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BIO 100 Anatomy and Physiology > tissues! > Flashcards

tissues! Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

A group of similar cells that perform a common function

A

Tissue

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2
Q

4 major types of tissue are:

A
  1. Epithelial
  2. Connective
  3. Muscle
  4. Nervous
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3
Q

the fluid material between the cells of tissues

A

Extracellular matrix (ECM)

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4
Q

ECM’s gel solution contains:

A
  • water
  • proteins
  • proteoglycans
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5
Q

protein that undergoes a chemical reaction that attaches a carbohydrate to a protein molecule

A

proteoglycans

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6
Q

Structural proteins consist of:

A
  • collagen
  • elastin
  • proteoglycans
  • possible calcium containing mineral crystals
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7
Q

Component of ECM that often occurs in twisted bundles.

Provides great strength especially to tensile/longitudinal forces

A

Collagen Fibers

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8
Q

Most abundant protein compound in the body. Also appears white in living tissue

A

Collagen Fibers

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9
Q

Component of ECM that supports small structures like capillaries and nerve fibers.

Occurs in networks (provides multi directional support and strength.

A

Reticular Fibers

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10
Q

____ ____ are found in adipose tissue, nerve fibers, smooth muscle, and blood vessel walls

A

Reticular fibers

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11
Q

Reticular Fibers are made of a special type of collagen called _____.

A

Reticulin (collagen III)

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12
Q

_____ _____ is delicate and thinner than collagen.

A

Reticulin fiber

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13
Q

Component of ECM that provides elasticity. Can be stretched up to 150% of relaxed length and return to original shape w/o damage

A

Elastin

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14
Q

____ is found in skin, blood vessel walls, structures of the ear and lung tissue.

A

Elastin

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15
Q

Tissue repair occurs via _____ and _____

A

phagocytosis, regeneration

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16
Q

the growth of functional new tissue

A

regeneration

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17
Q

_____ and some _____ ____ have the greatest ability to regenerate.

A

Epithelial, connective tissues

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18
Q

____ and _____ have a limited capacity to regenerate.

A

Muscle, nervous

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19
Q

_____ tissue repairs with fibrous CT - non-contractile

A

Muscle

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20
Q

____ tissue repair needs neuroglia support

A

Nervous

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21
Q

thin, sheetlike structure

A

membranes

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22
Q

Body membrane functions are:

A
  • Cover and protect the body surface
  • Line body cavities
  • Cover inner surfaces of hollow organs
  • Anchor organs to each other or to bones
  • Cover internal organs
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23
Q

2 main types of body membranes are:

A
  • Epithelial membranes

- Connective tissue membranes

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24
Q

epithelial tissue glued by a basement membrane to underlying connective tissue

A

Epithelial membrane

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25
Q

Composed exclusively of various types of connective tissue; no epithelial cells are present

A

Connective tissue membranes

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26
Q

The 3 types of epithelial membranes are:

A
  • Cutaneous
  • Serous
  • Mucous
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27
Q

Covers body surfaces exposed to the external environment.

ie. skin

A

Cutaneous membrane

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28
Q

Lines organs/cavities that are not open to external environment. Produces a thin, watery fluid that lubricates organs to reduce friction against walls of cavities.

A

Serous membranes

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29
Q

The 2 types of serous membranes are:

A
  • Parietal (lines walls and cavities

- Visceral (covers organs)

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30
Q

Lines organs/cavities that open to the exterior of the body. Produces mucus that coats and protects, traps foreign particles, and lubricates

A

Mucous Membrane

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31
Q

____ membrane fulfills both requirements for epithelial membrane; it has a superficial layer of epithelial cells and an underlying layer of supportive connective tissue.

A

Cutaneous

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32
Q

connective tissue that line spaces between bones and joints that move. Lacks epithelium

A

Synovial membranes

Syn = together
Ova = egg (b/c of synovial fluid image)
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33
Q

smooth slick colorless lubricating fluid secreted between bones and joints that move

A

Synovial fluid

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34
Q

The 4 functions of epithelial tissue are:

A
  • Covers and protects body surface
  • Lines hollow organs
  • Lines ducts
  • Forms glands
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35
Q

The 4 functions of connective tissue are:

A
  • Protects and supports body organs
  • Binds organs together
  • Stores energy reserves as fat
  • Provides body with immunity
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36
Q

Composed of cells specialized for contraction an generation of force.
Also generates heat

A

Muscular Tissue

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37
Q

Detects change in internal and external conditions.

