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Bio 110 > Tissues, Organs, and Homeostasis (animals) > Flashcards

Tissues, Organs, and Homeostasis (animals) Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

There are four levels of organization. What are they?

A

Cells
Tissues
Organs
Organ Sytems

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2
Q

How many different cell types do humans have?

A

210

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3
Q

Cell

A
  • The smallest division of life
  • all life is cellular
  • all cells come from pre-existing cells
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4
Q

Tissues

A

groups of cells that are similar in structure and function

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5
Q

Organ

A

combinations of different tissues that form a structural and functional unit

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6
Q

Organ System

A

groups of organs that cooperate to perform the major activities of the body

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7
Q

The vertebrate body contains how many principle organ systems?

A

11

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8
Q

The main body plan of all vertebrates is essentially a ____ within a _____

A

tube; tube

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9
Q

What is the “inner tube”?

A

the digestive tract

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10
Q

What is the “Outer tube”?

A

main vertebrate body

  • supported by a skeleton
  • outermost layer=skin and its accessories
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11
Q

In adult vertebrates there are four primary tissues. What are they?

A
  • Epithelial
  • Connective
  • Muscle
  • Nervous
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12
Q

Epithelial Tissue

A

Epithelium covers exposed surfaces of the vertebrate body

  • all germ layers have it
  • Can be membranes and glands
  • provides a protective barrier
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13
Q

describe the characteristics of epithelial cells

A
  • tightly bound together
  • replaced throughout life
  • attach to underlying connective tissues by a fibrous membrane
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14
Q

Epithelium has________

A

Polarity

Basal surface=secured side
Apical surface=Free side

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15
Q

describe the layers of the epithelial

one layer does_______; several create_______

A
  • One layer allows for diffusion, absorption, and secretion

- Several layers creates a dense barrier to abrasion and chemicals

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16
Q

Epithelial: Cell size

Describe flat, cubed, and thick cells

A

Flat: allow for materials to diffuse through
Cubed: absorb and secrete moderately
Thick: absorb, secrete, and process chemicals at the greatest rate

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17
Q

How do glands form?

A

from invaginated epithelia

18
Q

describe exocrine glands

A
  • connected to epithelium by a duct

- sweat, sebaceous and salivary glands

19
Q

describe endocrine glands

A
  • ductless

- secretions (hormones) enter blood

20
Q

Describe connective tissues

A
  • Derive from embryonic mesoderm

- All have abundant extracellular meterial

21
Q

Connective tissues are divided into two major classes. What are they and give examples

A

Connective tissue proper
-loose, dense, adipose

Special connective tissue
-cartilage, bone, and blood

22
Q

Connective Tissues consist of:

A

Matrix: extracellular material
(protein fibers, gels, salts, fluids, fats, etc.)
-Cells that produce said matrix

23
Q

What are fibroblasts?

A

cells that produce and secrete protein fibers in extracellular matrix
-fibers include thick, tough collagen fibers and stretchable elastic fibers

24
Q

connective tissue proper consists of three main things (supposedly). What are they?

A
  • loose connective tissue
  • Dense connective tissue
  • Adipose cells (Adipose tissue)
25
Q

Describe loose connective tissue

A

contains large amounts of a gel-like substance and is strengthened by protein fibers

26
Q

Describe Dense Connective tissue

A

Contains less gel and more collagen than loose connective tissue. Collagen fibers may be parallel to one another (tendons, ligaments) or go in many different direction (dermis of skin, whites of eyes)

27
Q

Describe adipose cells

A
  • adipose cells (fat cells) also occur in loose connective tissue
  • develop in large groups in certain areas forming adipose tissue
28
Q

Name 3 special connective tissues

A

Cartilage, Bone, Blood

29
Q

Describe cartilage

A
  • cartilage cells are called chondrocytes
  • the matrix is called chondroitin (collagen/elastin fibers)
  • flexible with great tensile strength
  • found in joint surfaces and other locations
30
Q

Describe bone

A
  • bone cells are called osteocytes

- hardened with calcium salts around collagen fibers

31
Q

describe blood

A
  • extracellular material is the fluid plasma
  • red blood cells
  • white blood cells
  • platelets
32
Q

What are the three muscle types?

A

smooth, skeletal, and cardiac

33
Q

describe smooth muscle

A
  • walls of blood vessels and visceral organs
  • mono-nucleated
  • involuntary
34
Q

describe skeletal muscle

A
  • attached to bone by tendons
  • cells are long and multi-nucleated
  • voluntary
  • striated
35
Q

describe cardiac muscle

A
  • smaller, interconnected cells in heart only
  • mono-nucleated
  • interconnections called intercalated disks
  • muscle cells form a single functioning unit
36
Q

Neurons consist of three parts. What are they and give a short description of each

A

Cell Body: contains the nucleus
Dendrites: highly branched extensions (conduct electrical impulses toward the cell body)
Axon: single cytoplasmic extension (conducts impulses away from cell body)

37
Q

describe neuroglia

A
  • do not conduct electrical impulses
  • support and insulate neurons
  • eliminate foreign materials in and around neurons
  • form an insulating cover
38
Q

Which organ systems are responsible for communication and integration?

  • detect external stimuli
  • coordinate the body’s resposes
A

Nervous, Sensory, and Endocrine

39
Q

Which body organs are responsible for support and movement?

A

Musculoskeletal system (consists of two interrelated organ systems)

40
Q

Which body organ systems are responsible for regulation and maintenance?
-regulate and maintain the body’s chemistry

A

Digestive, Circulatory, Respiratory, Urinary systems

41
Q

Which body organ systems are responsible for defense?

A

Integumentary and Immune

42
Q

Which body organ system is responsible for reproduction and development?

  • spreading genes
  • nurtures the developing embryo and fetus
A

reproductive system

Bio 110 (16 decks)

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