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Bio 110 > Protista- Ch 29 > Flashcards

Protista- Ch 29 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the order of classification?

A

Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

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2
Q

What are protists classified as?

A

a kingdom

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3
Q

What domain are protists in?

A

Eukarya

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4
Q

What are the other kingdoms besides Protista?

A

animal, plants, and fungae

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5
Q

What are the two other domains besides Eukarya?

A

Archae and Bacteria

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6
Q

Are protists the most or least diverse of the 4 kingdoms?

A

the most

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7
Q

How large are protists?

A

most are microscopic but some are very large.

ie: kelp is very large

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8
Q

True or False: Protists can be unicellular, colonial, and multicellular groups

A

true

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9
Q

What symmetries do protists have?

A

all

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10
Q

What do protists eat?

A

everything (all types of nutrition)

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11
Q

Are Protista monophyletic or paraphyletic?

A

paraphyletic

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12
Q

what does monophyletic mean?

A

everything is close together in grouping

slide 3

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13
Q

True or False: EVERYTHING but animals, fungae, and plants go in the kingdom Protista

A

true

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14
Q

How do eukaryotes differ from prokaryotes?

A

compartmentalization (nucleus and organelles)

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15
Q

When did eukaryotes in microfossils occur?

A

about 1.5 BYA

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16
Q

How did the nucleus and endoplasmic reticulum arise?

A

Arose from the infoldings of prokaryotic cell membrane

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17
Q

How did the infoldings come about?

Are there benefits?

A

complete and random mutation

yes, one benefit is the increase in SA

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18
Q

What is endosymbiosis?

A

attempts to explain the origins of eukaryotic cell organelles such as mitochondria in animals and fungi and chloroplasts in plants

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19
Q

What is engulfed by the mitochondria?

A

aerobic bacteria

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20
Q

What is engulfed by chloroplasts?

A

smaller photosynthetic bacteria

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21
Q

Where did chloroplasts come from?

A

a single line of cyanobacteria

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22
Q

What did brown algae engulf?

A

red algae

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23
Q

What is secondary endosymbiosis?

A

when a eukaryote cell engulfs another eukaryote cell that has undergone primary endosymbiosis

24
Q

The endosymbiosis theory is supported by three things. What are they?

A
  1. ) DNA inside mitochondria and chloroplasts are similar to bacteria DNA in size, character, and structure
  2. ) Ribosomes inside mitochondria similar to bacterial ribosomes
  3. ) Chloroplasts and mitochondria replicate independently by binary fission
25
Protists can range from......
single cells to colonies to true multicellularity
26
Why is multicellularity a benefit?
specialization | you can respond to the environment
27
Describe Diplomonads (5 things)
- unicellular - move with a flagella - 2 nuclei - Giardia = most common intestinal parasite in US - degenerate mitochondria-->mitosomes (not mitochondria)
28
Describe Parabasalids (6 things)
- live in termite guts (host cellulose degrading bacteria) - symbiotic relationship - trichomonas vaginalis (STD) - undulating membrane for locomotion - use flagella - lack mitochondria --> derived trait
29
what is a derived trait?
The ancestor had the trait but it was lost in them
30
Describe Euglenozoa (5 things)
- earliest euks to possess mitochondria - some have chloroplasts but many become heterotrophic in the dark - others strictly heterotrophic (may be parasitic) - asexual reproduction only - Contractile vacuoles-->collect excess water
31
Describe Dinoflageliates (4 things)
- photosynthetic, unicellular with flagella - live in aquatic environments - some are bioluminescent (when disturbed) - "red tide" are "blooms"- fish, birds, and marine mammals may die from toxins
32
Describe Apicomplexans (6 things)
- spore forming animal parasites - plasmodium causes malaria - complex life cycle - Toxoplasma gondii - causes infections in humans with immunosuppression - can cross placental barrier to harm fetus
33
describe Ciliates (5 things)
- feature large number of cilia arranged in longitudinal rows or spirals around the cell - Pellicle-->rough but flexible outer covering - 2 types of nuclei * micronucleus=without will produce asexually * macronucleus=essential for function - 2 types of vacuoles * food vacuoles=digestion of food * contractile vacuole=regulation of water balance - paramecium
34
Describe brown algae (4 things)
- conspicuous seaweeds (kelp) of northern regions - can grow up to 30-80 meters - may form forests - not plants
35
Describe Diatoms (3 things)
-unicellular organisms -unique double shells made of silica -glass is 75% silica (diatom pictures on slide 22)
36
Describe Oomcyetes (4 things)
- water mold - cause of the potato famine of 1845 - aquatic or terrestrial - can be pathogens or saprobes
37
what is a pathogen?
causes a disease or illness
38
what is a saprobe?
feeds off something that is dead
39
Describe Choanoflagellida
- most like common ancestor of all animals - single emergent flagellum, surrounded by funnel-shaped collar (structure matched in sponges) - use collar to feed on bacteria
40
Describe Amoebozoa
- true amoebas | - move by large pseudopods
41
Describe Actinopoda
- glassy exoskeletons made of silica | - needlelike pseudopods
42
Describe Foraminifera
- pore-studded shells called test, through which thin podia emerge - use podia for swimming and feeding - produce limestone with tests
43
Describe slime molds
NOT related to fungi - single celled, multinucleate, oozing masses - single cells combine
44
Describe Rhodophyla
- Red algae range from microscopic to very large | - have accessory photosynthetic pigments
45
True or False: Land plants arose from an ancestral green alga multiple times during evolution
false | land plants arose from an ancestral green alga only once during evolution
46
Green alga consists of 2 monophyletic groups. What are these groups?
Chlorophyta and Charophytes
47
Unicellular cholorplasts
- early green algae probably resembled chlamydomonas reinhardtii - diverged from land plants over 1 BYA - several lines of evolutionary specialization derived from chlorophytes
48
Colonial chlorophytes are examples of_______?
cellular specialization
49
what is a volvox?
hollow sphere made up of a single layer of 500-60,000 individual cells each with two flagella
50
The haplodiplontic life cycle was two stages. What are they?
multicellular diploid stage and multicellular haploid stage
51
What is another name for the multicellular diploid stage? | What is another name for the multicellular haploid stage?
Sporophyte | Gametophyte
52
What happens in sporophyte?
- produces haploid spores by meiosis - diploid spore mother cells (sporocytes) undergo meiosis in sporangia * produce 4 haploid spores * first cells of gametophyte generation
53
What happens in gametophyte?
- spores divide by mitosis - produces gametes by mitosis - gametes fuse to form diploid zygote * first cell of next sporophyte generation
54
Draw the haplodiplontic life cycle | ie: ulva
-
55
how do charophytes distinguish from chlorophytes
by phylogenetic relationships to land plants | -molecular evidence from rRNA and DNA sequences

Bio 110 (16 decks)

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