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Bio 110 > Detection and Response (CH 40, 42, 43) > Flashcards

Detection and Response (CH 40, 42, 43) Flashcards

1
Q

What is the name of the light sensing protein?

What is this responsible for?

A

phytochrome

plant growth responses

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2
Q

What are the three plant growth responses?

A
  1. ) seed germination
  2. ) shoot elongation
  3. ) detection of plant spacing

*look at slide for red light vs. far red light associations

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3
Q

the bending of growing stems to sources of light with blue wavelengths (460-nm range) is associated with what?

A

phototropin

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4
Q

which cells sense gravity?

A

endodermal cells

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5
Q

how do plants move?

A

cell surface proteins, water potential, and plant hormones

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6
Q

What are the 5 plant movements?

A 
Photomorphogenesis
Thigmomorphogenesis
phototropism
thigmotropism
gravitrophism
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7
Q

What is Photomorphogenesis?

A

permanent light-triggered development

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8
Q

What is Thigmomorphogenesis?

A

permanent touch triggered responses

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9
Q

What is phototropism?

A

directional growth responses to light

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10
Q

What is Thigmotropism?

A

directional growth responses to mechanical stimuli

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11
Q

What is Gravitrophisms?

A

directional growth responses to earth’s gravity

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12
Q

touch induced plant movements involve reversible changes in what?
What is another name for these cells?

A

turgor pressure

pulvini

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13
Q

What are examples pf touch related turgor?

A

snapping of the venus flytrap

curling of tendrils

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14
Q

What is an example of a plant that undergoes light related turgor?

A

bean leaves

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15
Q

what are the two types of gravitropism and give an example

A 
negative = shoots
positive = roots
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16
Q

what is responsible for the curvature of stems upwards and asymmetrical cell elongation?

A

Auxin

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17
Q

what is abscission?

A

when a plant drops its leaves or petals to conserve resources

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18
Q

True or False:

in plants hormones are produced by specialized tissues?

A

False

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19
Q

one of the effects of auxin is an increase in__________

A

plasticity of the plant cell wall

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20
Q

What do cytokinins do?

A

stimulate cell division and differentiation

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21
Q

there is a plant pathogen called Agrobacterium that introduces genes into the plant genome that increase the production of cytokinins and auxins. What does this cause in the plant?

A

massive cell division and formation of a crown gall tumor

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22
Q

Whats the name of the 100+ naturally occurring plant hormones?

A

gibberellins

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23
Q

what do gibberellins do?

A

hasten seed germination

*used commercially to extend the internode length in grapes resulting in larger grapes

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24
Q

what does ethylene do?

A

retards growth

  • suppresses stem and root elongation
  • controls lead, flower, and fruit abscission
  • hastens fruit ripening
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25
Q

True or False:

Abscisic Acid counteracts gibberellins and auxin

A

true

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26
Q

Why is Abscisic Acid important?

2 things

A

necessary for dormancy in seeds and important in opening and closing the stomata

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27
Q

Animal responses to the environment involve which three systems?

A

Endocrine, Sensory, Nervous

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28
Q

What do exteroceptors do?

A

sense external stimuli

ie: smells, taste

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29
Q

What do Interoceptors do?

A

sense internal stimuli

ie: temperature, pH

30
Q

what stimulates mechanoreceptors?

A

mechanical forces such as pressure

31
Q

What do chemoreceptors do?

A

detect chemicals or chemical changes

32
Q

What do energy-detecting receptors do?

A

react to electromagnetic and thermal energy

33
Q

Sensory cells respond to stimuli via _________ in their membranes

A

stimulus-gated ion channels

34
Q

There are 5 specific mechanoreceptors that we need to know for this exam. What are they?

A 
Nociceptors 
Thermoreceptors 
Proprioceptors
Baroreceptors 
Sensory Hair cells
35
Q

Describe Nociceptors

A
  • transmit impulses based on cell damage
  • perceived as pain
  • mostly free nerve endings
36
Q

Describe Thermoreceptors

A
  • naked dendritic endings of sensory neurons
  • sensitive to changes in temperature
  • contain ion channels that are responsive to hot and cold
  • Cold receptors are located higher in the skin, and are much more numerous than warm receptors
37
Q

Describe Proprioceptors

A
  • monitor muscle length and tension

- provide information about the relative position or movement of animal’s body parts

38
Q

Describe Baroreceptors

A
  • monitor blood pressure
  • branched network of afferent neurons in the carotid sinus and aortic arch
  • detect tension or stretch in the walls of these blood vessels
39
Q

Describe Sensory Hair cells

A
  • specialized cells named stereocilia that have cytoplasmic extensions
  • when they bend, stereocilia send action potential to a sensory neuron
  • responsible for several senses including water current, hearing, and balance
40
Q

explain the lateral line system in fish

A
  • Canals run the length of the fish’s body beneath the skin surface
  • contain hair cells in a gelatinous cupula
  • innervated by sensory neurons that transmit impulses
  • bending of stereocilia detects currents
41
Q

What is hearing?