Responds to changes by generating electrical impulses that activate a muscle contraction or glandular secretion.

A

Nervous tissue

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38
Q

contact points between plasma membranes of tissue cells

A

cell junctions

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39
Q

The 3 types of cell junctions are:

A
  • Desmosomes
  • Tight Junctions
  • Gap Junctions
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40
Q

Connect adjacent cell plasma membranes through protein plaques and intermediate filaments made of keratin

A

Desmosomes

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41
Q

Spot weld-like junctions common in epidermis

A

Desmosomes

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42
Q

_____ prevent epidermal cells from separating under tension

A

Desmosomes

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43
Q

___ ___ are found between cells that line the stomach, intestines, and bladder

A

Tight junctions

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44
Q

3 functions of tight junctions

A
  • Connect plasma membranes of adjacent cells
  • Prevent passage of substances between cells
  • Prevent contents of these organs from leaking into the blood and other tissues
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45
Q

plasma membranes of ____ ____ are not fused; creating a space or gap between cells

A

Gap junctions

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46
Q

The 2 types of epithelial tissue are:

A
  • Membranous

- Glandular epithelium

47
Q

epithelial tissue that forms outer coverings of skin and some internal organs. Lines cavities, blood and lymphatic vessels, respiratory, digestive, and genitourinary tracts

A

Membranous epithelial tissue

48
Q

Epithelial tissue that forms the secretory units of endocrine and exocrine glands

A

Gladular epithelium

49
Q

The 5 functions of epithelial tissue:

A
  • Protection
  • Sensory functions (contains nerve endings)
  • Secretion (secretory glands)
  • Absorption (allows for absorption of nutrients and exchange of gases in lungs & blood)
  • Excretion (lines kidney tubules and allows for concentration and excretion of urine)
50
Q

surface that faces the interior of a cavity or external body surface

A

Apical surface

51
Q

surface that faces the basement membrane

A

Basal surface

52
Q

The ______ tissue’s structure are closely packed cells in single or multiple layers and have very limited amount of matrix material.

A

epithelial

53
Q

____ tissue’s cells face adjacent cells and are connected by cell junctions.

A

epithelial

54
Q

_____ fluid fills the spaces between epithelial cells

A

interstitial

55
Q

tissue attached to a basement membrane (functions to resist shearing and tearing forces, supports epithelium)

A

Membranous epithelial tissue

56
Q

Term for no direct blood supply. Oxygen and nutrients must diffuse from underlying connective tissue

A

Avascular

57
Q

Stem cells are present in most ______ tissue

A

epithelial

58
Q

_____ _____ have a high rate of regeneration

A

epithelial tissue

59
Q

Membranous epithelium usually has 2 names:

1st name describes:

2nd name describes:

A

1st name: the number of layers. simple or stratified

2nd name: describes shape of cell

60
Q

Scaly, flat and plate-like cell shape

A

Squamous

61
Q

Cube-shaped cell

A

Cuboidal

62
Q

Narrow and cylindrical cell shape

A

Columnar

63
Q

Has only one layer of cells - all cells reach the basement membrane but not all cells reach the apical surface

A

Pseudostratified columnar

64
Q

The ____ and ____ of membranous epithelium determines whether its cells will be layered or arranged in a one cell layer sheet

A

location and function

65
Q

please read slide 20.

A

Simple Epithelium

66
Q

epithelial tissue that functions as a gland to secret a product

A

Glandular epithelium

67
Q

one or more cells that manufacture a substance to be secreted

A

Gland

68
Q

Secrete product into ducts (apical surface of epithelium)

A

Exocrine glands

69
Q

Secrete their product (hormones) directly into blood or interstitial fluid

(ductless)

A

Endocrine glands

70
Q

Pituitary, thyroid, and adrenal glands are examples of _____ glands

A

Endocrine

71
Q

delicate webs, tough cords, elastic sheets, and fluid are all types of _____ _____.

