Biomolecules

Question 1

In the human body, the following 4 groups of organic substances are very important:

Answer 1

Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic acids

Question 2

Organic compounds contain _____-_____ or ______ - _____ covalent bonds.

Answer 2

carbon-carbon, carbon-hydrogen

Question 3

Describes certain arrangements of atoms attached to the carbon core of organic molecules

Answer 3

Functional Groups

or

Radicals

Question 4

Functional group that is temporarily unattached and is highly reactive because of unpaired electrons

Answer 4

Free Radical

Question 5

Organic compounds containing carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Commonly called sugars and starches

Answer 5

Carbohydrates

Question 6

Simple sugars with short carbon chains (i.e. glucose, fructose)

Answer 6

Monosaccharides

Question 7

Two (di) simple sugars bonded together (i.e. sucrose, lactose)

Answer 7

Disaccharides

Question 8

Many (poly-) simple sugars bonded together (i.e. glycogen)

Answer 8

Polysaccharides

Question 9

5 Functions of Carbohydrates:

See pg 57 table 4-1

Answer 9

• Energy
• Molecular structure
• Cell membrane component
• Extracellular matrix
• Dietary Fiber

Question 10

Water-insoluble organic molecules that are non-polar. Largely composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen and may contain phosphorous

Answer 10

Lipids

Question 11

5 Types of lipids in the body:

Answer 11

• Fatty acids
• Triglycerides
• Phospholipids
• Steroids
• Other

Question 12

used to synthesize triglycerides and phospholipids. When catabolized, generates ATP

Answer 12

fatty acids and glycerol

Question 13

All available bonds of its hydrocarbon chain are filled/saturated with hydrogen atoms

Answer 13

Saturated Fatty Acid

Question 14

One or more double bond in its hydrocarbon chain because not all the chain’s carbon atoms are saturated with hydrogen atoms

(pg 59 figure 4-6)

Answer 14

Unsaturated fatty acid

Question 15

Most abundant lipid in body and in diet:

Answer 15

Triglycerides

Question 16

Most highly concentrated form of chemical energy in body

Answer 16

Triglycerides

Question 17

Solids at room temp

Answer 17

Saturated fatty acids

Question 18

Liquids at room temp

Answer 18

unsaturated fatty acids

Question 19

Lipid that is a primary component of cell membranes. Fat compounds similar to triglycerides

Answer 19

Phospholipids

Question 20

Involved in many structural and functional roles throughout the body

Answer 20

Steroids

Question 21

Lipids that play an important role in regulating the effects of several hormones, influence blood pressure, enhance the body’s immune system and inflammatory reponse

Answer 21

Prostaglandins

Question 22

Fat-soluble vitamins are:

Answer 22

A, E, D, K

Question 23

The 6 functions of lipids:

Answer 23

• Energy Source
• Structure
• Vitamins
• Protection
• Insulation
• Regulation

(pg 58 table 4-2)

Question 24

All ______ contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen

Answer 24

proteins

Question 25

The building blocks of all proteins

Answer 25

Amino Acids

Question 26

Proteins are made up of _#_ commonly occurring amino acids

Answer 26

20

Question 27

genetically determined and occurs in a step-wise fashion or in a particular sequence

Answer 27

Protein synthesis

Question 28

a covalent bond joining each pair of amino acids

Answer 28

peptide bond

Question 29

covalent bond joining 2 amino acids

Answer 29

Dipeptide

Question 30

covalent bond joining 3 amino acids

Answer 30

Tripeptide

Question 31

covalent bond joining 4-9 amino acids

Answer 31

Peptide chain

Question 32

covalent bond joining 10-2000 amino acids

Answer 32

polypeptide

Question 33

Highly organized in structure and show a very definite relationship between their and their function

Answer 33

Protein molecules

Question 34

Protein molecules can be broken down into these 2 types

Answer 34

Structural - form the structures of the body (tendon, ligaments) Functional - cause chemical changes in molecules (enzymes, antibodies, hemoglbi)

Question 35

7 functions of proteins:

Answer 35

- structure - Catalyze chemical reactions - Transport - Communicate - Receptors - Immunological - Energy

Question 36

Survival of the human species depends largely on these two kinds of nucleic acid molecules:

Answer 36

DNA and RNA

Question 37

forms the inherited genetic material inside each human cell

Answer 37

Deoxyribonucleic acids or DNA

Question 38

relays instructions for genes to guide each cell's synthesis of proteins from amino acids

Answer 38

Ribonucleic acids or RNA

Question 39

The largest molecules in the body that are composed of sugar, nitrogenous base, and phosphate

Answer 39

DNA

Question 40

____ _____ consist of two long chains coiled into a double-helix shape

Answer 40

DNA molecules

Question 41

All DNA molecules in one individual are ____ and ____

Answer 41

unique, identical

Question 42

consists of a long chain of nucleotide units. Each nucleotide consists of a nitrogenous base, a ribose sugar, and phosphate

Answer 42

RNA

Question 43

RNA are usually ____-____

Answer 43

single-stranded

Question 44

___ ____act as "temporary copies" of the master code of hereditary information in the DNA molecules

Answer 44

RNA molecules

Question 45

The energy currency of the body. Stores energy from catabolic reactions and makes it available for cellular activites

Answer 45

Adenosine Triphosphate or ATP

Question 46

The bonds that link the phosphate groups together

Answer 46

high-energy bonds

Question 47

molecule composed of adenine (nitrogenous base) and ribose sugar (together called adenosine) to which 3 phosphate groups are attached

Answer 47

ATP

Question 48

High energy molecule consisting of an amino acid derivative and phosphate. Used when pre-existing ATP is in short supply in prolonged or intense exercise.

Answer 48

Creatine Phosphate