ATTR 213 Annette final Flashcards
main mechanisms for C/S injury
compression / axial loading
what does flexion mechanism hurt for C/S
anterior vertebral body
what does extension mechanism hurt for C/S
posterior vertebral body, disk, facets
what does lateral bending mechanism hurt for C/S
nerve roots, vertebral bodies, disks, facet joints
what does rotation mechanism hurt for C/S
disc injury, ligament/ facet joint sprain, facet or vertebral dislocation
NATA policy statement for things to look out for when clearing
unconsciousness, neurological findings or complaints, significant C/S pain with or without palpation, deformities
cervical fracture
etiology: axial loading
Pathology: hyperextension or whiplash
signs and symptoms: neck point tenderness, spasm, restricted ROM, pain in neck and chest, numbness and weakness in trunk and/or limbs
cervical dislocation
etiology: axial loading
Pathology: violent flexion and rotation
signs and symptoms: pain, numbness, weakness, paralysis
cervical strains
etiology: sudden turn of head, forced flexion, extension or rotation
Pathology: upper traps, scm, scalenes, etc.
signs and symptoms: localized pain, point tenderness, restricted rom, muscle guarding, apprehension
cervical sprains
etiology: more violent but same MOI as strains
Pathology: compromising ligaments and muscles
signs and symptoms: same as strains, s/s last longer, tender transverse processes, etc.
torticolis
etiology: synovial membrane of joint gets impinged by facet, tight scm muscles
Pathology: pain on one side of neck when waking up, common in babies
signs and symptoms: point tenderness and muscle spasms, restricted ROM
cervical spine stenosis
etiology: narrowing of spinal canal, axial loading
Pathology: congenital, change in vertebrae, hyperextension/flexion
signs and symptoms: initial absent neck pain, burning or tingling, motor weakness in limbs
brachial plexus neuropraxia “burner”
etiology: stretching of brachial plexus
Pathology: result of stretching or compression of brachial plexus
signs and symptoms: pain and numbness into arm/ fingers, symptoms last for several minutes, arm dangling/ limping to the side,
cervical disc herniation
etiology: axial loading
Pathology: extruded posterolateral disk frag., sustained repetitive cervical loading during contact sports
signs and symptoms: neck pain, restricted ROM, radicular pain such as weakness or sensory changes
cervical compression test
postive: pain in c/s with vertical compression
implications: compression of facet joints, narrowing of the intervertebral foreman resulting in pain
spurling test
postive: pain in c/s with vertical compression with lateral flexion
implications: nerve root impingement
shoulder abduction test
postive: decrease in pain when pt. puts hand on top of head (shoulder abduction)
implications: herniated disc or nerve root compression
valsalva test
positive: increased spinal or radicular pain while pt. “bears down”
implications: increase in pressure = increase in pain
cervical distraction
postive: relief of pain when c/s is distracted force
implications: compression of facet joints and/or narrowing of canal
brachial plexus traction
postive: reproduction of pain when brachial plexus is stretched
implications: brachial plexus neuropraxia, stretching or compression of brachial plexus
erb’s point or tines sign of c/c test
postive: increased pain or radicular symptoms when prac. taps on transverse process of c6
implications: brachial plexus lesion
vertebral artery test
postive: dizziness, confusion, nystagmus, unilateral pupil changes, etc. when prac. lays pt. head back off the table
implications: occlusion of cervical vertebral arteries
name for nearsightedness
myopia
name for farsidedness
hypermetropia or hyperopia
