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Bio 110 > Osmotic Rregulation - Ch 37 & 50 > Flashcards

Osmotic Rregulation - Ch 37 & 50 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is osmosis?

A

the movement of free water molecules through a membrane from a solution of low solute concentration to a solution of high solute concentration

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2
Q

Life is cellular so osmosis usually involves the________

A

cell membrane

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3
Q

What are other names for osmosis?

A

tonicity and water potential

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4
Q

Water potential is used to predict what?

A

which way water will move

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5
Q

What is water potential measured in?

A

megapascals (MPa)

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6
Q

True or False:

Water ALWAYS moves from high to low water potential

A

true

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7
Q

water potential is……

A

the total potential energy of water in the cell

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8
Q

water potential is influenced by both _______ and ______

A

solute concentration and pressure

*look at slide 5 for equation

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9
Q

When a cell is placed in a solution with a different solute concentrations water moves in the direction that eventually results in____________

A

equilibrium

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10
Q

in equilibrium, both the cell and the solution have the same_______

A

water potential

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11
Q

What happens when a plant cell is placed in a solution with high water potential (low solutes?)
ie: pure water

A
  • the water potential of the cell is relatively negative
  • water moves into the cell
  • it will become swollen or turgid
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12
Q

What happens when a plant cell is placed in a solution with low water potential (high solute?)
ie: salt water, sugar water

A
  • water potential of the cell is relatively positive
  • water moves out of the cell
  • it will exhibit shrinkage or plasmolysis and become flaccid
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13
Q

What are aquaporins?

A

water channels that exist in vacuole and cell membranes

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14
Q

what do aquaporins do?

A

speed up osmosis and allow for equilibrium to be established quickly

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15
Q

Short-Distance movement

A

look at slide 11

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16
Q

In long-distance movement, most of the force is “pulling” and is caused by________

A

transpiration

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17
Q

the entire plant has__________ as one moves higher

A

decreasing water potential

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18
Q

In plants, how does water move?

4 steps

A
  1. ) into the roots
  2. ) up the xylem
  3. ) fills the empty spaces in between the mesophyll cells in the leaf
  4. ) evaporates through the stoma
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19
Q

Water moves into the roots only if the soil’s water potential is ___________. Root has more ________ than Fresh water

A

greater; solute

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20
Q

roots are usually_____

A

turgid

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21
Q

what do root hairs do?

A

absorb most of the plant’s water

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22
Q

Surface area for water and mineral absorption is further increased by ________

A

mycorrhizal fungi

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23
Q

What is the casparian strip?

A

a watertight layer in between endodermis cells

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24
Q

water must travel through the cell via the_________ route

A

symplastic route

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25
Q

Why doesn’t the water move back down the xylem with gravity?

A

Water has tensile strength:
Water molecules cohere to one another due to hydrogen bonds
Water molecules adhere to the walls of the xylem due to polarity

The tensile strength of a water column varies inversely with its diameter

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26
Q

What can break the tensile strength of water?

A

air bubbles

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27
Q

What is another name for air bubbles/the formation of air bubbles?

A

cavitation

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28
Q

How is damaged minimized by cavitation in plants?

A
  • anatomical adaptions

- connections among tracheids provide alternative pathways

29
Q

Do leaves have a lower or higher water potential than xylem?

A

lower

They are filled with air in between mesophyll
The water evaporates into the air in these spaces

30
Q

how does water vapor leave the leaf?

A

through the stoma

31
Q

The outside air has a higher or lower water potential than the leaf

A

lower

Water leaves the xylem to replace this lost vapor

32
Q

The rate of transpiration is managed by what?

A

guard cells

33
Q

Closing what can help control water loss?

A

stomata

34
Q

When does the stomata close?

A
  • at high temperatures

- when carbon dioxide concentrations increase

35
Q

When does the stomata open?

A

-when blue wavelengths of light promote uptakes of ions by the guard cells

36
Q

Turgor in guard cells results from the active uptake of what three things?

A

potassium (K+), chloride (Cl–), and malate

37
Q

what does Abscisic acid (ABA) do?

A

it initiates a signaling pathway to close the stomata in drought stress
-it opens the K+, Cl-, and malate channels

38
Q

mineral absorption is often what?

A

active transport across ectodermis (transported by the xylem)

39
Q

There are three transportation routes. What are they?

A

Apoplastic Route
Symplastic Route
Transmembrane Route

40
Q

What is the apoplastic route?

