Regulatory Systems- Ch 42, 47, 48 & 49 Flashcards
1
Q
Size and thermoregulation: describe the differences between smaller and larger animals
A
Smaller: have a much higher metabolism to keep warm, lose more heat due to large surface area
Large: have a lower metabolic rate, retain heat better due to high volume
2
Q
The rate of any chemical reaction is affected by ______
A
temperature
3
Q
reactions tend to occur faster/slower at higher temperatures?
A
faster
4
Q
What factors determine body temperature?
A
internal factors (such as metabolism) external factors the affect heat transfer behavior
5
Q
Body Heat = ________ + _________
A
heat produced + heat transferred
6
Q
There are four mechanisms of heat transfer that are relevant to biological systems. What are they and briefly describe them.
A
- ) Radiation- by electromagnetic radiation
- ) Conduction- directly between 2 objects
- ) Convection- by the movement of a gas or liquid
- ) Evaporation- conversation of water to gas
7
Q
What is thermogenesis?
A
Use of energy to acquire heat
Can occur through several means:
- change chemical composition of cells/tissues
- alter metabolism to produce heat
- shivering uses muscles to generate heat
8
Q
How to plants respond to cold temperatures?
3 things
A
- ) increasing number of unsaturated lipids in their plasma membranes
- ) limiting ice crystal formation to extracellular spaces
- ) producing antifreeze proteins
9
Q
How do plants respond to high temperatures?
2 things
A
- ) heat shock proteins if exposed to rapid temperature increases
- ) Thermotelerance: plants can survive otherwise lethal temperatures if they are gradually exposed to increasing temperatures
10
Q
Describe endotherms
A
use metabolism to generate body heat and maintain temperature above ambient temperature (warm blooded)
-produce heat so they have a high metabolic rate
11
Q
Describe Ectotherms
A
- Do not use metabolism to produce heat and have body temperature that conforms to ambient temperature (cold blooded)
- Produce no heat so they have low metabolic rates
12
Q
Describe Heterotherms
A
fall between these extremes
13
Q
What are pros and cons of ectotherms?
examples?
A
pro: have the advantage of low energy intake
con: are not capable of sustained high energy activity
examples: inverts, fish, reptiles
14
Q
Most ectotherms regulate temperature using______
A
behavior
ie: insects use a shivering reflex to warm thoracic muscles for flight; reptiles place themselves in varying locations of sunlight and shade
15
Q
What pros and cons of endotherms?
examples?
A
pro: allows sustained high energy activity
con: requires constant and high energy intake (food)
examples: mammals, birds, some sharks
16
Q
Endotherm facts
A
- can increase metabolism
- often need insulation
- evaporative cooling occurs in sweating or panting
17
Q
Describe blood flow to the surface in endotherms
A
- Vasodilation increases blood flow, thereby increasing heat dissipation
- Vasoconstriction decreases blood flow thus limiting heat loss
18
Q
_______ cause a rise in temperature
A
Pyrogens
-act on the hypothalamus to increase the normal set point to a higher temperature (produce fever)
19
Q
_______is a state of dormancy
A
Torpor
20
Q
_______ is an extreme state in which torpor lasts for weeks or months
A
hibernation
21
Q
___________ are substances that an animal cannot manufacture for itself but are necessary for health
A
Essential nutrients
22
Q
Essential Nutrients include….
A
Vitamins
Amino acids
Long-chain unsaturated fatty acids
Minerals
23
Q
Single celled organisms and sponges digest their food how?
A
Intracellularly
this means each cell digests for itself and their is no digestion in a body cavity
24
Q
Cnidarians and flatworms have a________
A
gastrovascular cavity
25
Specialization occurs when an organism has a separate_____ and ______
mouth and anus
26
_______ have just a tubular gut lined by an epithelial membrane
nematodes
27
In digestions, a few different things happen when food is ingested. What are these 4 thing?