A

the detection of vibrations that is perceived as sound

involves stereocilia

42
Q

What are the advantages of hearing?

A
  • auditory stimuli travel farther and faster than chemical ones
  • auditory receptors provide better directional information than chemoreceptors
43
Q

describe how sound is interpreted via the cochlea (organ of Corti)

A
  • Has a basilar membrane with hair cells
  • vibrations of the basilar membrane’s hair cells press the stereocilia against the tectorial membrane
  • send serve impulses to the brain where they are interpreted as sound
44
Q

A few mammals have the ability to perceive presence and distance of objects by sound. What is this called? Give an example of an animal that does this.

A

Echolocation

bat, shrews, whales, dolphins

45
Q

In vertabrates, the gravity receptors consist of two chambers in the membrous ______

A

labyrinth

**look over balance and acceleration slide (40-42)

46
Q

Chemoreceptors are responsible for what?

A

our sense

  • taste
  • smell
  • blood composition
47
Q

What is the act of tasting called?

A

Gustation

48
Q

what are the five receptor types of taste?

A

sweet, sour, salty, bitter, and umami (glutamate)

49
Q

collections of chemosentitive cells associated with afferent neurons are known as what?

A

taste buds

50
Q

The act of smelling is called what?

A

olfaction

51
Q

smell involves what?

A

neurons located in the upper portion of the nasal passages

52
Q

How many smell receptors do humans have?

How many smells can we discern?

A

400

trillion

53
Q

Peripheral chemoreceptors and central chemoreceptors have to do with what?

A

pH

*look at slide 47

54
Q

Vision begins with the capture of light energy by _________

A

photoreceptors

55
Q

Many invertebrates have photoreceptors clustered in an_______

A

eyespot

56
Q

What are the four phyla that have developed image forming eyes?

A

annelids, mullusks, arthropods, chordates

57
Q

The vertebrate retina contains two types of photoreceptors. What are they and describe them

A

Rods: black and white vision when illumination is dim

Cones: color vision and high visual acuity (sharpness)
-most are located in the central region of the retina

58
Q

What photopigment do rods have?

What photopigment do cones have?

A

rods have rhodopsin
cones have photopsin

*each has a different amino acid sequence

59
Q

Carnivores have 2 types of cones and are called______
Humans have 3 kinds of cones and are called______
Birds have 4 kinds of cones and are called______

A

dichromats
trichomats
tetrachromats

60
Q

What can birds see that we can’t?

A

ultraviolet

61
Q

______ a transparent structure that completes focusing of light onto the______

A

lens; retina

62
Q

What is the only vertebrate that can sense infrared radiation? What does it help them do?

A

snakes (have pit organs on either side of the head)

locate heat sources in the environment (prey in darkness)

63
Q

Elasmobranchs (sharks, rays, skates) have electroreceptors that makes them able to do what?

A

sense electrical currents generated by the muscle contractions of their prey
**(Ampullae of Lorenzini)

64
Q

What is magnetoception?

A

a sense which allows an organism to detect the magnetic field lines of the Earth
-explains how birds migrate

65
Q

The nervous system links which 2 things?

A

sensory receptors and motor effectors

66
Q

What does the central nervous system consist of?

A

spinal cord and brain

67
Q

What does the peripheral nervous system consist of?

A

sensory and motor neurons

68
Q

Which phylum doesn’t have nerves?

A

sponges

69
Q

Cnidarians have the simplest nervous system. Describe it

A

neurons are linked to each other in a nerve net

  • no association neurons
  • one big reflex machine
70
Q

almost all other nervous systems of invertebrates are similar to that of the platyhelminth model. What are 3 characteristics of this model?

A
  • 2 nerve cords run down the body
  • permit complex muscle control
  • rudimentary ‘brain’

Bio 110 (16 decks)

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