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BIO 100 Anatomy and Physiology > Skeletal tissue > Flashcards

Skeletal tissue Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

The human skeleton has __#__ bones.

A

206

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2
Q

The largest human bone is the _____.

A

femur

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3
Q

The smallest human bone is the ___.

A

stapes

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4
Q

The skeleton accounts for about ____% of total body weight.

A

15-18%

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5
Q

The 5 functions of bones are:

A
  • Support
  • Protection
  • Movement
  • Mineral storage
  • Hematopiesis
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6
Q

bone function: framework of the body

A

support

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7
Q

bone function: provide protection to the delicate structures they enclose

A

protection

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8
Q

bone function: muscles attach to bone; as muscles contract, they produce ___ at joints

A

movement

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9
Q

bone function: involves calcium, phosphorus, etc.

A

mineral storage

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10
Q

bone function: blood cell formation

A

hematopiesis

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11
Q

type of bone with extended longitudinal axes

A

long bones

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12
Q

type of bone that is cube or box-shaped

A

short bones

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13
Q

type of bone that is broad and thin with a flattened surface

A

flat bones

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14
Q

type of bone that varies in size and shape

A

irregular bones

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15
Q

type of bone that usually develops in the tendons close to the joints

A

sesamoid bones (ie. patella)

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16
Q

main shaft of long bone that is hollow, cylindrical shape with thick compact bone surrounding a central cavity

A

diaphysis

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17
Q

function of diaphysis

A

provide strong support without cumbersome weight

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18
Q

both ends of the long bone, made up of cancellous bone filled with marrow.

it is a bulbous shape

A

epiphysis

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19
Q

function of epiphysis

A

provide attachments for muscles and give stability to joints

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20
Q

meta

A

between

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21
Q

regions between the diaphysis and the epiphysis

A

metaphysis

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22
Q

function of metaphysis

A

in growing bone, contains epiphyseal plate - a thin layer of hyaline cartilage that allows bone to grow in length

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23
Q

layer of hyaline cartilage that covers the articular surface of epiphyses

A

articular cartilage

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24
Q

function of articular cartilage

A

provide some cushioning between bones, reduce friction

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25
Q

articular cartilage is hyaline cartilage but an exception to the rule, it lacks ______ .

A

perichondrium

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26
Q

In _____ _____ repair is very limited.

A

articular cartilage

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27
Q

dense, white, fibrous membrane that covers bones, and attaches tendons firmly to bones

A

periosteum

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28
Q

the 2 layers of periosteum are:

A
  • outer fibrous layer

- inner osteogenic layer

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29
Q

contains cells that form and destroy bone

A

inner osteogenic layer

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30
Q

functions of periosteum

A
  • attaches tendons to bones
  • contains blood vessels important in growth and repair
  • contains osteoblasts and osteoclasts, essential for bone formation
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31
Q

tube-like hollow space in diaphysis that is filled with blood vessels and yellow marrow in adults

A

medullary cavity

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32
Q

thin epitheal membrane that lines medullary cavity of long bones.

made up of single layer of bone-forming cells and a small amount of connective tissue

A

endosteum

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33
Q

instead of yellow marrow, red marrow fills the spaces of cancellous bone inside many ____ bones.

A

flat bones

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34
Q

bone tissue is also called

A

osseous tissue

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35
Q

bone tissue ECM is made up of ____ ____ (2/3) and ____ ____ (1/3).

A 
Inorganic salts (2/3)
organic matrix (1/3)
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36
Q

Bone tissue contains these 4 types of cells:

A
  • osteoprogenitor
  • osteoblasts
  • osteoclasts
  • osteocytes
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37
Q

stem cells of the bone. only bone cells that undergo cell division

A

osteoprogenitor cells

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38
Q

bone building cells

A

osteoblasts

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39
Q

bone break-down cells

A

osteoclasts

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40
Q

rocklike crystals of calcium and phosphate

A

hydroxyapatite crystals (inorganic salts)

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41
Q

process of forming the hydroxyapatite crystals within the softer tissue

A

calcification

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42
Q

____ ____ make up 85% of the total inorganic matrix

A

hydroxyapatite crystals

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43
Q

about 10% of bone tissue’s inorganic matrix contains (5):

