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Bio 110 > Osmotic Rregulation - Ch 37 & 50 > Flashcards

Osmotic Rregulation - Ch 37 & 50 Flashcards

1
Q

What is osmosis?

A

the movement of free water molecules through a membrane from a solution of low solute concentration to a solution of high solute concentration

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2
Q

Life is cellular so osmosis usually involves the________

A

cell membrane

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3
Q

What are other names for osmosis?

A

tonicity and water potential

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4
Q

Water potential is used to predict what?

A

which way water will move

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5
Q

What is water potential measured in?

A

megapascals (MPa)

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6
Q

True or False:

Water ALWAYS moves from high to low water potential

A

true

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7
Q

water potential is……

A

the total potential energy of water in the cell

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8
Q

water potential is influenced by both _______ and ______

A

solute concentration and pressure

*look at slide 5 for equation

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9
Q

When a cell is placed in a solution with a different solute concentrations water moves in the direction that eventually results in____________

A

equilibrium

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10
Q

in equilibrium, both the cell and the solution have the same_______

A

water potential

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11
Q

What happens when a plant cell is placed in a solution with high water potential (low solutes?)
ie: pure water

A
  • the water potential of the cell is relatively negative
  • water moves into the cell
  • it will become swollen or turgid
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12
Q

What happens when a plant cell is placed in a solution with low water potential (high solute?)
ie: salt water, sugar water

A
  • water potential of the cell is relatively positive
  • water moves out of the cell
  • it will exhibit shrinkage or plasmolysis and become flaccid
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13
Q

What are aquaporins?

A

water channels that exist in vacuole and cell membranes

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14
Q

what do aquaporins do?

A

speed up osmosis and allow for equilibrium to be established quickly

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15
Q

Short-Distance movement

A

look at slide 11

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16
Q

In long-distance movement, most of the force is “pulling” and is caused by________

A

transpiration

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17
Q

the entire plant has__________ as one moves higher

A

decreasing water potential

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18
Q

In plants, how does water move?

4 steps

A
  1. ) into the roots
  2. ) up the xylem
  3. ) fills the empty spaces in between the mesophyll cells in the leaf
  4. ) evaporates through the stoma
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19
Q

Water moves into the roots only if the soil’s water potential is ___________. Root has more ________ than Fresh water

A

greater; solute

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20
Q

roots are usually_____

A

turgid

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21
Q

what do root hairs do?

A

absorb most of the plant’s water

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22
Q

Surface area for water and mineral absorption is further increased by ________

A

mycorrhizal fungi

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23
Q

What is the casparian strip?

