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Bio 110 > Reproduction > Flashcards

Reproduction Flashcards

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1
Q

What is Asexual Reproduction

A

genetically identical cells are produced from a single parent cell through mitosis

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2
Q

What are the Pros and Cons of Asexual Reproduction?

A

Pros: No mate necessary; genetically identical
Cons: Genetically identical

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3
Q

Binary Fission

A

division of one cell into two equal or nearly equal parts or daughter cells
-happens in most single celled organisms

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4
Q

Budding

A

adult cell or organism grows smaller daughter cells or organism
-single and multicellular organisms-all non-bilaterian taxa

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5
Q

Vegetative Reproduction

A

new individuals are created from parts of adults

ie: shoots, cutting

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6
Q

Fragmentation

A

occurs in simple animals (echinoderms, porifera, etc)

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7
Q

Parthenogenesis/Apomixis

A

Parthenogenesis: development in animals without fermentation
ie: sharks, reptiles
Apomixis: same definition but in plants
egg can develop without being fertilized by sperm

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8
Q

What is Sexual Reproduction?

A

reproduction that involves the combination of genetic information from 2 parent individuals

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9
Q

Does Sexual Reproduction occur in prokaryotes, eukaryotes, or both?

A

Eukaryotes

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10
Q

What are the Pros and Cons of sexual reproduction?

A

Pros: genes are recombined to form an entirely new genome
Cons: must find a mate; must undergo mating

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11
Q

Conjugation

A
  • ciliates
  • genes are tranferred through a micronucleus
  • micronuclei fuse together to form a new genome
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12
Q

What is fertilization?

A

When 2 cells fuse together

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13
Q

most multicellular organisms produce________

A

haploid games

ie: sperm or egg

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14
Q

Fertilization results in what?

A

a diploid zygote

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15
Q

Dioecious

A

organism that produce only one type of gamete

-male/female

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16
Q

Monoecious

A

organism that produces both types of gametes

-hermaphroditic

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17
Q

What are spores?

A

cells dispersed for breeding purposes

-Always haploid

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18
Q

Diplontic life cycle

A

only the diploid stage is multicellular

-haploid stage is one gamete cell

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19
Q

Haplodiplontic life cycle

A
  • multicellular diploid stage=Sporophyte

- multicellular haploid stage=Gametophyte

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20
Q

Chlorophytes and Charophytes

A
  • Haplodiplontic life cycle
  • gametophyte and sporophyte appear identical
  • +/- gametes
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21
Q

Bryophytes

A

-Haplodiplontic life cycle
-gametophyte is dominant
Archegonia=female
Antheridia=male
After fertilization…..
-archegonia grows a sporophyte stalk
-sporophyte is nonphotosynthetic
-sporophyte produces spores

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22
Q

Brown Algae

A
  • haplodiplontic life cycle
  • sporophyte dominant
  • egg and sperm
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23
Q

Pteridophytes

A
  • haplodiplontic
  • sporophyte dominant
  • produce sori on the back of fronds
  • small gametophyte with anthredia and archegonia
  • the gametophyte is free-living and photosynthetic
  • sperm fertilizes egg
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24
Q

Seed Plants

A
  • Haplodiplontic

- microgametophyte and megagametophyte

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25
Q

Gymnosperms

A

-sporophyte produces male and female cones
-pollen grains develop in male and cones by meiosis
-female cones are larger and have woody scales
-pollen grains drift down female cones
-pollen tube emerges from the pollen grain
(look up what it does in notes)

26
Q

Angiosperms

A

-posses flowers and fruits
-floral organs are thought to have evolved from leaves
-

27
Q

Complete Flower

A

has four whorls

28
Q

Incomplete flower

A

lacks 1 or more of these whorls

29
Q

Calyx

A

consists of sepals

30
Q

Corolla

A

consists of petals

31
Q

Androecium

A

collective term for stamens

32
Q

What do stamens consist of?

A

a filament and an anther

33
Q

Gynoecium

A

collective term for carpels

34
Q

What do carpels consist of?

A

an ovule, ovary, style and stigma

35
Q

Microgametophyte

A

Four microscopes form through meiosis and become pollen grains. Each consists of:

  • tube cell
  • generative cell that will later divide to 2 sperm cells
36
Q

Megagametophyte

A
  • female gametophyte
  • 2 become polar nuclei
  • at the micropyle end, one cell functions as the egg, and the other two are synergids
  • at the other end, three cells are antipodals
37
Q

pollination

A

the process by which pollen is placed on the stigma

38
Q

self-pollination

A

pollen from flower anther pollinates stigma of same flower

39
Q

cross-pollination

A

pollen from anther of one flower pollinates the anther of another flowers stigma

40
Q

bees

A

most common insect pollinators

nectar guides

41
Q

Butterflies

A

prefer flowers that have flat “landing platforms”

42
Q

Birds

A

like red flowers

usually inconspicuous to insects

43
Q

plants that get wind pollinated

A

small green and odorless

often grouped and hanging down in tassels

44
Q

Angiosperms undergo a unique process called _________

Describe this

A

Double Fertilization
-tube cells form a pollen tube
-generative cell divides to form 2 sperm cells
One sperm cell fuses with the egg cell to form the diploid zygote
-other sperm cell nucleus fuses with the two polar nuclei to form the triploid endosperm
-nourishes embryo

45
Q

Fungi Fertilization

A

fertilization by merging hyphae cells from 2 individuals

  • Karyogamy
  • sometimes forms a dikaryotic cell before karyogamy
46
Q

Basidomycota

A

see notes

47
Q

True or False

Most animals reproduce asexually

A

false

48
Q

True or False

fertilization evolved on land first

A

false

fertilization evolved in the ocean before animals colonized land

49
Q

External fertilization

A

eggs and sperm are released into the water where union of the free gametes occurs

50
Q

Internal fertilization

A

sperm are introduced into the female reproductive track

51
Q

What are the three strategies of developement of internal fertilization?

A

Oviparity: fertilized eggs are deposited outside mothers’ body to complete their development
Ovoviviparity: fertilized eggs are kept within mother to complete development, and young obtain food from egg yolk
Viviparity: young develop within mother and obtain nourishment from her blood

52
Q

What animal type is viviparous, ovoviviparous, and oviparous?

A

cartilaginous fish

53
Q

Give three details about amniotes

A
  • the amntiotic egg has four membranes
  • water tight
  • results from internal fertilization
54
Q

Most reptiles and birds are viviparous, ovoviviparous, or oviparous?

A

oviparous

55
Q

what is copulation?

A

males uses a penis to inject sperm into the female

56
Q

what is ovulation?

A

the period release of a mature egg

57
Q

what is the estrous cycle?

A
  • occurs in most female mammals

- females are only receptive to males around ovulation (estrous)

58
Q

what is the menstrual cycle?

A

shedding of the inner lining of the uterus

59
Q

What the difference between the estrous cycle and the menstrual cycle?

A

Menstrual cycle= female can copulate at any time in their cycle; in the Estrous cycle females copulate when they are ovulating

60
Q

are monotremes viviparous, ovoviviparous, or oviparous?

A

oviparous

61
Q

are marsupials viviparous, ovoviviparous, or oviparous?

A

viviparous

62
Q

are placentalsviviparous, ovoviviparous, or oviparous?

A

viviparous

Bio 110 (16 decks)

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