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Bio 110 > Regulatory Systems- Ch 42, 47, 48 & 49 > Flashcards

Regulatory Systems- Ch 42, 47, 48 & 49 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Size and thermoregulation: describe the differences between smaller and larger animals

A

Smaller: have a much higher metabolism to keep warm, lose more heat due to large surface area
Large: have a lower metabolic rate, retain heat better due to high volume

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2
Q

The rate of any chemical reaction is affected by ______

A

temperature

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3
Q

reactions tend to occur faster/slower at higher temperatures?

A

faster

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4
Q

What factors determine body temperature?

A 
internal factors (such as metabolism)
external factors the affect heat transfer
behavior
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5
Q

Body Heat = ________ + _________

A

heat produced + heat transferred

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6
Q

There are four mechanisms of heat transfer that are relevant to biological systems. What are they and briefly describe them.

A
  1. ) Radiation- by electromagnetic radiation
  2. ) Conduction- directly between 2 objects
  3. ) Convection- by the movement of a gas or liquid
  4. ) Evaporation- conversation of water to gas
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7
Q

What is thermogenesis?

A

Use of energy to acquire heat

Can occur through several means:

  • change chemical composition of cells/tissues
  • alter metabolism to produce heat
  • shivering uses muscles to generate heat
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8
Q

How to plants respond to cold temperatures?

3 things

A
  1. ) increasing number of unsaturated lipids in their plasma membranes
  2. ) limiting ice crystal formation to extracellular spaces
  3. ) producing antifreeze proteins
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9
Q

How do plants respond to high temperatures?

2 things

A
  1. ) heat shock proteins if exposed to rapid temperature increases
  2. ) Thermotelerance: plants can survive otherwise lethal temperatures if they are gradually exposed to increasing temperatures
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10
Q

Describe endotherms

A

use metabolism to generate body heat and maintain temperature above ambient temperature (warm blooded)
-produce heat so they have a high metabolic rate

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11
Q

Describe Ectotherms

A
  • Do not use metabolism to produce heat and have body temperature that conforms to ambient temperature (cold blooded)
  • Produce no heat so they have low metabolic rates
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12
Q

Describe Heterotherms

A

fall between these extremes

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13
Q

What are pros and cons of ectotherms?

examples?

A

pro: have the advantage of low energy intake
con: are not capable of sustained high energy activity
examples: inverts, fish, reptiles

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14
Q

Most ectotherms regulate temperature using______

A

behavior
ie: insects use a shivering reflex to warm thoracic muscles for flight; reptiles place themselves in varying locations of sunlight and shade

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15
Q

What pros and cons of endotherms?

examples?

A

pro: allows sustained high energy activity
con: requires constant and high energy intake (food)
examples: mammals, birds, some sharks

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16
Q

Endotherm facts

A
  • can increase metabolism
  • often need insulation
  • evaporative cooling occurs in sweating or panting
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17
Q

Describe blood flow to the surface in endotherms

A
  • Vasodilation increases blood flow, thereby increasing heat dissipation
  • Vasoconstriction decreases blood flow thus limiting heat loss
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18
Q

_______ cause a rise in temperature

A

Pyrogens

-act on the hypothalamus to increase the normal set point to a higher temperature (produce fever)

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19
Q

_______is a state of dormancy

A

Torpor

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20
Q

_______ is an extreme state in which torpor lasts for weeks or months

A

hibernation

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21
Q

___________ are substances that an animal cannot manufacture for itself but are necessary for health

A

Essential nutrients

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22
Q

Essential Nutrients include….

A

Vitamins
Amino acids
Long-chain unsaturated fatty acids
Minerals

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23
Q

Single celled organisms and sponges digest their food how?

A

Intracellularly

this means each cell digests for itself and their is no digestion in a body cavity

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24
Q

Cnidarians and flatworms have a________

A

gastrovascular cavity

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25
Q

Specialization occurs when an organism has a separate_____ and ______

A

mouth and anus

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26
Q

_______ have just a tubular gut lined by an epithelial membrane

A

nematodes

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27
Q

In digestions, a few different things happen when food is ingested. What are these 4 thing?

A
  • food is subject to physical fragmentation
  • ingested food is stored
  • the food is chemically digested (hydrolysis reactions break food into subunits) and is absorbed through the epithelial lining into the blood
  • wastes are excreted from the anus
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28
Q

The digestive system consists of a tubular ______

A

gastrointestinal tract

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29
Q

the gastrointestinal tract consists of these six things. Name them and their function

A 
Mouth and Pharynx: Entry
Esophogus: Delivers food to the stomach
Stomach: Preliminary digestion
Small Intestine: Absorption
Large Intestine: concentration of wastes
Cloaca/Rectum: Waste storage and excretion
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30
Q

The digestive system consists of 4 accessory organs. Name them and their function

A

Salivary glands: produce saliva
Liver: produce bile
Gallbladder: stores and concentrates bile
Pancreas: produces pancreatic juice and bicarbonate buffer

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31
Q

The GI tract has four layers. what are they?

