencing the traumatic event, hyperarousal and hypervigilant behaviors, avoidance of stimuli that trigger memories of the event
prevalence of PTSD
-simply experiencing the fear of death or injury can be enough to trigger, they do not need to personally experience the event
-women diagnosed twice as much as males
-people who experience trauma as a child are more likely to develop this disorder as an adult
-people in poverty, urban areas, and/or minorities are more likely to suffer from PTSD
obsessive Compulsive Disorder- Definition of obsessions
intrusive thoughts, images or urges that are unwanted and cause significant distress
obsessive Compulsive Disorder- Definition of compulsions
repetitive behaviors (hand washing, ordering, checking, asking for reassurance) or mental acts (counting, repeating words silently) that a person feels driven to perform in response to an obsession
substance use disorders prevalence
-alcohol is most frequently abused substance
-weed is most frequently abused illicit drug
-many abuse more than one drug (polysubstance abuse)
-most will have a drug that use most often: “drug of choice”
negative consequences of Substance abuse
-high risk behaviors while using: driving under the influence, unprotected sex, fighting
-negative outcomes personally and/or professionally
-substance abuse does not have to be chronic use
Substance use disorders- Dependence or addiction requirements
-must be compulsive even when it results in negative consequences
-two criteria determine addiction: tolerance, withdrawal
definition of tolerance
person must ingest larger quantities to achieve the same level of intoxication or feel the same “high”
definition of withdrawal
problematic behavior change with physiological and cognitive symptoms, that is due to cessation of (or reduction in) prolonged substance use
substance use disorder- withdrawal symptoms
not all substances produce withdrawal symptoms
diagnosing alcohol use disorder
- CAGE questionnaire: cut down, angry, guilty, eye-opener
-at risk drinking: women~more than 3 drinks a day, 7 per week
men~ more than 4 drinks a day, 14 per week
eating disorders- how to manage feelings and emotions
-a way to manage feelings and emotions, moderate emotional stress, provide the experience of rewards and punishments
-people with eating disorders lose the capacity to monitor hunger and differentiate it from emotional needs
anorexia Nervosa definition
-refusal to maintain an appropriate body weight for age and height
-associated with psychiatric disorders such as bipolar, depressive, anxiety, obsessive compulsive disorders, alcohol use disorders
Bulimia Nervosa definition
- individuals with bulimia nervosa may have normal or near-normal body weight, or even be overweight
-unlike anorexia, clients are aware that their eating patterns are abnormal
binge eating
chaotic, abnormal pattern of eating large quantities of food, lack of control
bulimia nervosa diagnosis
more difficult to diagnose than anorexia nervosa due to normal weight and appearance
self-injurious behavior
-can be called self-mutilation, deliberate self-harm or non-suicidal self-injury
-may be calming during stress
Suicide with cormorbimdity
all individuals who attempt suicide have some underlying psychiatric and/or substance use disorder
suicide: gender differences
-men 4x more likely to complete a suicide attempt, more likely to use violent means like a firearm or hanging
-women are twice as likely to attempt, more likely to use pills or cutting
what group is at higher risk for suicide
-individuals 85 + year old have the highest rates of suicide
-non-hispanic American Indian and Alaska natives and non-hispanic whites
suicide high risk populations
veterans, children or adolescents being bullied, LGBT adolescents or young adults, victims of violence, people living in rural areas, tribal populations, elderly
warning signs and symptoms of suicide
-hopelessness, helplessness, worthlessness
-signs of depression
-rapid improvement in mood following depressive episode
-giving away belongings
what heath care providers should know
it is their duty to report
two parts of motivation
-client must first possess a desire to achieve a goal
-then commit to an action to accomplish it
the degrees to which clients follow a treatment regimen
-diet
-exercise program
-lifestyle change
-medication
-therapy visits
different ways to measure adherence
-clinic attendance
-self-reports
-standardized questionnaires
adherence includes which of the 5 characteristics
-locus of control
-self efficacy
-self esteem
-social determinants of health
-coping styles
definition of locus of control
people develop a preconceived expectation about what will happen to them in the future
internal locus of control definition
people who believe they can influence what will happen to them
external locus of control definition
people who believe that will happens to them is a result of outside influences and events
self-efficacy definition
sense of competence and the ability that is related to how successful people believe they can be in accomplishing a task (describes how individuals feel about themselves)
social determinants of health
the nonmedical factors that influence health outcomes
social determinants of health categories
-race/ ethnicity
-literacy
-education
-income
-place of residence
-lifestyle
barriers to adherence
-lack of finances
-transportation
-interest
-social support
-impact of illness
-pyschosocial Barriers (secondary loss/ gain and emotional distress)
psychosocial strategies for rehab phase 1
reaction to injury
-relaxation techniques
-healing imagery
psychosocial strategies for rehab phase 2
strengthening phase
-self talk
-cognitive reframing/ thought stopping
-rehabilitation process imagery
-performance imagery
psychosocial strategies for rehab phase 3
-performance imagery
-self talk to build confidence
self talk techniques
-thought stopping: stop an inappropriate thought, allow thought to be replaced by better thought
-reframing: change the way the athlete appraises the thoughts
types of imagery
-healing imagery: visualize processes of healing
-pain management imagery: assist athlete with better coping with positivity
-rehabilitation process imagery: help athlete focus on rehab and cope
-performance imagery: help athlete regain confidence to RTP
pain management strategies
-deep breathing: distraction and increase in oxygen to relax
-progressive muscle relaxation (PMR): relax muscle groups, contract and relax