A
  • calcium carbonate
  • magnesium
  • sodium
  • sulfate
  • fluoride
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44
Q

bone tissue’s organic matrix contains (4):

A
  • collagenous fibers
  • ground substance (proteins and polysaccharides)
  • chondroitin sulfate
  • glucosamine
45
Q

strongest form of bone tissue

A

compact bone

46
Q

constitutes about 80% of the total bone mass and contains many cylinder-shaped structural units called osteons, or haversian systems

A

compact bone

47
Q

_____ surround canals that run lengthwise through bone and are connected by transverse Volkmann’s canals

A

osteons

48
Q

living bone cells are located in these units, which constitute the structural framework of compact bone

A

osteons

49
Q

function of osteons

A

permit delivery of nutrients and removal of waste products

50
Q

concentric, cylinder-shaped layers of calcified matrix (tree rings) about 8-15 layers thick. Each layer is oriented in the opposite direction

A

lamellae

51
Q

small spaces containing tissue fluid in which bone cells are located between hard layers of the lamella

A

lacunae

52
Q

very small canals radiating in all directions from the lacunae and connecting them to each other and to the Haversian canal

A

canaliculi

53
Q

extends lengthwise through the center of each osteon and contains blood vessels and lymphatic vessels

A

Haversian canal

54
Q

cancellous bone does not contain _____.

A

osteons

55
Q

irregularly formed lamellae that lie between 2 layers of compact bone or near the ends of long bones

A

trabeculae

56
Q

in cancellous bone, nutrients are delivered and waste products are removed by diffusion through ______.

A

tiny canaliculi

57
Q

____ bone decreases overall bone weight

A

cancellous

58
Q

orientation of _____ along lines of stress, enhancing the bone’s strength.

A

trabeculae

59
Q

____ produce bone matrix and promote deposition of calcium

A

osteoblasts

60
Q

____ contain lysosomes which secrete enzymes and acids that “lyse” proteins/minerals of the matrix

A

osteoclasts

61
Q

mature, non-dividing osteoblast that lies within lacunae and is surrounded by matrix. Can change back into osteoblast or osteoclast when needed

A

osteocytes

62
Q

specialized type of soft, diffuse connective tissue and is the site for the production of blood cells

A

bone marrow (myeloid tissue)

63
Q

___ ____ is found in medullary cavities of long bones and in the spaces of spongy bone.

A

bone marrow

64
Q

the 2 types of bone marrow:

A
  • red marrow

- yellow marrow

65
Q

marrow that gradually reduces over time and functions to produce red blood cells

A

red marrow

66
Q

marrow that replaces red marrow in long bones. Marrow cells become saturated with fat and are no longer active in blood cell production

A

yellow marrow

67
Q

the 4 main bone structures in an adult that still contain red marrow are:

A
  • ribs
  • pelvis
  • vertebral bodies
  • epiphyses of the humerus and femur
68
Q

____ ____ can change to ___ ____ during times of decreased blood supply, such as with anemia, exposure to radiation, and certain diseases.

A

yellow marrow, red marrow

69
Q

____ ____ has one or more arteries that supply bone marrow and areas of cancellous bone.

A

medullary cavity

70
Q

in ____ bone arteries covered in the periosteum and incorporated into the bone itself (transverse canals)

A

compact bone

71
Q

stem cells for transplants are typically harvested from the ____.

A

pelvis

72
Q

bones serve as a storage site for about __% of the body calcium reserves

A

98%

73
Q

It is the balance between deposition of bone by ____ and breakdown and resorption of bone by ____ that helps to regulate blood calcium levels.

A

osteoblasts, osteoclasts

74
Q

the process by which osteoblasts and osteoclasts work together to transform cartilage into bone

A

osteogenesis or ossification

75
Q

skull, facial bones, and clavicles develop through this process which starts with a fibrous membrane instead of a cartilage model

A

Intramembranous ossification

76
Q

most bones are formed from cartilage models in this process

A

endochondral ossification

77
Q

clusters of osteoblasts

A

ossification centers

78
Q

______ _____ occurs within a connective tissue membrane where groups of osteogenic stem cells with the membrane differentiate into osteoblasts

