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Bio 110 > Tissues, Organs, and Homeostasis (plants) > Flashcards

Tissues, Organs, and Homeostasis (plants) Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What does a vascular plant consist of?

A

Root system and Shoot system

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2
Q

What does the root system do?

A

anchors the plant and absorbs water and minerals

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3
Q

What does the shoot system do?

A

supports the stem, photosynthetic leaves, reproductive flowers

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4
Q

What are cell walls primarily made of?

A

cellulose

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5
Q

are primary cell walls found in all cells?

A

yes

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6
Q

secondary cell walls are only found in some cells and they increase ________

A

mechanical strength of wall

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7
Q

What is the cell wall’s purpose?

A

“skeletal role”

protective-insects, pathogens, water loss

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8
Q

Roots, shoots and leaves contain three basic tissue systems. What are they and describe them.

A
  1. ) Dermal tissue: for protection (wax and bark)
  2. ) Ground tissue: for storage, photosynthesis, and secretion
  3. ) Vascular Tissue: for conduction (xylem, phloem)
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9
Q

“clumps of small cells with dense cytoplasm and a large nuclei” is know as a what?

A

meristem

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10
Q

Meristems in plants act like _______ cells in animals

A

stem

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11
Q

where are apical meristems located in plants?

A

at the tips of stems and roots

they give rise to primary tissue

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12
Q

Three_______ gives rise to the three major types of plant tissue

A

primary meristems

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13
Q

Exhibit secondary growth increasing the size of stems and roots

A

Lateral meristems

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14
Q

Dermal tissue forms the ________ which usually is one cell layer thick

A

epidermis

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15
Q

Cuticle (of Cutin)

A

Carnauba wax - wax palm

??

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16
Q

the dermal tissue contains 3 special cells. What are they?

A

guard cells
trichomes
root hairs

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17
Q

Guard cells

A

flank a stoma which is the passageway for oxygen and carbon dioxide

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18
Q

what are trichomes?

A

unicellular or multicellular growths of the epidermis

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19
Q

what do trichomes do?

A
  • they keep leaf surfaces cool and reduce evaporation

- some are glandular, secreting substances that discourage herbivores from eating them

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20
Q

What are root hairs?

A

tubular extensions of individual epidermal cells

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21
Q

What do root hairs do?

A

they greatly increase the root’s SA and efficiency of absorption

22
Q

Ground tissue consists of three types of cells. What are they?

A

Parenchyma
Collenchyma
Sclerenchyma

23
Q

What is the most common type of plant cell?

Give examples of what it is used for/in

A

Parenchyma cells

used in/for: storage, photosynthesis, secretion, provide little to no support

24
Q

What do collenchyma cells do?

A

provide flexible support for plant organs

25
Q

What is thick walled and dead at maturity?

lignin

A

sclerenchyma

26
Q

what are the two types of sclerenchyma?

A

sclerids and fibers

27
Q

What is xylem?

A

water and mineral conducting tissue

28
Q

what are vessels?

A

continuous tubes of dead cylindrical cells

29
Q

What are tracheids?

A

dead cells that taper at the end and overlap one another

30
Q

when comparing vessels and tracheids, one of these is shorter, wider, and conducts water more efficiently. Which one?

A

vessels

31
Q

This constitutes the main food-conducting tissue

A

phloem

32
Q

There are two types of phloem cells. What are they?

A

sieve cells and sieve tube members

33
Q

sieve-tube members are associated with companion cells. What are these related to?

A

life support

34
Q

For roots, 4 regions are commonly recognized. What are they?

A
  • Root Cap
  • Zone of cell division
  • zone of elongation
  • Zone of maturation
35
Q

Functions in protection of delicate tissues and behind it

A

Root cap

36
Q

rapid division of the root apical meristem

A

zone of cell division

37
Q

Roots lengthen because cells become longer; no further increase in length occurs above this zone

A

zone of elongation

38
Q

The elongated cells become differentiated into specific cell types

A

zone of maturation

* look on powerpoint for more information (lots)

39
Q

Shoot apical meristem produces_______

what does this develop into?

A

primordial

develop into leaves, other shoots and flowers

40
Q

There are seven things associated with external stem structure. What are they?

A

Axil= angle between petiole/blade and stem
Axillary bud=develops into branches with leaves or may form flowers
Terminal bud=Extends the shoot system during the growing season
Node=point of attachment of lead to stem
Internode=Area of stem between two nodes
Blade= Flattened part of lead
Petiole=Stalk of leaf

41
Q

Certain plants have vascular bundles scattered throughout. Other have vascular tissue arranged in a ring with internal ground tissue (_____) and external ground tissue (_____)

A

pith; cortex

42
Q

Vascular cambium

A

located between xylem and phloem (as in roots) and expands stem width by growing new xylem
-one band a year=tree rings

(Internal Stem Structure)

43
Q

Periderm

A
  • outside phloem

- has meristematic cork cambium that produces cork cells for bark

44
Q

Cork tissue cells die shortly after they are formed and constitute the______. The cork cambium also produces cells called_____ which permit gas exchange to continue

A

outer bark; lenticels

45
Q

Where does the main site of photosynthesis take place?

A

Leaves

46
Q

What else do leaves do?

A
  • determine growth
  • veins consist of both xylem and phloem and are distributed throughout the leaf blades
  • waste accumulation
47
Q

Leaves can be arranged in three ways. What are they and which of the three is the most common?

A

Alternative, Opposite, Whorled

Alternative is the most common

48
Q

What is the difference between simple leaves and compound leaves?

A

simple leaves contain undivided blades while compound leaves have blades that are divided into leaflets

49
Q

Describe the surface of a leaf?

A

-covered by transparent epidermal cells
-Epidermis has a waxy cuticle
(stomata on lower epidermis)

50
Q

Some leaves have one type of mesophyll while others have two types. What are the two types and describe them.

A

Palisade mesophyll = usually two rows of tightly packed cells
Spongy mesophyll = Loosely arranged cells with air spaces

Bio 110 (16 decks)

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