Protista- Ch 29 Flashcards
What is the order of classification?
Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species
What are protists classified as?
a kingdom
What domain are protists in?
Eukarya
What are the other kingdoms besides Protista?
animal, plants, and fungae
What are the two other domains besides Eukarya?
Archae and Bacteria
Are protists the most or least diverse of the 4 kingdoms?
the most
How large are protists?
most are microscopic but some are very large.
ie: kelp is very large
True or False: Protists can be unicellular, colonial, and multicellular groups
true
What symmetries do protists have?
all
What do protists eat?
everything (all types of nutrition)
Are Protista monophyletic or paraphyletic?
paraphyletic
what does monophyletic mean?
everything is close together in grouping
slide 3
True or False: EVERYTHING but animals, fungae, and plants go in the kingdom Protista
true
How do eukaryotes differ from prokaryotes?
compartmentalization (nucleus and organelles)
When did eukaryotes in microfossils occur?
about 1.5 BYA
How did the nucleus and endoplasmic reticulum arise?
Arose from the infoldings of prokaryotic cell membrane
How did the infoldings come about?
Are there benefits?
complete and random mutation
yes, one benefit is the increase in SA
What is endosymbiosis?
attempts to explain the origins of eukaryotic cell organelles such as mitochondria in animals and fungi and chloroplasts in plants
What is engulfed by the mitochondria?
aerobic bacteria
What is engulfed by chloroplasts?
smaller photosynthetic bacteria
Where did chloroplasts come from?
a single line of cyanobacteria
What did brown algae engulf?
red algae
What is secondary endosymbiosis?
when a eukaryote cell engulfs another eukaryote cell that has undergone primary endosymbiosis
The endosymbiosis theory is supported by three things. What are they?
- ) DNA inside mitochondria and chloroplasts are similar to bacteria DNA in size, character, and structure
- ) Ribosomes inside mitochondria similar to bacterial ribosomes
- ) Chloroplasts and mitochondria replicate independently by binary fission
Protists can range from……
single cells to colonies to true multicellularity
Why is multicellularity a benefit?
specialization
you can respond to the environment
Describe Diplomonads (5 things)
- unicellular
- move with a flagella
- 2 nuclei
- Giardia = most common intestinal parasite in US
- degenerate mitochondria–>mitosomes (not mitochondria)
Describe Parabasalids (6 things)
- live in termite guts (host cellulose degrading bacteria)
- symbiotic relationship
- trichomonas vaginalis (STD)
- undulating membrane for locomotion
- use flagella
- lack mitochondria –> derived trait
what is a derived trait?
The ancestor had the trait but it was lost in them
Describe Euglenozoa (5 things)
- earliest euks to possess mitochondria
- some have chloroplasts but many become heterotrophic in the dark
- others strictly heterotrophic (may be parasitic)
- asexual reproduction only
- Contractile vacuoles–>collect excess water
Describe Dinoflageliates (4 things)
- photosynthetic, unicellular with flagella
- live in aquatic environments
- some are bioluminescent (when disturbed)
- “red tide” are “blooms”- fish, birds, and marine mammals may die from toxins
Describe Apicomplexans (6 things)
- spore forming animal parasites
- plasmodium causes malaria
- complex life cycle
- Toxoplasma gondii
- causes infections in humans with immunosuppression
- can cross placental barrier to harm fetus
describe Ciliates (5 things)
- feature large number of cilia arranged in longitudinal rows or spirals around the cell
- Pellicle–>rough but flexible outer covering
- 2 types of nuclei
- micronucleus=without will produce asexually
- macronucleus=essential for function
- 2 types of vacuoles
- food vacuoles=digestion of food
- contractile vacuole=regulation of water balance
- paramecium
Describe brown algae (4 things)
- conspicuous seaweeds (kelp) of northern regions
- can grow up to 30-80 meters
- may form forests
- not plants
Describe Diatoms (3 things)
-unicellular organisms
-unique double shells made of silica
-glass is 75% silica
(diatom pictures on slide 22)
Describe Oomcyetes (4 things)
- water mold
- cause of the potato famine of 1845
- aquatic or terrestrial
- can be pathogens or saprobes
what is a pathogen?
causes a disease or illness
what is a saprobe?
feeds off something that is dead
Describe Choanoflagellida
- most like common ancestor of all animals
- single emergent flagellum, surrounded by funnel-shaped collar (structure matched in sponges)
- use collar to feed on bacteria
Describe Amoebozoa
- true amoebas
- move by large pseudopods
Describe Actinopoda
- glassy exoskeletons made of silica
- needlelike pseudopods
Describe Foraminifera
- pore-studded shells called test, through which thin podia emerge
- use podia for swimming and feeding
- produce limestone with tests
Describe slime molds
NOT related to fungi
- single celled, multinucleate, oozing masses
- single cells combine
Describe Rhodophyla
- Red algae range from microscopic to very large
- have accessory photosynthetic pigments
True or False: Land plants arose from an ancestral green alga multiple times during evolution
false
land plants arose from an ancestral green alga only once during evolution
Green alga consists of 2 monophyletic groups. What are these groups?
Chlorophyta and Charophytes
Unicellular cholorplasts
- early green algae probably resembled chlamydomonas reinhardtii
- diverged from land plants over 1 BYA
- several lines of evolutionary specialization derived from chlorophytes
Colonial chlorophytes are examples of_______?
cellular specialization
what is a volvox?
hollow sphere made up of a single layer of 500-60,000 individual cells each with two flagella
The haplodiplontic life cycle was two stages. What are they?
multicellular diploid stage and multicellular haploid stage
What is another name for the multicellular diploid stage?
What is another name for the multicellular haploid stage?
Sporophyte
Gametophyte
What happens in sporophyte?
- produces haploid spores by meiosis
- diploid spore mother cells (sporocytes) undergo meiosis in sporangia
- produce 4 haploid spores
- first cells of gametophyte generation
What happens in gametophyte?
- spores divide by mitosis
- produces gametes by mitosis
- gametes fuse to form diploid zygote
- first cell of next sporophyte generation
Draw the haplodiplontic life cycle
ie: ulva
-
how do charophytes distinguish from chlorophytes
by phylogenetic relationships to land plants
-molecular evidence from rRNA and DNA sequences
