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Bio 110 > Protista- Ch 29 > Flashcards

Protista- Ch 29 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is the order of classification?

A

Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

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2
Q

What are protists classified as?

A

a kingdom

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3
Q

What domain are protists in?

A

Eukarya

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4
Q

What are the other kingdoms besides Protista?

A

animal, plants, and fungae

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5
Q

What are the two other domains besides Eukarya?

A

Archae and Bacteria

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6
Q

Are protists the most or least diverse of the 4 kingdoms?

A

the most

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7
Q

How large are protists?

A

most are microscopic but some are very large.

ie: kelp is very large

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8
Q

True or False: Protists can be unicellular, colonial, and multicellular groups

A

true

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9
Q

What symmetries do protists have?

A

all

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10
Q

What do protists eat?

A

everything (all types of nutrition)

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11
Q

Are Protista monophyletic or paraphyletic?

A

paraphyletic

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12
Q

what does monophyletic mean?

A

everything is close together in grouping

slide 3

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13
Q

True or False: EVERYTHING but animals, fungae, and plants go in the kingdom Protista

A

true

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14
Q

How do eukaryotes differ from prokaryotes?

A

compartmentalization (nucleus and organelles)

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15
Q

When did eukaryotes in microfossils occur?

A

about 1.5 BYA

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16
Q

How did the nucleus and endoplasmic reticulum arise?

A

Arose from the infoldings of prokaryotic cell membrane

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17
Q

How did the infoldings come about?

Are there benefits?

A

complete and random mutation

yes, one benefit is the increase in SA

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18
Q

What is endosymbiosis?

A

attempts to explain the origins of eukaryotic cell organelles such as mitochondria in animals and fungi and chloroplasts in plants

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19
Q

What is engulfed by the mitochondria?

A

aerobic bacteria

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20
Q

What is engulfed by chloroplasts?

A

smaller photosynthetic bacteria

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21
Q

Where did chloroplasts come from?

A

a single line of cyanobacteria

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22
Q

What did brown algae engulf?

A

red algae

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23
Q

What is secondary endosymbiosis?

A

when a eukaryote cell engulfs another eukaryote cell that has undergone primary endosymbiosis

24
Q

The endosymbiosis theory is supported by three things. What are they?

A
  1. ) DNA inside mitochondria and chloroplasts are similar to bacteria DNA in size, character, and structure
  2. ) Ribosomes inside mitochondria similar to bacterial ribosomes
  3. ) Chloroplasts and mitochondria replicate independently by binary fission
25
Q

Protists can range from……

A

single cells to colonies to true multicellularity

26
Q

Why is multicellularity a benefit?

A

specialization

you can respond to the environment

27
Q

Describe Diplomonads (5 things)

A
  • unicellular
  • move with a flagella
  • 2 nuclei
  • Giardia = most common intestinal parasite in US
  • degenerate mitochondria–>mitosomes (not mitochondria)
28
Q

Describe Parabasalids (6 things)

A
  • live in termite guts (host cellulose degrading bacteria)
  • symbiotic relationship
  • trichomonas vaginalis (STD)
  • undulating membrane for locomotion
  • use flagella
  • lack mitochondria –> derived trait
29
Q

what is a derived trait?

A

The ancestor had the trait but it was lost in them

30
Q

Describe Euglenozoa (5 things)

A
  • earliest euks to possess mitochondria
  • some have chloroplasts but many become heterotrophic in the dark
  • others strictly heterotrophic (may be parasitic)
  • asexual reproduction only
  • Contractile vacuoles–>collect excess water
31
Q

Describe Dinoflageliates (4 things)

A
  • photosynthetic, unicellular with flagella
  • live in aquatic environments
  • some are bioluminescent (when disturbed)
  • “red tide” are “blooms”- fish, birds, and marine mammals may die from toxins
32
Q

Describe Apicomplexans (6 things)

A
  • spore forming animal parasites
  • plasmodium causes malaria
  • complex life cycle
  • Toxoplasma gondii
  • causes infections in humans with immunosuppression
  • can cross placental barrier to harm fetus
33
Q

describe Ciliates (5 things)

A
  • feature large number of cilia arranged in longitudinal rows or spirals around the cell
  • Pellicle–>rough but flexible outer covering
  • 2 types of nuclei
  • micronucleus=without will produce asexually
  • macronucleus=essential for function
  • 2 types of vacuoles
  • food vacuoles=digestion of food
  • contractile vacuole=regulation of water balance
  • paramecium
34
Q

Describe brown algae (4 things)

A
  • conspicuous seaweeds (kelp) of northern regions
  • can grow up to 30-80 meters
  • may form forests
  • not plants
35
Q

Describe Diatoms (3 things)

A

-unicellular organisms
-unique double shells made of silica
-glass is 75% silica
(diatom pictures on slide 22)

36
Q

Describe Oomcyetes (4 things)

A
  • water mold
  • cause of the potato famine of 1845
  • aquatic or terrestrial
  • can be pathogens or saprobes
37
Q

what is a pathogen?

A

causes a disease or illness

38
Q

what is a saprobe?

A

feeds off something that is dead

39
Q

Describe Choanoflagellida

A
  • most like common ancestor of all animals
  • single emergent flagellum, surrounded by funnel-shaped collar (structure matched in sponges)
  • use collar to feed on bacteria
40
Q

Describe Amoebozoa

A
  • true amoebas

- move by large pseudopods

41
Q

Describe Actinopoda

A
  • glassy exoskeletons made of silica

- needlelike pseudopods

42
Q

Describe Foraminifera

A
  • pore-studded shells called test, through which thin podia emerge
  • use podia for swimming and feeding
  • produce limestone with tests
43
Q

Describe slime molds

A

NOT related to fungi

  • single celled, multinucleate, oozing masses
  • single cells combine
44
Q

Describe Rhodophyla

A
  • Red algae range from microscopic to very large

- have accessory photosynthetic pigments

45
Q

True or False: Land plants arose from an ancestral green alga multiple times during evolution

A

false

land plants arose from an ancestral green alga only once during evolution

46
Q

Green alga consists of 2 monophyletic groups. What are these groups?

A

Chlorophyta and Charophytes

47
Q

Unicellular cholorplasts

A
  • early green algae probably resembled chlamydomonas reinhardtii
  • diverged from land plants over 1 BYA
  • several lines of evolutionary specialization derived from chlorophytes
48
Q

Colonial chlorophytes are examples of_______?

A

cellular specialization

49
Q

what is a volvox?

A

hollow sphere made up of a single layer of 500-60,000 individual cells each with two flagella

50
Q

The haplodiplontic life cycle was two stages. What are they?

A

multicellular diploid stage and multicellular haploid stage

51
Q

What is another name for the multicellular diploid stage?

What is another name for the multicellular haploid stage?

A

Sporophyte

Gametophyte

52
Q

What happens in sporophyte?

A
  • produces haploid spores by meiosis
  • diploid spore mother cells (sporocytes) undergo meiosis in sporangia
  • produce 4 haploid spores
  • first cells of gametophyte generation
53
Q

What happens in gametophyte?

A
  • spores divide by mitosis
  • produces gametes by mitosis
  • gametes fuse to form diploid zygote
  • first cell of next sporophyte generation
54
Q

Draw the haplodiplontic life cycle

ie: ulva

A

-

55
Q

how do charophytes distinguish from chlorophytes

A

by phylogenetic relationships to land plants

-molecular evidence from rRNA and DNA sequences

Bio 110 (16 decks)

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