A

Connective tissue

72
Q

Tissue that is highly vascular and consists primarily of extracellular matrix with relatively few cells

A

Connective tissue

73
Q

____ ____ is not usually found on body surfaces.

A

Connective tissue

74
Q

8 functions of connective tissue:

A 
Binds tissue
Supports tissue
Strengthens other body tissues
Protects internal organs
Insulates internal organs
Compartmentalizes structures
Serves as transport system
Primary storage location for energy reserves
75
Q

_____ tissue is located throughout the body, but not exposed to the external surface.

A

Connective

76
Q

Connective tissue has 2 main components:

A

Extracellular matrix

Specialized cells

77
Q

Describes ECM that acts like a glue between structures. It is stretchable and most widely distributed of all tissues.

A

Loose Fibrous (Areolar)

78
Q

Fibrous connective tissue that contains fat cells and forms protective padding around various structures. Also insulates and stores energy sources

A

Adipose

79
Q

Fibrous connective tissue that assists in defense against microorganisms and other harmful substances

A

Reticular

80
Q

CT that consists mainly of fibers packed densely in the matrix. Contains few fibroblasts

A

Dense Fibrous

81
Q

____ _____ ____ tissue forms dermis-deep layer of skin, outer capsule of some organs (kidney, spleen), fascia that surrounds muscles

A

Dense Irregular Fibrous tissue

82
Q

Connective tissue that has an irregular arrangement into a thick strong mat. Withstands stresses applied from many directions

A

Dense irregular fibrous tissue

83
Q

CT made up of bundles of fibers arranged in regular parallel rows

A

Dense regular fibrous tissue

84
Q

The 2 forms of Dense regular fibrous tissue are:

A
  • Collagenous

- Elastic

85
Q

______ dense regular fibrous tissue is flexible, has great tensile strength, and found in tendons.

A

Collagenous

86
Q

_____ dense regular fibrous tissue is more _____ and found in artery walls and organs that distend (lungs).

A

Elastic

87
Q

Bone tissue is also known as _____ tissue.

A

Osseous

88
Q

unique form of hard connective tissue

A

Bone tissue

89
Q

Mature bone cells

A

Osteocytes

90
Q

____ are embedded in calcified matrix containing both collagen fibers and mineral salt crystals.

A

Osteocytes

91
Q

_____ ___ ____ (inorganic) make up 66% of matrix, responsible for hardness of bone.

A

Mineral salt crystals

92
Q

The skeletal system includes:

A
  • cartilage
  • joints
  • bones
93
Q

bone-forming cells

A

Osteoblasts

94
Q

bone-destroying cells

A

Osteoclasts

95
Q

The two types of bone tissue are:

A
  • Compact

- Cancellous (spongy)

96
Q

The 5 functions of bone tissue:

A
  • Support
  • Protection
  • Point of attachment for muscles
  • Reservoir for minerals
  • Supports blood-forming tissue (marrow)
97
Q

basic structural unit of bone tissue

A

Osteon

98
Q

Forms the hard shell of bone and consists of highly organized matrix in concentric rings called lamellae

A

Compact bone tissue

99
Q

concentric rings present in bone tissue matrix

A

lamellae

100
Q

“little lakes” small spaces between lamellae that contain osteocytes

A

Lacunae

101
Q

canals that join lacunae with the nutrient-rich blood vessels

A

Canaliculi

102
Q

canal in bone tissue that contains blood vessels and nerves

A

Central (haversian)

103
Q

Bone tissue that lacks osteons and is located inside many bones that form a framework to support red bone marrow

A

Cancellous bone (spongy)

104
Q

A lattice of thin beams located inside many bones

A

trabeculae

105
Q

cartilage cells

A

chondrocytes

106
Q

cell type that produces fibers and tough rubbery ground substance of ECM. Found in small openings called lacunae

A

Chondrocytes

107
Q

Cartilage tissue is ______.

A

avascular

108
Q

connective tissue membrane around cartilage

A

perichondrium

109
Q

____ ____ is often used as a supplement alone or in conjunction with glucosamine to assist in regeneration of ECM of cartilage

A

Chondroitin sulfate

110
Q

tissue that contains few chondrocytes in a large amount of ECM and has a decreased ability to repair itself

A

Cartilage CT

111
Q

_____ in cartilage tissue contains blood vessels and nerves and is the source of new cartilage cells.

A

Perichondrium

112
Q

covering of dense irregular connective tissue that surrounds the surface of most cartilage

A

Perichondrium

113
Q

The 3 types of cartilage are:

A

Hyaline cartilage
Fibrocartilage
Elastic cartilage

BIO 100 Anatomy and Physiology (23 decks)

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