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BIO 100 Anatomy and Physiology > Biomolecules > Flashcards

Biomolecules Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

In the human body, the following 4 groups of organic substances are very important:

A

Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic acids

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2
Q

Organic compounds contain _____-_____ or ______ - _____ covalent bonds.

A

carbon-carbon, carbon-hydrogen

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3
Q

Describes certain arrangements of atoms attached to the carbon core of organic molecules

A

Functional Groups

or

Radicals

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4
Q

Functional group that is temporarily unattached and is highly reactive because of unpaired electrons

A

Free Radical

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5
Q

Organic compounds containing carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Commonly called sugars and starches

A

Carbohydrates

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6
Q

Simple sugars with short carbon chains (i.e. glucose, fructose)

A

Monosaccharides

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7
Q

Two (di) simple sugars bonded together (i.e. sucrose, lactose)

A

Disaccharides

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8
Q

Many (poly-) simple sugars bonded together (i.e. glycogen)

A

Polysaccharides

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9
Q

5 Functions of Carbohydrates:

See pg 57 table 4-1

A
  • Energy
  • Molecular structure
  • Cell membrane component
  • Extracellular matrix
  • Dietary Fiber
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10
Q

Water-insoluble organic molecules that are non-polar. Largely composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen and may contain phosphorous

A

Lipids

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11
Q

5 Types of lipids in the body:

A
  • Fatty acids
  • Triglycerides
  • Phospholipids
  • Steroids
  • Other
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12
Q

used to synthesize triglycerides and phospholipids. When catabolized, generates ATP

A

fatty acids and glycerol

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13
Q

All available bonds of its hydrocarbon chain are filled/saturated with hydrogen atoms

A

Saturated Fatty Acid

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14
Q

One or more double bond in its hydrocarbon chain because not all the chain’s carbon atoms are saturated with hydrogen atoms

(pg 59 figure 4-6)

A

Unsaturated fatty acid

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15
Q

Most abundant lipid in body and in diet:

A

Triglycerides

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16
Q

Most highly concentrated form of chemical energy in body

A

Triglycerides

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17
Q

Solids at room temp

A

Saturated fatty acids

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18
Q

Liquids at room temp

A

unsaturated fatty acids

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19
Q

Lipid that is a primary component of cell membranes. Fat compounds similar to triglycerides

A

Phospholipids

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20
Q

Involved in many structural and functional roles throughout the body

A

Steroids

21
Q

Lipids that play an important role in regulating the effects of several hormones, influence blood pressure, enhance the body’s immune system and inflammatory reponse

A

Prostaglandins

22
Q

Fat-soluble vitamins are:

A

A, E, D, K

23
Q

The 6 functions of lipids:

A
  • Energy Source
  • Structure
  • Vitamins
  • Protection
  • Insulation
  • Regulation

(pg 58 table 4-2)

24
Q

All ______ contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen

A

proteins

25
Q

The building blocks of all proteins

A

Amino Acids

26
Q

Proteins are made up of # commonly occurring amino acids

A

20

27
Q

genetically determined and occurs in a step-wise fashion or in a particular sequence

A

Protein synthesis

28
Q

a covalent bond joining each pair of amino acids

A

peptide bond

29
Q

covalent bond joining 2 amino acids

A

Dipeptide

30
Q

covalent bond joining 3 amino acids

A

Tripeptide

31
Q

covalent bond joining 4-9 amino acids

A

Peptide chain

32
Q

covalent bond joining 10-2000 amino acids

A

polypeptide

33
Q

Highly organized in structure and show a very definite relationship between their and their function

A

Protein molecules

34
Q

Protein molecules can be broken down into these 2 types

A

Structural - form the structures of the body (tendon, ligaments)

Functional - cause chemical changes in molecules (enzymes, antibodies, hemoglbi)

35
Q

7 functions of proteins:

A
  • structure
  • Catalyze chemical reactions
  • Transport
  • Communicate
  • Receptors
  • Immunological
  • Energy
36
Q

Survival of the human species depends largely on these two kinds of nucleic acid molecules:

A

DNA and RNA

37
Q

forms the inherited genetic material inside each human cell

A

Deoxyribonucleic acids

or

DNA

38
Q

relays instructions for genes to guide each cell’s synthesis of proteins from amino acids

A

Ribonucleic acids

or

RNA

39
Q

The largest molecules in the body that are composed of sugar, nitrogenous base, and phosphate

A

DNA

40
Q

____ _____ consist of two long chains coiled into a double-helix shape

A

DNA molecules

41
Q

All DNA molecules in one individual are ____ and ____

A

unique, identical

42
Q

consists of a long chain of nucleotide units. Each nucleotide consists of a nitrogenous base, a ribose sugar, and phosphate

A

RNA

43
Q

RNA are usually ____-____

A

single-stranded

44
Q

___ ____act as “temporary copies” of the master code of hereditary information in the DNA molecules

A

RNA molecules

45
Q

The energy currency of the body. Stores energy from catabolic reactions and makes it available for cellular activites

A

Adenosine Triphosphate

or

ATP

46
Q

The bonds that link the phosphate groups together

A

high-energy bonds

47
Q

molecule composed of adenine (nitrogenous base) and ribose sugar (together called adenosine) to which 3 phosphate groups are attached

A

ATP

48
Q

High energy molecule consisting of an amino acid derivative and phosphate.

Used when pre-existing ATP is in short supply in prolonged or intense exercise.

A

Creatine Phosphate

BIO 100 Anatomy and Physiology (23 decks)

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