- food is subject to physical fragmentation
- ingested food is stored
- the food is chemically digested (hydrolysis reactions break food into subunits) and is absorbed through the epithelial lining into the blood
- wastes are excreted from the anus
28
The digestive system consists of a tubular ______
gastrointestinal tract
29
the gastrointestinal tract consists of these six things. Name them and their function
```
Mouth and Pharynx: Entry
Esophogus: Delivers food to the stomach
Stomach: Preliminary digestion
Small Intestine: Absorption
Large Intestine: concentration of wastes
Cloaca/Rectum: Waste storage and excretion
```
30
The digestive system consists of 4 accessory organs. Name them and their function
Salivary glands: produce saliva
Liver: produce bile
Gallbladder: stores and concentrates bile
Pancreas: produces pancreatic juice and bicarbonate buffer
31
The GI tract has four layers. what are they?
Mucosa
Submucosa
Muscularis
Serosa
32
Mucosa
epithelium that lines the lumen or interior of the tract
33
Submucosa
Connective Tissue
34
Muscularis
Double layer of smooth muscle
35
Serosa
Epithelium that covers the external surface of the tract
36
What are teeth used for?
masticating food and acquiring it
37
Describe herbivores teeth
Flat and large used for grinding
38
Describe carnivores teeth
teeth are made for puncturing and shearing
39
Describe Human teeth
Carnivore like teeth in the front and herbivore like teeth in the back
40
Where do birds break up food?
their stomach
41
Describe a Gizzard
a muscular chamber that uses ingested pebbled to pulverize food
42
What enzyme does saliva have?
| What does this enzyme do?
salivary amylase
| breaks down starch
43
Salivation is controlled by which regulatory system?
Nervous System
44
this evolved from modified salivary glands
venom
45
Describe the actions of swallowing
1. ) Tongue moves food to the back of the mouth
2. ) Soft palate seals off naval cavity
3. ) Elevation of the larynx pushes the glottis against the epiglottis
4. ) Keeps food out of respiratory tract
46
Absoption
look at slides
47
Most mammals have a cloaca or rectum?
rectum
48
what tracts join at the cloaca?
urinary, reproductive, and gastrointestinal
49
Digestive tracts may contain bacteria that turn _____ into_______
cellulose into sugar
50
All mammals rely on intestinal bacteria to synthesize______
vitamin K
51
_______ have four chambered stomachs
Ruminants
52
What are the four chambers called in Ruminants' stomachs?
| Which one has cellulose degrading microbes?
Rumen, reticulum, omasum, abomasum
| Rumen
53
what's it called when the contents are regurgitated and rechewed
rumination
54
horses, rabbits, and deer digest cellulose in the______
Cecum
55
What is coprophagy?
eating feces to absorb more nutrients
56
in single celled organisms, gases diffuse through what?
membranes
57
In smaller invertebrates, gases diffuse through both the ______ and the ______
gut and integument
58
True or False:
| Flattening increases the surface area
true
59
For larger invertebrates, aquatic groups have______
internal gills
60
in echinoderms, _______protrude into water column, increasing surface-area
Papulae
61
in echinoderms, oxygen is circulated through the organism via the ______
water vascular system
62
In Insecta, _____ (opening in the exoskeleton) lead to ducts called______
Spiracles, trachea
| *trachea then subdivide into tracheoles.
63
Amphibian respiration is called _________
cutaneous respiration
64
In amphibian respiration, thin moist skin allows for _____ to exchange gases
capillaries
65
In aquatic vertebrates, there are several______ on the side of the animal's head. Each is composed of 2 rows of_____which consist of a ______
gill arches
gill filaments
lamellae
66
what are two main disadvantages of external gills?
- get damaged easily
| - must be constantly moving to ensure contact with oxygen rich water
67
Where are the gills of bony fish located?
between the operculum and the mouth
68
what is the operculum?
Gill cover
69
Describe CounterCurrent flow
- blood flows opposite to direction of water movement
| - Maximizes oxygenation of blood
70
Why were gills replaced in terrestrial animals?
- air is less supportive than water
| - Needed structure to retain moisture
71
the lung minimizes evaporation by _______
by moving air through a branched tubular passage
72
Frogs have "Positive Pressure Breathing"
| describe this
"push" or "squeeze" air into their lungs by creating a positive pressure in the buccal cavity
73
Reptiles and Mammals have "Negative Pressure Breathing"
| describe this
- expand thoracic cage by muscular contractions
- creating empty space
- air rushes inside to fill the lungs and the empty space
74
What are the lungs of mammals packed with millions of?
