tissues! Flashcards
1
Q
A group of similar cells that perform a common function
A
Tissue
2
Q
4 major types of tissue are:
A
- Epithelial
- Connective
- Muscle
- Nervous
3
Q
the fluid material between the cells of tissues
A
Extracellular matrix (ECM)
4
Q
ECM’s gel solution contains:
A
- water
- proteins
- proteoglycans
5
Q
protein that undergoes a chemical reaction that attaches a carbohydrate to a protein molecule
A
proteoglycans
6
Q
Structural proteins consist of:
A
- collagen
- elastin
- proteoglycans
- possible calcium containing mineral crystals
7
Q
Component of ECM that often occurs in twisted bundles.
Provides great strength especially to tensile/longitudinal forces
A
Collagen Fibers
8
Q
Most abundant protein compound in the body. Also appears white in living tissue
A
Collagen Fibers
9
Q
Component of ECM that supports small structures like capillaries and nerve fibers.
Occurs in networks (provides multi directional support and strength.
A
Reticular Fibers
10
Q
____ ____ are found in adipose tissue, nerve fibers, smooth muscle, and blood vessel walls
A
Reticular fibers
11
Q
Reticular Fibers are made of a special type of collagen called _____.
A
Reticulin (collagen III)
12
Q
_____ _____ is delicate and thinner than collagen.
A
Reticulin fiber
13
Q
Component of ECM that provides elasticity. Can be stretched up to 150% of relaxed length and return to original shape w/o damage
A
Elastin
14
Q
____ is found in skin, blood vessel walls, structures of the ear and lung tissue.
A
Elastin
15
Q
Tissue repair occurs via _____ and _____
A
phagocytosis, regeneration
16
Q
the growth of functional new tissue
A
regeneration
17
Q
_____ and some _____ ____ have the greatest ability to regenerate.
A
Epithelial, connective tissues
18
Q
____ and _____ have a limited capacity to regenerate.
A
Muscle, nervous
19
Q
_____ tissue repairs with fibrous CT - non-contractile
A
Muscle
20
Q
____ tissue repair needs neuroglia support
A
Nervous
21
Q
thin, sheetlike structure
A
membranes
22
Q
Body membrane functions are:
A
- Cover and protect the body surface
- Line body cavities
- Cover inner surfaces of hollow organs
- Anchor organs to each other or to bones
- Cover internal organs
23
Q
2 main types of body membranes are:
A
- Epithelial membranes
- Connective tissue membranes
24
Q
epithelial tissue glued by a basement membrane to underlying connective tissue
A
Epithelial membrane
25
Composed exclusively of various types of connective tissue; no epithelial cells are present
Connective tissue membranes
26
The 3 types of epithelial membranes are:
- Cutaneous
- Serous
- Mucous
27
Covers body surfaces exposed to the external environment.
ie. skin
Cutaneous membrane
28
Lines organs/cavities that are not open to external environment. Produces a thin, watery fluid that lubricates organs to reduce friction against walls of cavities.
Serous membranes
29
The 2 types of serous membranes are:
- Parietal (lines walls and cavities
| - Visceral (covers organs)
30
Lines organs/cavities that open to the exterior of the body. Produces mucus that coats and protects, traps foreign particles, and lubricates
Mucous Membrane
31
____ membrane fulfills both requirements for epithelial membrane; it has a superficial layer of epithelial cells and an underlying layer of supportive connective tissue.
Cutaneous
32
connective tissue that line spaces between bones and joints that move. Lacks epithelium
Synovial membranes
```
Syn = together
Ova = egg (b/c of synovial fluid image)
```
33
smooth slick colorless lubricating fluid secreted between bones and joints that move
Synovial fluid
34
The 4 functions of epithelial tissue are:
- Covers and protects body surface
- Lines hollow organs
- Lines ducts
- Forms glands
35
The 4 functions of connective tissue are:
- Protects and supports body organs
- Binds organs together
- Stores energy reserves as fat
- Provides body with immunity
36
Composed of cells specialized for contraction an generation of force.
Also generates heat
Muscular Tissue
37
Detects change in internal and external conditions.
| Responds to changes by generating electrical impulses that activate a muscle contraction or glandular secretion.
Nervous tissue
38
contact points between plasma membranes of tissue cells
cell junctions
39
The 3 types of cell junctions are:
- Desmosomes
- Tight Junctions
- Gap Junctions
40
Connect adjacent cell plasma membranes through protein plaques and intermediate filaments made of keratin
Desmosomes
41
Spot weld-like junctions common in epidermis
Desmosomes
42
_____ prevent epidermal cells from separating under tension
Desmosomes
43
___ ___ are found between cells that line the stomach, intestines, and bladder
Tight junctions
44
3 functions of tight junctions
- Connect plasma membranes of adjacent cells
- Prevent passage of substances between cells
- Prevent contents of these organs from leaking into the blood and other tissues
45
plasma membranes of ____ ____ are not fused; creating a space or gap between cells
Gap junctions
46
The 2 types of epithelial tissue are:
- Membranous
| - Glandular epithelium
47
epithelial tissue that forms outer coverings of skin and some internal organs. Lines cavities, blood and lymphatic vessels, respiratory, digestive, and genitourinary tracts
Membranous epithelial tissue
48
Epithelial tissue that forms the secretory units of endocrine and exocrine glands
Gladular epithelium
49
The 5 functions of epithelial tissue:
- Protection
- Sensory functions (contains nerve endings)
- Secretion (secretory glands)
- Absorption (allows for absorption of nutrients and exchange of gases in lungs & blood)
- Excretion (lines kidney tubules and allows for concentration and excretion of urine)
50
surface that faces the interior of a cavity or external body surface
Apical surface
51
surface that faces the basement membrane
Basal surface
52
The ______ tissue's structure are closely packed cells in single or multiple layers and have very limited amount of matrix material.