A

movement through the cell walls and the space between cells

41
Q

What is the symplastic route?

A

movement through cytoplasm connected by plasmodesmata

42
Q

What is the transmembrane route?

A

membrane transport between cells and across the membranes of vacuoles within cells

43
Q

What factors speed up transpiration?

A

wind velocity and temperature

44
Q

What are some factors that allow plants to limit water loss?

A
  • dormancy
  • loss of leaves
  • cuticle and wooly trichomes
  • reducing the number of stomata
  • having stomata in pits on the leaf surface
45
Q

What do plant form when they are subject to flooding? (water stress response)

A

aerenchyma

loose parenchymal tissue with large air spaces
collects oxygen and transports it to submerged parts

46
Q

some plants that grow in saltwater produce pneumatophores. What are pneumatophores?

A

long spongy air filled roots that emerge above mud and they have large lenticels which oxygen enters

47
Q

which plants have a stomata that opens at night and store CO2 as malate?

A

CAM plants

48
Q

What must animals bodies do to maintain osmotic balance?

A

must be able to:

  1. ) take water from the environment
  2. ) excrete excess water into the environment
  3. ) exchange solutes to maintain homeostasis
49
Q

what is tonicity?

A

the measure of a solutions ability to change the volume of a cell through osmosis

50
Q

What are the three types of tonicity?

describe them

A 
Hypertonic: more solutes and less water 
*takes water from surroundings 
Hypotonic: less solutes and more water
*lose water to surroundings 
Isotonic: equal water exchange with surroundings
51
Q

which way does water always move when it comes to the three tonicities?

A

always moves from hypotonic to hypertonic

52
Q

What are osmoconformers?

A

organisms that are in osmotic equilibrium (isotonic) with their environment
most marine invertebrates and chondrichthythes

53
Q

What are osmoregulators?

A

Maintain a constant blood osmolarity different than their environment (hypertonic/hypotonic)
Most vertebrates
All terrestrial animals
If not, they would dry out!

54
Q

What is produced when amino acids and nucleic acids are broken down?

A

Nitrogenous wastes

55
Q

What are the three forms which animals excrete nitrogenous wastes? give an example for each

A

Urea: mammals, chondrichthyes, adult amphibians
Uric Acid: birds, reptiles, insects
Ammonia: Bony fish and amphibians

**see slides for some more details

56
Q

What do single celled protists use to excrete wastes?

A

contractile vacuoles and their membrane

57
Q

Invertebrates use specialized cells & tubules for excretion. _________are a network of tubes which branch into bulblike______ cells

A

Protonephridia; flame

Protonephridia open to the outside of the body through a pore.
Flame Cells remove solutes and excess water from body

58
Q

What do earthworms use to excrete waste?

A

nephridia

urine excreted through a pore

59
Q

What do insects use to excrete waste?

A

Malpighian tubules

*look at slide for more details

60
Q

are cartilaginous fish hyper,hypo, isotonic to seawater?

What does this mean?

A

isotonic

This means the solute concentration in the blood is equal to that of the sea water

61
Q

are bony fish hyper,hypo, isotonic to seawater?

What does this mean?

A

hypotonic

this means water leaves their bodies by osmosis across their gills

62
Q

are bony fish hyper,hypo, isotonic to freshwater?

What does this mean?

A

hypertonic

Water enters body from environment

63
Q

Mammals and birds are the only vertebrates that can produce urine that is hyper,hypo, or isotonic to body fluid
this is accomplished by the what?

A

hypertonic

Accomplished by the renal tubules

64
Q

Each kidney is made up of about 1 million functioning ______

A

nephrons

65
Q

Describe nephron function

A

look in slides

66
Q

What happens in filtration?

A

Blood plasma is filtered out of the glomerulus into the tubule system

67
Q

What happens in reabsorption?

A

Selective movement of substances out of the filtrate back into the blood
H2O, Na, Cl, K, Ca, HCO3

68
Q

What happens in secretion?

A

Active movement of substances from the blood into the filtrate
H, K, toxins

69
Q

What are three major functions of the kidneys?

A

-Kidneys regulate electrolyte balance in the blood by reabsorption and secretion of:
Na+, Cl-, Ca+ K+, H+, and HCO3–

  • Kidneys eliminate toxins and metabolic wastes
  • Kidneys maintain relatively constant levels of blood volume, pressure, and osmolarity

Bio 110 (16 decks)

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