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BIO 100 Anatomy and Physiology > Cell Structure > Flashcards

Cell Structure Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the 3 main cell structures?

A
  1. Plasma Membrane
  2. Cytoplasm
  3. Nucleus
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2
Q

Structure that separates intracellular from extracellular environments. Consists of lipid bilayer.

A

Plasma Membrane

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3
Q

Lipid bilayer consists of these 3 types of lipids:

A

Phospholipids (75%), cholesterol (20%), glycolipids (5%)

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4
Q

Phospholipids’ _____ is/are polar and Hydrophilic, and face outward

A

Head

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5
Q

Phospholipids’ _____ is/are nonpolar and hydrophobic, facing toward one another.

A

Tails

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6
Q

Proteins that are weakly attached to polar heads or integral proteins on the inner or outer surface

A

Peripheral Proteins

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7
Q

Proteins that are firmly embedded in the plasma membrane

A

Integral membrane proteins

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8
Q

Integral membrane proteins carry out what 4 functions within the plasma membrane?

A
  1. Transport
  2. Identification
  3. Signaling
  4. Connection
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9
Q

Gel-like substance of cells that contains tiny suspended structures

A

Cytoplasm

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10
Q

Watery solution throughout the Cytoplasm. Suspends organelles and allows chemical reactions to occur in it.

A

Cytosol

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11
Q

Specialized structures in the cell

A

Organelles

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12
Q

Membrane system that is continuous with the nuclear membrane.

Made up of canals with membranous walls and flat curving sacs arranged in parallel rows

A

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

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13
Q

Broad, flattened sacs studded with ribosomes; attached to nuclear envelope

A

Rough E.R.

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14
Q

Tubular sacs containing no ribosomes further away from the nuclear envelope

A

Smooth E.R.

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15
Q

Membranous organelle consisting of flattened sacs stacked together that modify and package proteins for transport (cell’s postal service)

A

Golgi Apparatus

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16
Q

Contain enzymes that digest protein structures of defective cell parts. Breaks down proteins into amino acids for reuse.

A

Lysosomes

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17
Q

Protein-destroying organelle that is a hollow, cylindrical drum made up of protein subunits

A

Proteasomes

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18
Q

Organelle which contains enzymes that detoxify and neutralize dangerous/harmful substances through oxidation.

Cell’s own “immune system”

A

Peroxisomes

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19
Q

Powerhouses of the cell - provide most of the cell’s ATP supply

A

Mitochondria

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20
Q

ATP

A
  • Adenosine Triphosphate

- High Energy bonds between phosphate groups

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21
Q

a series of chemical reactions used by all aerobic organisms to release stored energy through the oxidation of acetyl-CoA derived from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins into carbon dioxide and chemical energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

A

Citric Acid Cycle (CAC)

(Krebs Cycle)

(Tricarboxlic Acid Cycle, TCA)

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22
Q

Control center of the cell located in the cell’s center.

Is large in structure enclosed by two membranes with many pores

A

Nucleus

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23
Q

Double membrane layer (lipid bilayer) with nuclear pores.

Controls movement of substances between nucleus and cytoplasm

A

Nuclear Envelope

24
Q

Cluster of protein, DNA, and RNA within the nucleus that are the sites for ribosome production

A

Nucleolus/Nucleoli

25
Q

Formed from DNA, proteins, and some RNA; Takes the form of chromosomes in dividing cells

A

Chromatin

26
Q

Network of protein filaments extending throughout the cytosol that contribute to the structure of the cell and organelles

A

Cytoskeleton

27
Q

protein filament composed of actin and myosin (proteins), prevalent at the edge of the cell, generate movement and provide mechanical support

A

Microfilaments

28
Q

Protein filament that is very strong, found in parts of cells subject to mechanical stress

A

Intermediate filaments

29
Q

protein filament that helps determine shape, function in the movement or organelles, and specialized projections

A

Microtubules

30
Q

Located near nucleus, coordinates building and breaking apart of microtubules. Play role in cell division

A

Centrosome

31
Q

Barrel-shaped organelles comprised of microtubules. Form bases for cilia and flagella

A

Centrioles

32
Q

projections that extend the plasma membrane outward to form fingerlike processes

A

Cell extensions

33
Q

What are the 3 types of cell extensions?

A
  1. Microvilli
  2. Cilia
  3. Flagella
34
Q

small finger-like extensions of the plasma membrane that increase surface area of the cell for absorption

A

Microvilli

35
Q

tiny “whip-like” projections of the cell surface that contain microtubules. They propel substances across the cell-surface

A

Cilia

36
Q

Similar to cilia in structure, propel the entire cell

Found in sperm cells

A

Flagella

37
Q

Steroid lipid that mixes in with the phospholipids to make the bilayer fluid enough to function at body temperature

A

Cholesterol

38
Q

Plasma membrane is Amphipathic which means:

A

Lipids in the bilayer have both polar and nonpolar parts

39
Q

Most of the phospholipid bilayer is ________.

A

hydrophobic. (water or water soluble molecules do not pass through easily)

40
Q

______ molecules pass through the plasma membrane easily

A

Lipid-soluble

41
Q

Rough ER synthesizes _______ and _______

A

glycoproteins and phospholipids

42
Q

Smooth ER synthesizes ______ and _______

A

fatty acids and steroids

43
Q

a non-membranous organelle attached to ER or floating in cytoplasm that is the site of protein synthesis

A

Ribosomes

44
Q

Ribosomes are comprised of these 2 subunits:

A

ribosomal RNA, and proteins

45
Q

Membrane enclosed vesicles that form from the Golgi Complex

A

Lysosomes

46
Q

Organelle that breaks down abnormal and misfolded proteins released from the ER and destroys normal regulatory proteins in cytoplasm that are no longer needed.

DESTROYER OF PROTEINS!

A

Proteasomes

47
Q

Production and breakdown f hydrogen peroxide occurs within the _________ protecting the rest of the cell from the toxins

A

peroxisomes

48
Q

The wall in the _______ consists of two delicate membranes - forming a sac within a sac.

The inner membrane is contorted into many folds (cristae), creating larger surface area

A

Mitochondria

49
Q

The __________’s inner membrane contains enzymes that help to form ATP through aerobic cellular respiration

A

Mitochondria

50
Q

The number of _______ in a cell is directly proportionate to that cell’s ability to generate energy

A

Mitochondria

51
Q

Centrosomes are made up of these 2 components

A
  • A pair of centrioles

- Pericentroliar material

52
Q

Ring shaped complexes composed of the protein tubulin

A

Pericentriolar material

53
Q

Cell connection that holds adjacent cells together

Found in skin cells

A

Desmosomes

54
Q

Cell connection that forms tunnels that join the cytoplasm of 2 cells and fuse the 2 plasma membranes into a single structure

A

Gap Junctions

55
Q

__________ allows for easy passage of certain molecules

A

Gap Junctions

56
Q

cell connection created by fusion of similar integral membrane proteins (limit permeability)

A

Tight Junctions

BIO 100 Anatomy and Physiology (23 decks)

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