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Bio 110 > Plants- Ch 30 > Flashcards

Plants- Ch 30 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the names of the four great episodes in the evolution of plants?

A

Bryophytes, pteridophytes, gymnosperms, angiosperms

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2
Q

What are the names of these four great episodes?

A
  1. ) the origin of bryophytes from algal ancestors
  2. ) the origin and diversification of vascular plants
  3. ) the origin of seeds
  4. ) the evolution of flowers
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3
Q

the evolutionary novelties if the first land plants opened an expanse of terrestrial habitat previously occupied by only films of__________

A

bacteria

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4
Q

What were some of the novelties?

A

spacious, bright unfiltered sunlight, abundance of carbon dioxide, soil was rich in mineral nutrients, relatively few herbivores or pathogens

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5
Q

what are the 3 phyla of bryophytes?

A

mosses, liverworts, and hornworts

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6
Q

what are the characteristics?

A
  • usually no conductive tissue, sometimes poorly developed tissue
  • gametophyte dominant
  • sporophyte parasitic gametophyte
  • need moist environment
  • won’t live well in a desert
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7
Q

describe the structure: gametophyte

A
  • gametophyte –> leady structure or thick conspicuous part

- produces archegonia and antheridia–> produce gametes

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8
Q

Are bryophytes a monophyletic group?

A

no

-diverged independently early in plant evolution, before the origin of vascular plants

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9
Q

__________ and __________ may be the most reasonable models of what early plants were like

A

Liverworts; Hornworts

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10
Q

True or False: Mosses are the bryophytes most closely related to vascular plants

A

true

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11
Q

What is the name of the oldest known vascular plant that evolved over 400 million years ago?

A

Cooksonia

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12
Q

What are Pteridophytes?

A

seedless vascular plants

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13
Q

What are the four phyla of seedless vascular plant?

A
  1. ) whisk ferns
  2. ) club mosses and quillworts
  3. ) horsetails and scouring rushes
  4. ) ferns
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14
Q

Whisk Ferns

A

also called Psilotophyta

  • simplest of all living vascular plants
  • enations
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15
Q

Club Mosses and Quillworts

A

also called Lycophyta

  • sporangia clustered together in cones or strobili which protect them
  • some heterosporous–microspores and megaspores
  • necessary for evolution of seeds
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16
Q

Horsetails and Scouring Rushes

A

also called Equisetophyta

  • single remaining genus-Equisetum
  • flourished in the Carboniferous
  • treelike, over 50,000 feet tall
17
Q

There are three analogous structures called leaves. What are they?

A
  1. ) Leaves on gametophytes of nonvascular plants
  2. ) enations-microphylls
  3. ) megaphylls
18
Q

True leaves/megaphylls are present in what groups?

A

all seed plants, ferns, some equisetophytes

19
Q

Ferns and fernallies

A

also known as polypodiophyta

  • 11,000 species
  • all have megaphyll - fronds
  • produce spores (megaspores and microspores)
  • wind dispersed
  • flagellated spore (water dispersed)
20
Q

Seed plants evolved from what?

A

spore-bearing fern-like plants

21
Q

What is a benefit of having seeds?

A
  1. ) protection for the embryo
  2. ) nourishment for the embryo
  3. ) easily dispersed
  4. ) introduce a dormant phase in the life cycle
22
Q

Do seeds have a whole genome duplication?

A

yes

23
Q

Seed -plants produce 2 kinds of gametophytes. What are they? Describe them

A

Male Gametophytes:

  • pollen grains
  • dispersed by wind or a pollinator

Female Gametophytes:

  • egg develops within archegonia
  • enclosed within diploid
24
Q

Gymnosperms

A
  • naked seed (on scale of female cone)
  • no flowers or fruit
  • most are trees and shrubs which means they are sporophytes and diploid
  • more advances than seedless vascular
25
Q

What are the four plant phyla?

A

Pinophyta, Ginkophyta, Cycadophyta, Gnetophyta

26
Q

Pinophyta

A
  • 576 species
  • pines, cedars, firs, spruces, hemlocks, redwoods
  • largest and most familiar group
  • almost all have seeds or cones
  • mostly woody
  • mostly massive
    ie: Giant Sequioa
27
Q

The oldest living tree is part of the Pinophyta phylum. What is it called?

A

Bristlecone pine

28
Q

Ginkgophyta

A
  • living fossil
  • formerly widely distributed, now only where cultivated
  • 1 living representative: Ginkobiloba
  • Fan-shaped leaves
  • dioecious (separate male and female plants/trees
29
Q

Cicadophyta

A
  • look like ferns and palms but not closely related to either
  • slow growing
  • tropical
  • pollinated by beetles
  • sperm with flagella
  • dioecious
30
Q

Gnetophyta

A
  • 3 Genomes
  • xylem with vessels like angiosperms
  • most complex
  • welwitschia
31
Q

What is the function of a flower?

A

to attract pollinators with colorful petals, scent, and pollen

32
Q

Flowers are the most diverse plant group. How many species are there ?

A

300,000

33
Q

is a flower a gametophyte or a sporophyte?

A

sporophyte?

Bio 110 (16 decks)

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