Cell Structure

Question 1

What are the 3 main cell structures?

Answer 1

1. Plasma Membrane
2. Cytoplasm
3. Nucleus

Question 2

Structure that separates intracellular from extracellular environments. Consists of lipid bilayer.

Answer 2

Plasma Membrane

Question 3

Lipid bilayer consists of these 3 types of lipids:

Answer 3

Phospholipids (75%), cholesterol (20%), glycolipids (5%)

Question 4

Phospholipids’ _____ is/are polar and Hydrophilic, and face outward

Answer 4

Head

Question 5

Phospholipids’ _____ is/are nonpolar and hydrophobic, facing toward one another.

Answer 5

Tails

Question 6

Proteins that are weakly attached to polar heads or integral proteins on the inner or outer surface

Answer 6

Peripheral Proteins

Question 7

Proteins that are firmly embedded in the plasma membrane

Answer 7

Integral membrane proteins

Question 8

Integral membrane proteins carry out what 4 functions within the plasma membrane?

Answer 8

1. Transport
2. Identification
3. Signaling
4. Connection

Question 9

Gel-like substance of cells that contains tiny suspended structures

Answer 9

Cytoplasm

Question 10

Watery solution throughout the Cytoplasm. Suspends organelles and allows chemical reactions to occur in it.

Answer 10

Cytosol

Question 11

Specialized structures in the cell

Answer 11

Organelles

Question 12

Membrane system that is continuous with the nuclear membrane.

Made up of canals with membranous walls and flat curving sacs arranged in parallel rows

Answer 12

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

Question 13

Broad, flattened sacs studded with ribosomes; attached to nuclear envelope

Answer 13

Rough E.R.

Question 14

Tubular sacs containing no ribosomes further away from the nuclear envelope

Answer 14

Smooth E.R.

Question 15

Membranous organelle consisting of flattened sacs stacked together that modify and package proteins for transport (cell’s postal service)

Answer 15

Golgi Apparatus

Question 16

Contain enzymes that digest protein structures of defective cell parts. Breaks down proteins into amino acids for reuse.

Answer 16

Lysosomes

Question 17

Protein-destroying organelle that is a hollow, cylindrical drum made up of protein subunits

Answer 17

Proteasomes

Question 18

Organelle which contains enzymes that detoxify and neutralize dangerous/harmful substances through oxidation.

Cell’s own “immune system”

Answer 18

Peroxisomes

Question 19

Powerhouses of the cell - provide most of the cell’s ATP supply

Answer 19

Mitochondria

Question 20

ATP

Answer 20

• Adenosine Triphosphate

- High Energy bonds between phosphate groups

Question 21

a series of chemical reactions used by all aerobic organisms to release stored energy through the oxidation of acetyl-CoA derived from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins into carbon dioxide and chemical energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

Answer 21

Citric Acid Cycle (CAC)

(Krebs Cycle)

(Tricarboxlic Acid Cycle, TCA)

Question 22

Control center of the cell located in the cell’s center.

Is large in structure enclosed by two membranes with many pores

Answer 22

Nucleus

Question 23

Double membrane layer (lipid bilayer) with nuclear pores.

Controls movement of substances between nucleus and cytoplasm

Answer 23

Nuclear Envelope

Question 24

Cluster of protein, DNA, and RNA within the nucleus that are the sites for ribosome production

Answer 24

Nucleolus/Nucleoli

Question 25

Formed from DNA, proteins, and some RNA; Takes the form of chromosomes in dividing cells

Answer 25

Chromatin

Question 26

Network of protein filaments extending throughout the cytosol that contribute to the structure of the cell and organelles

Answer 26

Cytoskeleton

Question 27

protein filament composed of actin and myosin (proteins), prevalent at the edge of the cell, generate movement and provide mechanical support

Answer 27

Microfilaments

Question 28

Protein filament that is very strong, found in parts of cells subject to mechanical stress

Answer 28

Intermediate filaments

Question 29

protein filament that helps determine shape, function in the movement or organelles, and specialized projections

Answer 29

Microtubules

Question 30

Located near nucleus, coordinates building and breaking apart of microtubules. Play role in cell division

Answer 30

Centrosome

Question 31

Barrel-shaped organelles comprised of microtubules. Form bases for cilia and flagella

Answer 31

Centrioles

Question 32

projections that extend the plasma membrane outward to form fingerlike processes

Answer 32

Cell extensions

Question 33

What are the 3 types of cell extensions?

Answer 33

1. Microvilli 2. Cilia 3. Flagella

Question 34

small finger-like extensions of the plasma membrane that increase surface area of the cell for absorption

Answer 34

Microvilli

Question 35

tiny "whip-like" projections of the cell surface that contain microtubules. They propel substances across the cell-surface

Answer 35

Cilia

Question 36

Similar to cilia in structure, propel the entire cell | Found in sperm cells

Answer 36

Flagella

Question 37

Steroid lipid that mixes in with the phospholipids to make the bilayer fluid enough to function at body temperature

Answer 37

Cholesterol

Question 38

Plasma membrane is Amphipathic which means:

Answer 38

Lipids in the bilayer have both polar and nonpolar parts

Question 39

Most of the phospholipid bilayer is ________.

Answer 39

hydrophobic. (water or water soluble molecules do not pass through easily)

Question 40

______ molecules pass through the plasma membrane easily

Answer 40

Lipid-soluble

Question 41

Rough ER synthesizes _______ and _______

Answer 41

glycoproteins and phospholipids

Question 42

Smooth ER synthesizes ______ and _______

Answer 42

fatty acids and steroids

Question 43

a non-membranous organelle attached to ER or floating in cytoplasm that is the site of protein synthesis

Answer 43

Ribosomes

Question 44

Ribosomes are comprised of these 2 subunits:

Answer 44

ribosomal RNA, and proteins

Question 45

Membrane enclosed vesicles that form from the Golgi Complex

Answer 45

Lysosomes

Question 46

Organelle that breaks down abnormal and misfolded proteins released from the ER and destroys normal regulatory proteins in cytoplasm that are no longer needed. DESTROYER OF PROTEINS!

Answer 46

Proteasomes

Question 47

Production and breakdown f hydrogen peroxide occurs within the _________ protecting the rest of the cell from the toxins

Answer 47

peroxisomes

Question 48

The wall in the _______ consists of two delicate membranes - forming a sac within a sac. The inner membrane is contorted into many folds (cristae), creating larger surface area

Answer 48

Mitochondria

Question 49

The __________'s inner membrane contains enzymes that help to form ATP through aerobic cellular respiration

Answer 49

Mitochondria

Question 50

The number of _______ in a cell is directly proportionate to that cell's ability to generate energy

Answer 50

Mitochondria

Question 51

Centrosomes are made up of these 2 components

Answer 51

- A pair of centrioles | - Pericentroliar material

Question 52

Ring shaped complexes composed of the protein tubulin

Answer 52

Pericentriolar material

Question 53

Cell connection that holds adjacent cells together | Found in skin cells

Answer 53

Desmosomes

Question 54

Cell connection that forms tunnels that join the cytoplasm of 2 cells and fuse the 2 plasma membranes into a single structure

Answer 54

Gap Junctions

Question 55

__________ allows for easy passage of certain molecules

Answer 55

Gap Junctions

Question 56

cell connection created by fusion of similar integral membrane proteins (limit permeability)

Answer 56

Tight Junctions