Alveoli
75
after going through the trachea, where does the air go?
right and left bronchi and then into bronchioles
76
Archosaurs were able to achieve ______ airflow
unidirectional
77
unidirectional breathing is seen in which animals?
birds
78
in unidirectional breathing oxygen is absorbed though one way tubes called what?
unidirectional breathing is achieved through the action of anterior and poster sacs
parabronchi
79
Unidrectional breathing occurs in 2 cycles.
| What are they?
cycle 1.) inhaled air is drawn from the trachea into posterior air sacs and is exhaled into the lungs
cycle 2.) air is drawn from the lungs into anterior air sacs and exhaled through the trachea
80
True or False: deoxygenated air needs to be exhaled before oxygen can be inhaled (unidirectional breathing)
False!
81
Hemoglobin consists of four polypeptide chains that each has a _____ group. each of these groups has a ____ atom that can bind to a molecule of ______
heme; iron;oxygen
82
does xylem move in both directions?
no, it moves unidirectionally
83
what is sap?
nutrient rich fluid in plants
84
does phloem move in both directions?
yes
85
what is the pressure flow theory?
dissolved carbohydrates flow from a source and are released in sink
- sources include photosynthetic tissues
- sinks include growing root and stem tips as well as developing fruits
- sugars are made in sources and consumed in sinks
86
Describe the process of phloem loading (6 steps)
1. ) mesophyll makes sugars
2. ) active transport of sugars into the phloem causes low water potential
3. ) turgor pressure increases in phloem
4. ) This increased pressure drives the contents to the sink
5. ) once at sink, sugar is then actively transported into cells that need it
6. ) water diffuses back into the xylem to be reused
87
Do sponges, cnidarians, and nematodes have a circulatory system?
nope
88
Open circulatory system contain a fluid called what?
hemolymph
89
describe a closed circulatory system
distinct circulatory fluid called blood is enclosed in vessels and transported away from and back into the heart
90
how many muscular pumping chambers does a fish have?
How many atrium?
How many ventricles?
2
1
1
91
Land vertebrates undergo double circulation. What are the names of the 2 circuits?
Pulmonary circulation and systematic circulation
92
In pulmonary circulation, how does blood flow?
Heart--->lungs-->heart
93
in systematic circulation how does blood flow?
Heart--->body--->heart
94
How many chambers does an amphibian/reptile heart have?
how many atrium?
how many ventricles?
3
2
1
95
in amphibians and reptiles do oxygenated and deoxygenated blood mix?
yes
96
How many chambers does a mammal/archosaur have?
how many atrium?
how many ventricles?
4
2
2
97
How does blood leave the heart?
through arteries
98
what are arterioles?
finest, microscopic branches of the arterial tree
99
after blood enters the arterioles, where does it go?
capillaries
100
blood is collected into____ before it enters larger vessels called_____ which bring the blood back to the heart
venules; veins
101
to recap: starting from the heart, list how blood flows.
Goes from the heart to the arteries to the arterioles to the capillaries to the venules to the veins back to the heart
102
Arteries and veins are composed of four tissue layers.
| What are they?
endothelium
elastic fibers
smooth muscle
connective tissue
103
How may layers of endothelial cells compose capillaries?
1
104
What is vasoconstriction?
when the blood vessels constrict (get smaller)
| happens when its cold outside
105
What is vasodilation?
when the blood vessels dilate (get bigger)
| happens when its warm outside
106
there are three functions of circulating blood. What are they?
1. ) Transportation of materials
2. ) Regulation of body functions
3. ) Protection from injury and invasion
107
What is the plasma made up of?
92% water
| contains the solutes nutrients, wastes, hormones, ions, and proteins
108
if removed, plasma is called what?
serum
109
Whats another name for red blood cells?
erythrocytes
110
erythrocytes of vertebrates contain what?
hemoglobin
111
Whats another name for white blood cells?
leukocytes
112
Describe leukocytes
- less than 1% of blood cells
- larger than erythrocytes
- have nucleus
- can migrate out of capillaries
- immune response
113
What are platelets?
| What are their function?
cell fragments that pinch off from larger cells in the bone marrows
function: formation of blood clots
114
all the different blood elements develop from a specific type of cell called what?
pluripotent stem cells
115
What is hematopoiesis?
blood cell production