epithelial
53
____ tissue's cells face adjacent cells and are connected by cell junctions.
epithelial
54
_____ fluid fills the spaces between epithelial cells
interstitial
55
tissue attached to a basement membrane (functions to resist shearing and tearing forces, supports epithelium)
Membranous epithelial tissue
56
Term for no direct blood supply. Oxygen and nutrients must diffuse from underlying connective tissue
Avascular
57
Stem cells are present in most ______ tissue
epithelial
58
_____ _____ have a high rate of regeneration
epithelial tissue
59
Membranous epithelium usually has 2 names:
1st name describes:
2nd name describes:
1st name: the number of layers. simple or stratified
2nd name: describes shape of cell
60
Scaly, flat and plate-like cell shape
Squamous
61
Cube-shaped cell
Cuboidal
62
Narrow and cylindrical cell shape
Columnar
63
Has only one layer of cells - all cells reach the basement membrane but not all cells reach the apical surface
Pseudostratified columnar
64
The ____ and ____ of membranous epithelium determines whether its cells will be layered or arranged in a one cell layer sheet
location and function
65
please read slide 20.
Simple Epithelium
66
epithelial tissue that functions as a gland to secret a product
Glandular epithelium
67
one or more cells that manufacture a substance to be secreted
Gland
68
Secrete product into ducts (apical surface of epithelium)
Exocrine glands
69
Secrete their product (hormones) directly into blood or interstitial fluid
(ductless)
Endocrine glands
70
Pituitary, thyroid, and adrenal glands are examples of _____ glands
Endocrine
71
delicate webs, tough cords, elastic sheets, and fluid are all types of _____ _____.
Connective tissue
72
Tissue that is highly vascular and consists primarily of extracellular matrix with relatively few cells
Connective tissue
73
____ ____ is not usually found on body surfaces.
Connective tissue
74
8 functions of connective tissue:
```
Binds tissue
Supports tissue
Strengthens other body tissues
Protects internal organs
Insulates internal organs
Compartmentalizes structures
Serves as transport system
Primary storage location for energy reserves
```
75
_____ tissue is located throughout the body, but not exposed to the external surface.
Connective
76
Connective tissue has 2 main components:
Extracellular matrix
| Specialized cells
77
Describes ECM that acts like a glue between structures. It is stretchable and most widely distributed of all tissues.
Loose Fibrous (Areolar)
78
Fibrous connective tissue that contains fat cells and forms protective padding around various structures. Also insulates and stores energy sources
Adipose
79
Fibrous connective tissue that assists in defense against microorganisms and other harmful substances
Reticular
80
CT that consists mainly of fibers packed densely in the matrix. Contains few fibroblasts
Dense Fibrous
81
____ _____ ____ tissue forms dermis-deep layer of skin, outer capsule of some organs (kidney, spleen), fascia that surrounds muscles
Dense Irregular Fibrous tissue
82
Connective tissue that has an irregular arrangement into a thick strong mat. Withstands stresses applied from many directions
Dense irregular fibrous tissue
83
CT made up of bundles of fibers arranged in regular parallel rows
Dense regular fibrous tissue
84
The 2 forms of Dense regular fibrous tissue are:
- Collagenous
| - Elastic
85
______ dense regular fibrous tissue is flexible, has great tensile strength, and found in tendons.
Collagenous
86
_____ dense regular fibrous tissue is more _____ and found in artery walls and organs that distend (lungs).
Elastic
87
Bone tissue is also known as _____ tissue.
Osseous
88
unique form of hard connective tissue
Bone tissue
89
Mature bone cells
Osteocytes
90
____ are embedded in calcified matrix containing both collagen fibers and mineral salt crystals.
Osteocytes
91
_____ ___ ____ (inorganic) make up 66% of matrix, responsible for hardness of bone.
Mineral salt crystals
92
The skeletal system includes:
- cartilage
- joints
- bones
93
bone-forming cells
Osteoblasts
94
bone-destroying cells
Osteoclasts
95
The two types of bone tissue are:
- Compact
| - Cancellous (spongy)
96
The 5 functions of bone tissue:
- Support
- Protection
- Point of attachment for muscles
- Reservoir for minerals
- Supports blood-forming tissue (marrow)
97
basic structural unit of bone tissue
Osteon
98
Forms the hard shell of bone and consists of highly organized matrix in concentric rings called lamellae
Compact bone tissue
99
concentric rings present in bone tissue matrix
lamellae
100
"little lakes" small spaces between lamellae that contain osteocytes
Lacunae
101
canals that join lacunae with the nutrient-rich blood vessels
Canaliculi
102
canal in bone tissue that contains blood vessels and nerves
Central (haversian)
103
Bone tissue that lacks osteons and is located inside many bones that form a framework to support red bone marrow
Cancellous bone (spongy)
104
A lattice of thin beams located inside many bones
trabeculae
105
cartilage cells
chondrocytes
106
cell type that produces fibers and tough rubbery ground substance of ECM. Found in small openings called lacunae
Chondrocytes
107
Cartilage tissue is ______.
avascular
108
connective tissue membrane around cartilage
perichondrium
109
____ ____ is often used as a supplement alone or in conjunction with glucosamine to assist in regeneration of ECM of cartilage
Chondroitin sulfate
110
tissue that contains few chondrocytes in a large amount of ECM and has a decreased ability to repair itself
Cartilage CT
111
_____ in cartilage tissue contains blood vessels and nerves and is the source of new cartilage cells.
Perichondrium
112
covering of dense irregular connective tissue that surrounds the surface of most cartilage
Perichondrium
113
The 3 types of cartilage are:
Hyaline cartilage
Fibrocartilage
Elastic cartilage