A

intramembranous ossification

79
Q

Bone begins as a cartilage model —> formation of periosteum around cartilage —> osteoprogenitor cells differentiate and osteoblasts are formed —> bone tissue forms (spongy) —> more trabeculae are formed and fuse into lamellae —> bone formation spreads from the center to the ends —> development of cavities for marrow

A

Endochondral ossification cycle

80
Q

bone grows in length as osteoblasts form bone in middle and chondroblasts are adding new cartilage to ends of bone. Bone grows in width by addition of periosteal bone

A

endochondral ossification

81
Q

after birth secondary ossification centers develop in the ends of long bones to allow for continued growth until end of puberty

A

epiphyseal plate

82
Q

until bone growth is complete, a layer of cartilage remains between each epiphysis and diaphysis

A

epiphyseal plate

83
Q

____ ____ fractures can cause a slowing or cessation of growth in the bone

A

epiphyseal plate

84
Q

___% of bone mass is remodled at any given time

A

5

85
Q

Spongy bone replaced at rate of __% per year; compact bone replaced at rate of __% per year

A

20,

4

86
Q

the balance between osteoblast and osteoclast activity

A

bone remodeling

87
Q

Factors that affect bone remodeling (4):

A

vitamins D, C, and A,

and inorganic matrix (Ca2+, Mg, P)

88
Q

Vitamin necessary for absorption of CA2+

A

D

89
Q

Vitamin used for collagen synthesis

A

C

90
Q

Vitamin used to balance osteoclast and osteoblast activity

A

A

91
Q

inorganic matrix that is necessary for hardness of bone

A

Ca2+, Mg, P

92
Q

gravitational forces exerted to support the weight of the body,

functional forces exerted on bones by contracting muscles

A

stress

93
Q

bone grows or remodels in response to the forces or demands placed on it

A

Wolff’s Law

94
Q

Condition where bone breakdown is greater than bone formation.

composition of bone is normal - decreased bone mass occurs

A

Osteoporosis

95
Q

Factors contributing to the cause of Osteoporosis (3):

A
  • decreased circulating sex hormones
  • insufficient WBing exercise
  • poor nutritional intake of necessary supplements
96
Q

a break in the continuity of a bone that tears and destroys blood vessels that carry nutrients to osteocytes

A

fracture

97
Q

process that results in bone repair

A

fracture healing

98
Q

formation of fracture hematoma –> soft procallus formation –> bony callus

A

Stages of fracture healing

99
Q

Stage of fracture healing where vascular damage initiates repair sequence; early inflammatory phase, blood clot forms 6-8 hrs after injury, nearby cells die (oseoclasts and phagocytes remove debris)

A

formation of fracture hematoma

100
Q

fibrocartilaginous callus forms as hematoma is reabsorbed, to bridge broken bones. Fibroblasts produce collagen and chondroblasts produce fibrocartilage; forms in 3 weeks.

Bony callus forms from osteoblasts; replaces soft callus and forms spongy bone - lasts 3-4 months

A

Soft procallus formation

101
Q

stage in fracture healing where osteoclasts continued to absorb dead portions of broken bone. Compact bone replaces spongy bone around periphery of fracture

A

bony callus formation

102
Q

Factors that influence bone growth:

A
  • stresses
  • nutrition
  • hormones (growth, sex)
103
Q

____ cells lie in lacunae; there are no canals or blood vessels in matrix.

A

cartilage

104
Q

In ____, nutrients reach cells through diffusion (through perichondrium or synovial fluid)

A

cartilage

105
Q

The 3 types of cartilage:

A
  • hyaline
  • elastic
  • fibrocartilage
106
Q

cartilage that covers articular surfaces of bones, forms costal cartilages, forms rings in trachea, found in bronchi of lungs and tip of the nose

A

hyaline cartilage

107
Q

cartilage that contains elastic fibers and collagenous fibers and has firm elasticity. Forms exernal ear, epiglottis, eustachian tube

A

elastic cartilage

108
Q

cartilage that has most numerous amount of collagen fibers and greatest tensile strength. is strong and rigid and found near points of attachment of some large tendons to bone

A

fibrocartilage

109
Q

4 functions of cartilage:

A
  • sustain great weight
  • shock absorption
  • strong pliable support structure that resists deformation or collapse
  • permits growth in length of bones

BIO 100 Anatomy and Physiology (23 decks)

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