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Bio 110 > Animals- Ch 33-35 > Flashcards

Animals- Ch 33-35 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the 7 characteristics that all animals have in common?

A
  • multicellular
  • cells without cell walls
  • most are able to move
  • diverse in form
  • occupy diverse habitats
  • most reproduce sexually
  • have a characteristic pattern of embryonic development
  • cells of all animals (except sponges) are organized into tissues and tissue layers
  • heterotrophs
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2
Q

There are five key transitions that can be noted in animal evolution. What are they?

A
  1. ) Tissues
  2. ) Symmetry
  3. ) Body Cavity
  4. ) Various patterns of embryonic development
  5. ) Segmentation
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3
Q

Parazoa

A
  • sponges
  • lack defined tissues and organs
  • have the ability to dedifferentiate and redifferentiate their cells
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4
Q

Eumetozoa

A
  • all animals but sponges
  • have distinct and well defined tissues
  • have irreversible differentiation for most cell types
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5
Q

Do Parazoa and Eumetozoa both have symmetry?

A

No; parazoas do not

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6
Q

What is radial symmetry?

A
  • body parts arranged around central axis

- can be bisected into two equal halves in any 2-D plane

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7
Q

What is bilateral symmetry?

A
  • right and left halves that are mirror images

- only the mid-sagittal plane bisects the animal into two equal halves

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8
Q

What are 2 advantages of symmetry?

A

Cephalization (evolution of a definite brain area) and greater mobility

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9
Q

Eumetazoa produce three germ layers. What are they and describe them

A
  1. ) outerectoderm=body coverings and nervous system
  2. ) middle mesoderm=skeleton and muscles
  3. ) inner endoderm=digestive organs and intestines
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10
Q

What is the coelom?

A

the space inbetween tissues, surrounded by medoderm

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11
Q

Acoelomates

A

no body cavity

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12
Q

pseudocoelomates

A

body cavity between mesoderm and endoderm (called the pseudocoel

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13
Q

Coelomates

A

body cavity entirely within the mesoderm (called the coelom)

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14
Q

what is a blastula?

A

hollow ball of cells

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15
Q

what is the blastopore

A

opening to the outside

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16
Q

What is the difference between a protostome and a deuterstome

A 
protostome= mouth develops first from blastospore
deauterstome= anus develops first
17
Q

What are 3 differences between Deuterostomes and Protostomes? (not including whether the mouth or anus develops first(

A
  1. ) Cleavage pattern of embryonic cells
    - Protostomes=spiral cleavage; cells “move” as they divide
    - Deuterostomes=radical cleavage; cells stay in place as they divide
  2. ) Developmental fate of cells
    - Protosomes= determinate development; embryonic cels will form specific body regions; remove 1 and development ceases
    - Deuterstomes= indeterminate development; embryonic cells can develop a new individual
  3. ) Origination of the Coelom
    - Protostomes= forms simply and directly from splitting the mesoderm
    - Deuterstomes= forms indirectly from the outpocketing of the archenteron
18
Q

Did Protostomes evolve from Deuterostomes or did Deuterostomes evolve from Protostomes?

A

Deuterostomes evolved from Protostomes more than 500 MYA

19
Q

Animals are divided into two main branches. What are they?

A

Parazoa and Eumetazoa

20
Q

what does triploblastic mean

A

has 3 germ layers

21
Q

what does diploblastic mean

A

has 2 germ layers

22
Q

What are the two hypothesis that try to explain which group of protists are responsible for the animal kingdom

A
  1. ) the multinucleate hypothesis

2. ) the colonial flagellate hypothesis

23
Q

what was the Cambrian explosion?

A
  • enormous expansion of animal diversity in the Cambrian Period (543 to 525 MYA)
  • the Hox developmental gene complex evolved
  • provided a tool that can produce rapid changes in bodt plan
  • most major phyla was born
24
Q

Parazoa consists of only what?

A

Porifera (the sponges)

25
Q

Diploblasts exist in two phylum. What are they?

A

Cnidaria and Ctenophora

26
Q

What are the two major clades of protostomes

A

Spiralians and Ecdydozoans

27
Q

Spiralians

A

grow by adding mass to an existing body; obvious spiral cleavage

28
Q

Ecdysozoans

A

increase in size by molting their external skeletons

Bio 110 (16 decks)

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