A

a watertight layer in between endodermis cells

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24
Q

water must travel through the cell via the_________ route

A

symplastic route

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25
Why doesn’t the water move back down the xylem with gravity?
Water has tensile strength: Water molecules cohere to one another due to hydrogen bonds Water molecules adhere to the walls of the xylem due to polarity The tensile strength of a water column varies inversely with its diameter
26
What can break the tensile strength of water?
air bubbles
27
What is another name for air bubbles/the formation of air bubbles?
cavitation
28
How is damaged minimized by cavitation in plants?
- anatomical adaptions | - connections among tracheids provide alternative pathways
29
Do leaves have a lower or higher water potential than xylem?
lower They are filled with air in between mesophyll The water evaporates into the air in these spaces
30
how does water vapor leave the leaf?
through the stoma
31
The outside air has a higher or lower water potential than the leaf
lower Water leaves the xylem to replace this lost vapor
32
The rate of transpiration is managed by what?
guard cells
33
Closing what can help control water loss?
stomata
34
When does the stomata close?
- at high temperatures | - when carbon dioxide concentrations increase
35
When does the stomata open?
-when blue wavelengths of light promote uptakes of ions by the guard cells
36
Turgor in guard cells results from the active uptake of what three things?
potassium (K+), chloride (Cl–), and malate
37
what does Abscisic acid (ABA) do?
it initiates a signaling pathway to close the stomata in drought stress -it opens the K+, Cl-, and malate channels
38
mineral absorption is often what?
active transport across ectodermis (transported by the xylem)
39
There are three transportation routes. What are they?
Apoplastic Route Symplastic Route Transmembrane Route
40
What is the apoplastic route?
movement through the cell walls and the space between cells
41
What is the symplastic route?
movement through cytoplasm connected by plasmodesmata
42
What is the transmembrane route?
membrane transport between cells and across the membranes of vacuoles within cells
43
What factors speed up transpiration?
wind velocity and temperature
44
What are some factors that allow plants to limit water loss?
- dormancy - loss of leaves - cuticle and wooly trichomes - reducing the number of stomata - having stomata in pits on the leaf surface
45
What do plant form when they are subject to flooding? (water stress response)
aerenchyma loose parenchymal tissue with large air spaces collects oxygen and transports it to submerged parts
46
some plants that grow in saltwater produce pneumatophores. What are pneumatophores?
long spongy air filled roots that emerge above mud and they have large lenticels which oxygen enters
47
which plants have a stomata that opens at night and store CO2 as malate?
CAM plants
48
What must animals bodies do to maintain osmotic balance?
must be able to: 1. ) take water from the environment 2. ) excrete excess water into the environment 3. ) exchange solutes to maintain homeostasis
49
what is tonicity?
the measure of a solutions ability to change the volume of a cell through osmosis
50
What are the three types of tonicity? | describe them
``` Hypertonic: more solutes and less water *takes water from surroundings Hypotonic: less solutes and more water *lose water to surroundings Isotonic: equal water exchange with surroundings ```
51
which way does water always move when it comes to the three tonicities?
always moves from hypotonic to hypertonic
52
What are osmoconformers?
organisms that are in osmotic equilibrium (isotonic) with their environment most marine invertebrates and chondrichthythes
53
What are osmoregulators?
Maintain a constant blood osmolarity different than their environment (hypertonic/hypotonic) Most vertebrates All terrestrial animals If not, they would dry out!
54
What is produced when amino acids and nucleic acids are broken down?
Nitrogenous wastes
55
What are the three forms which animals excrete nitrogenous wastes? give an example for each
Urea: mammals, chondrichthyes, adult amphibians Uric Acid: birds, reptiles, insects Ammonia: Bony fish and amphibians **see slides for some more details
56
What do single celled protists use to excrete wastes?
contractile vacuoles and their membrane
57
Invertebrates use specialized cells & tubules for excretion. _________are a network of tubes which branch into bulblike______ cells
Protonephridia; flame Protonephridia open to the outside of the body through a pore. Flame Cells remove solutes and excess water from body
58
What do earthworms use to excrete waste?
nephridia urine excreted through a pore
59
What do insects use to excrete waste?
Malpighian tubules *look at slide for more details
60
are cartilaginous fish hyper,hypo, isotonic to seawater? | What does this mean?
isotonic | This means the solute concentration in the blood is equal to that of the sea water
61
are bony fish hyper,hypo, isotonic to seawater? | What does this mean?
hypotonic | this means water leaves their bodies by osmosis across their gills
62
are bony fish hyper,hypo, isotonic to freshwater? | What does this mean?
hypertonic | Water enters body from environment
63
Mammals and birds are the only vertebrates that can produce urine that is hyper,hypo, or isotonic to body fluid this is accomplished by the what?
hypertonic Accomplished by the renal tubules
64
Each kidney is made up of about 1 million functioning ______
nephrons
65
Describe nephron function
look in slides
66
What happens in filtration?
Blood plasma is filtered out of the glomerulus into the tubule system
67
What happens in reabsorption?
Selective movement of substances out of the filtrate back into the blood H2O, Na, Cl, K, Ca, HCO3
68
What happens in secretion?
Active movement of substances from the blood into the filtrate H, K, toxins
69
What are three major functions of the kidneys?
-Kidneys regulate electrolyte balance in the blood by reabsorption and secretion of: Na+, Cl-, Ca+ K+, H+, and HCO3– - Kidneys eliminate toxins and metabolic wastes - Kidneys maintain relatively constant levels of blood volume, pressure, and osmolarity

Bio 110 (16 decks)

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