A

Mucosa
Submucosa
Muscularis
Serosa

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32
Q

Mucosa

A

epithelium that lines the lumen or interior of the tract

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33
Q

Submucosa

A

Connective Tissue

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34
Q

Muscularis

A

Double layer of smooth muscle

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35
Q

Serosa

A

Epithelium that covers the external surface of the tract

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36
Q

What are teeth used for?

A

masticating food and acquiring it

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37
Q

Describe herbivores teeth

A

Flat and large used for grinding

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38
Q

Describe carnivores teeth

A

teeth are made for puncturing and shearing

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39
Q

Describe Human teeth

A

Carnivore like teeth in the front and herbivore like teeth in the back

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40
Q

Where do birds break up food?

A

their stomach

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41
Q

Describe a Gizzard

A

a muscular chamber that uses ingested pebbled to pulverize food

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42
Q

What enzyme does saliva have?

What does this enzyme do?

A

salivary amylase

breaks down starch

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43
Q

Salivation is controlled by which regulatory system?

A

Nervous System

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44
Q

this evolved from modified salivary glands

A

venom

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45
Q

Describe the actions of swallowing

A
  1. ) Tongue moves food to the back of the mouth
  2. ) Soft palate seals off naval cavity
  3. ) Elevation of the larynx pushes the glottis against the epiglottis
  4. ) Keeps food out of respiratory tract
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46
Q

Absoption

A

look at slides

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47
Q

Most mammals have a cloaca or rectum?

A

rectum

48
Q

what tracts join at the cloaca?

A

urinary, reproductive, and gastrointestinal

49
Q

Digestive tracts may contain bacteria that turn _____ into_______

A

cellulose into sugar

50
Q

All mammals rely on intestinal bacteria to synthesize______

A

vitamin K

51
Q

_______ have four chambered stomachs

A

Ruminants

52
Q

What are the four chambers called in Ruminants’ stomachs?

Which one has cellulose degrading microbes?

A

Rumen, reticulum, omasum, abomasum

Rumen

53
Q

what’s it called when the contents are regurgitated and rechewed

A

rumination

54
Q

horses, rabbits, and deer digest cellulose in the______

A

Cecum

55
Q

What is coprophagy?

A

eating feces to absorb more nutrients

56
Q

in single celled organisms, gases diffuse through what?

A

membranes

57
Q

In smaller invertebrates, gases diffuse through both the ______ and the ______

A

gut and integument

58
Q

True or False:

Flattening increases the surface area

A

true

59
Q

For larger invertebrates, aquatic groups have______

A

internal gills

60
Q

in echinoderms, _______protrude into water column, increasing surface-area

A

Papulae

61
Q

in echinoderms, oxygen is circulated through the organism via the ______

A

water vascular system

62
Q

In Insecta, _____ (opening in the exoskeleton) lead to ducts called______

A

Spiracles, trachea

*trachea then subdivide into tracheoles.

63
Q

Amphibian respiration is called _________

A

cutaneous respiration

64
Q

In amphibian respiration, thin moist skin allows for _____ to exchange gases

A

capillaries

65
Q

In aquatic vertebrates, there are several______ on the side of the animal’s head. Each is composed of 2 rows of_____which consist of a ______

A

gill arches
gill filaments
lamellae

66
Q

what are two main disadvantages of external gills?

A
  • get damaged easily

- must be constantly moving to ensure contact with oxygen rich water

67
Q

Where are the gills of bony fish located?

A

between the operculum and the mouth

68
Q

what is the operculum?

A

Gill cover

69
Q

Describe CounterCurrent flow

A
  • blood flows opposite to direction of water movement

- Maximizes oxygenation of blood

70
Q

Why were gills replaced in terrestrial animals?

A
  • air is less supportive than water

- Needed structure to retain moisture

71
Q

the lung minimizes evaporation by _______

A

by moving air through a branched tubular passage

72
Q

Frogs have “Positive Pressure Breathing”

describe this

A

“push” or “squeeze” air into their lungs by creating a positive pressure in the buccal cavity

73
Q

Reptiles and Mammals have “Negative Pressure Breathing”

describe this

A
  • expand thoracic cage by muscular contractions
  • creating empty space
  • air rushes inside to fill the lungs and the empty space
74
Q

What are the lungs of mammals packed with millions of?

A

Alveoli

75
Q

after going through the trachea, where does the air go?

