ATTR 213 Annette final Flashcards
main mechanisms for C/S injury
compression / axial loading
what does flexion mechanism hurt for C/S
anterior vertebral body
what does extension mechanism hurt for C/S
posterior vertebral body, disk, facets
what does lateral bending mechanism hurt for C/S
nerve roots, vertebral bodies, disks, facet joints
what does rotation mechanism hurt for C/S
disc injury, ligament/ facet joint sprain, facet or vertebral dislocation
NATA policy statement for things to look out for when clearing
unconsciousness, neurological findings or complaints, significant C/S pain with or without palpation, deformities
cervical fracture
etiology: axial loading
Pathology: hyperextension or whiplash
signs and symptoms: neck point tenderness, spasm, restricted ROM, pain in neck and chest, numbness and weakness in trunk and/or limbs
cervical dislocation
etiology: axial loading
Pathology: violent flexion and rotation
signs and symptoms: pain, numbness, weakness, paralysis
cervical strains
etiology: sudden turn of head, forced flexion, extension or rotation
Pathology: upper traps, scm, scalenes, etc.
signs and symptoms: localized pain, point tenderness, restricted rom, muscle guarding, apprehension
cervical sprains
etiology: more violent but same MOI as strains
Pathology: compromising ligaments and muscles
signs and symptoms: same as strains, s/s last longer, tender transverse processes, etc.
torticolis
etiology: synovial membrane of joint gets impinged by facet, tight scm muscles
Pathology: pain on one side of neck when waking up, common in babies
signs and symptoms: point tenderness and muscle spasms, restricted ROM
cervical spine stenosis
etiology: narrowing of spinal canal, axial loading
Pathology: congenital, change in vertebrae, hyperextension/flexion
signs and symptoms: initial absent neck pain, burning or tingling, motor weakness in limbs
brachial plexus neuropraxia “burner”
etiology: stretching of brachial plexus
Pathology: result of stretching or compression of brachial plexus
signs and symptoms: pain and numbness into arm/ fingers, symptoms last for several minutes, arm dangling/ limping to the side,
cervical disc herniation
etiology: axial loading
Pathology: extruded posterolateral disk frag., sustained repetitive cervical loading during contact sports
signs and symptoms: neck pain, restricted ROM, radicular pain such as weakness or sensory changes
cervical compression test
postive: pain in c/s with vertical compression
implications: compression of facet joints, narrowing of the intervertebral foreman resulting in pain
spurling test
postive: pain in c/s with vertical compression with lateral flexion
implications: nerve root impingement
shoulder abduction test
postive: decrease in pain when pt. puts hand on top of head (shoulder abduction)
implications: herniated disc or nerve root compression
valsalva test
positive: increased spinal or radicular pain while pt. “bears down”
implications: increase in pressure = increase in pain
cervical distraction
postive: relief of pain when c/s is distracted force
implications: compression of facet joints and/or narrowing of canal
brachial plexus traction
postive: reproduction of pain when brachial plexus is stretched
implications: brachial plexus neuropraxia, stretching or compression of brachial plexus
erb’s point or tines sign of c/c test
postive: increased pain or radicular symptoms when prac. taps on transverse process of c6
implications: brachial plexus lesion
vertebral artery test
postive: dizziness, confusion, nystagmus, unilateral pupil changes, etc. when prac. lays pt. head back off the table
implications: occlusion of cervical vertebral arteries
name for nearsightedness
myopia
name for farsidedness
hypermetropia or hyperopia
what red flags warrant a refferal to an ophthalmologist
burred vision, pressure when blowing nose, loss of all or partial of visual field, throbbing or penetrating pain around eye, etc.
limits a patients inability to answer yes or no with nodding indicates injury to what cervical bone
c1- atlas
what spinal levels get bigger to handle load
c3-c7
which ribs are susceptible to injury and why
ribs 11 & 12 (floating ribs) bc they dont articulate with facet joints
Degenerative cervical disc disease is commonly secondary to what cervical structure
posterior thinning of annulus pulposis (neck and lumbar most common)
what types of mechanisms of injury can MVA’s cause
whiplash or extension, lateral bending, compression/ stretching, rotation
spearheading in football can cause what type of injury
axial loading
according to NATA statement position statement what must be cleared for c/s
deformity, level of consciousness, pain with or without palpation, neurological symptoms
what postural alignment are we obeserving for
forward head, kyphosis, lordosis, flat back, scoliosis, swayback
what is etiology of cervical strain
whiplash (sudden turn of the head, forced flexion, extension, rotation
a pt. presents in lateral neck flexion with rotation
torticollis or wryneck
name for the eyeball
eye globe
thin mucous membrane that covers the anterior eye and lines the eyelids
conjunctiva
chart that tests visual acuity
snellen eye chart
HCP that would treat eye conditions
ophthalmologist
medical term for seeing double
diplopia
medical term for unequal pupils
anisocoria
when blood pulls in the anterior inferior eye
hyphema
name for black eye
orbital hematoma
caused from shearing forces on the ear
auricular hematoma or cauliflower ear
medical term for swimmers ear
otitis externa
what meets at the nasal cartilage
nasal septum or nasal bone
what provides the blood supply to the nose
kiesslbach’s plexus
which nasal condition is considered a medical emergency
deviated septum
what structure is located under the tongue
lingual frenulum
2nd most common facial fracture
mandibular fracture
medical term for mid-face fracture
LeFort fracture
tooth has partial withdrawn from bone
extruded