A

right and left bronchi and then into bronchioles

76
Q

Archosaurs were able to achieve ______ airflow

A

unidirectional

77
Q

unidirectional breathing is seen in which animals?

A

birds

78
Q

in unidirectional breathing oxygen is absorbed though one way tubes called what?
unidirectional breathing is achieved through the action of anterior and poster sacs

A

parabronchi

79
Q

Unidrectional breathing occurs in 2 cycles.

What are they?

A

cycle 1.) inhaled air is drawn from the trachea into posterior air sacs and is exhaled into the lungs
cycle 2.) air is drawn from the lungs into anterior air sacs and exhaled through the trachea

80
Q

True or False: deoxygenated air needs to be exhaled before oxygen can be inhaled (unidirectional breathing)

A

False!

81
Q

Hemoglobin consists of four polypeptide chains that each has a _____ group. each of these groups has a ____ atom that can bind to a molecule of ______

A

heme; iron;oxygen

82
Q

does xylem move in both directions?

A

no, it moves unidirectionally

83
Q

what is sap?

A

nutrient rich fluid in plants

84
Q

does phloem move in both directions?

A

yes

85
Q

what is the pressure flow theory?

A

dissolved carbohydrates flow from a source and are released in sink

  • sources include photosynthetic tissues
  • sinks include growing root and stem tips as well as developing fruits
  • sugars are made in sources and consumed in sinks
86
Q

Describe the process of phloem loading (6 steps)

A
  1. ) mesophyll makes sugars
  2. ) active transport of sugars into the phloem causes low water potential
  3. ) turgor pressure increases in phloem
  4. ) This increased pressure drives the contents to the sink
  5. ) once at sink, sugar is then actively transported into cells that need it
  6. ) water diffuses back into the xylem to be reused
87
Q

Do sponges, cnidarians, and nematodes have a circulatory system?

A

nope

88
Q

Open circulatory system contain a fluid called what?

A

hemolymph

89
Q

describe a closed circulatory system

A

distinct circulatory fluid called blood is enclosed in vessels and transported away from and back into the heart

90
Q

how many muscular pumping chambers does a fish have?
How many atrium?
How many ventricles?

A

2
1
1

91
Q

Land vertebrates undergo double circulation. What are the names of the 2 circuits?

A

Pulmonary circulation and systematic circulation

92
Q

In pulmonary circulation, how does blood flow?

A

Heart—>lungs–>heart

93
Q

in systematic circulation how does blood flow?

A

Heart—>body—>heart

94
Q

How many chambers does an amphibian/reptile heart have?
how many atrium?
how many ventricles?

A

3
2
1

95
Q

in amphibians and reptiles do oxygenated and deoxygenated blood mix?

A

yes

96
Q

How many chambers does a mammal/archosaur have?
how many atrium?
how many ventricles?

A

4
2
2

97
Q

How does blood leave the heart?

A

through arteries

98
Q

what are arterioles?

A

finest, microscopic branches of the arterial tree

99
Q

after blood enters the arterioles, where does it go?

A

capillaries

100
Q

blood is collected into____ before it enters larger vessels called_____ which bring the blood back to the heart

A

venules; veins

101
Q

to recap: starting from the heart, list how blood flows.

A

Goes from the heart to the arteries to the arterioles to the capillaries to the venules to the veins back to the heart

102
Q

Arteries and veins are composed of four tissue layers.

What are they?

A

endothelium
elastic fibers
smooth muscle
connective tissue

103
Q

How may layers of endothelial cells compose capillaries?

A

1

104
Q

What is vasoconstriction?

A

when the blood vessels constrict (get smaller)

happens when its cold outside

105
Q

What is vasodilation?

A

when the blood vessels dilate (get bigger)

happens when its warm outside

106
Q

there are three functions of circulating blood. What are they?

A
  1. ) Transportation of materials
  2. ) Regulation of body functions
  3. ) Protection from injury and invasion
107
Q

What is the plasma made up of?

A

92% water

contains the solutes nutrients, wastes, hormones, ions, and proteins

108
Q

if removed, plasma is called what?

A

serum

109
Q

Whats another name for red blood cells?

A

erythrocytes

110
Q

erythrocytes of vertebrates contain what?

A

hemoglobin

111
Q

Whats another name for white blood cells?

A

leukocytes

112
Q

Describe leukocytes

A
  • less than 1% of blood cells
  • larger than erythrocytes
  • have nucleus
  • can migrate out of capillaries
  • immune response
113
Q

What are platelets?

What are their function?

A

cell fragments that pinch off from larger cells in the bone marrows
function: formation of blood clots

114
Q

all the different blood elements develop from a specific type of cell called what?

A

pluripotent stem cells

115
Q

What is hematopoiesis?

A

blood cell production

Bio 110 (16 decks)

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