Tissues Flashcards
Groups of cells with similar structure and function.
Tissues
What are the four types of tissues?
Epithelial
Connective
Nervous
Muscle
This type of tissue is for covering because they can be found in dermis and surfaces of skin. It is also for protection and can be found in different linings of your internal organs.
Epithelium
This type of tissue is for support.
Connective
This type of tissue functions as control and is related to your brain.
Nervous
This type of tissue is for movement.
Muscle
This means study of tissue.
Histology
It is the process of removing tissue samples from patients.
Biopsy
Where can epithelial tissue can be found?
Body coverings (skin)
Body linings (cardiovascular, digestive, and respiratory systems)
Glandular tissues (glands of the body)
What are the functions of epithelial tissue
Protection
Absorption
Filtration
Secretion
What’s the plural form of epithelial tissue?
Epithelia
Composed of closely packed cells with little extracellular material between. (Special Characteristics of Epithelium)
Cellularity
Adjacent epithelial cells are bound together to form continuous sheets by specialized contacts such as desmosomes and tight junctions. (Special Characteristics of Epithelium)
Specialized contacts
Exhibits polarity by having an apical surface and a lower attached basal surface. (Special Characteristics of Epithelium)
Polarity
Supported by the underlying tissue (reticular lamina) containing collagen fibers. (Special Characteristics of Epithelium)
Supported by connective tissue
Nourished by substances diffusing from the blood vessels in the underlying connective tissue. (Special Characteristics of Epithelium)
Innervated but avascular
Replace lost cells rapidly by cell division. From the basal surface to upwards. (Special Characteristics of Epithelium)
Has a high regeneration capacity
These forms a watertight seal and prevent the material passing in between of the cells.
tight junctions
These form legs between cells and provide a connection between your intermediate filaments of your cytoskeletons of adjacent cells. It gives strengths to your tissues.
Desmosomes
Basal surfaces are connected or settled in the?
connective tissue
This means there is no vein therefore there’s no blood supply.
Avascular
Connective tissues are usually?
Vascular
Classification of Epithelium based on the Number of cell layers.
Simple - one layer
Stratified - more than one layer
Classification of Epithelium based on the shape of cells.
Squamous - flattened (hexagonal - allows for the closely packed appearance of your cells.)
Cuboidal - cube-shaped
Columnar - column-like
Concerned with absorption, secretion, and filtration.
Consist of a single layer and are usually very thin.
Simple Epithelium
What is not a specialty of simple epithelium?
Protection
Single layer of flat cells
Simple Squamous
Where can simple squamous be found?
Lines body cavities
Lines lungs and capillaries
Specifically in alveoli walls or air sacs
What is the function of simple squamous?
Allow passage of materials by diffusion and filtration
Single layer of cube-like cells
Common in glands and their ducts
Simple Cuboidal
Where is simple cuboidal can be found?
Forms walls of kidney tubules and ducts
Covers the ovaries
Function of simple cuboidal tissues?
Secretion and absorption
Single layer of tall cells
Often includes goblet cells, which produce mucus
Simple Columnar
Where can simple columnar be found?
Stomach lining in general
Two types of simple columnar?
Non-ciliated and Ciliated
Non-ciliated columnar can be found in?
digestive tract, gallbladder and excretory ducts of some glands
Ciliated columnar can be found in?
small bronchi, uterine tubes and some regions of the uterus
What is the purpose of cilia?
To propel mucus
What are the functions of simple columnar tissue?
absorption, secretion of mucus, enzymes and other substances; ciliated type propels mucus (or reproductive cells) by ciliary action.
Single layer, but some cells are shorter than others. Often looks like a double layer
Pseudostratified Columnar
What does pseudo mean?
False
Where can non-ciliated pseudostratified columnar can be found?
male’s sperm-carrying ducts and ducts of large glands
Where can ciliated pseudostratified columnar can be found?
line the trachea, most of the upper respiratory tract
Contains two or more cell layers.
The main function is protection.
Stratified Epithelium
What does it mean when stratified epithelium regenerates from below?
The basal cells divide and push apically to replace the older surface cells.
Thick membrane composed of several cell layers.
Stratified Squamous
What does stratified squamous look like in basal cells vs surface cells?
Basal cells: cuboidal or columnar (metabolically active)
Surface cells: squamous
What is the function of stratified squamous?
Protects underlying tissues in areas subjected to abrasion
Where can keratinized stratified squamous epithelial tissue can be found?
epidermis of the skin; a dry membrane; impermeable to water
Where can non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelial tissue can be found?
moist linings of esophagus, mouth, and vagina; can be found in wet areas; permeable to water
Rare tissue type. Mostly found in the ducts of some of the larger glands. Usually only double layer.
Stratified Cuboidal
Where can stratified cuboidal can be specifically be found?
sweat glands and mammary glands
Resemble both stratified squamous and stratified cuboidal.
Transitional
What does transitional look like in basal cells vs surface cells?
Basal cells: cuboidal or columnar
Surface cells: dome-shaped or squamous- like
Where transitional tissue can be found?
Line the ureters, bladders and part of the urethra
What is the function of transitional tissue?
Stretches readily and permits distension
Normal epithelia — can be found in urine since this can be seen in the vagina and linings of the urinary tract. Usually found in females.
Clue cell
The clue cells or epithelial cells of the vagina that get their distinctive stippled appearance by being covered by bacteria called?
Gardnerella Vaginalis
Gardnerella Vaginalis can cause an infection in females called?
Bacterial Vaginosis
Abnormality or change in the appearance of the epithelia.
Celiac Disease or Celiac Sprue or Gluten-sensitive Enteropathy
Some patients who have celiac disease are sensitive to what?
Gluten
Gluten damages microvilli. Microvilli functions in absorption. When the gluten damages the microvilli, the stomach fails to?
absorb nutrients causing it to be damaged.
Usually affects the breast milk duct (mammary glands). A type of stratified cuboidal epithelium tissue
Ductal Carcinoma
Ductal Carcinoma are abnormal or cancer cells (usually benign) that lead to abnormal formation of cells found inside. Why is it usually benign?
Because these cells do not have yet the ability to break out the breast duct surrounding the breast tissue.
Found everywhere in the body. Includes the most abundant and widely distributed primary tissues.
Connective Tissues
What are the functions of connective tissue?
Binds body tissues together.
Supports the body.
Provides protection.
Common origin of connective tissues.
Originated from mesenchyme (embryonic cells).
Non-living material that surrounds living cells.
Extracellular Matrix
Gel-like ground substance containing, Fibers (star-shaped mesenchymal cells). Primarily in embryo. Gives rise to all other connective tissue.
Embryonic
STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE
Ground substance: extracellular matrix
Fibers: extracellular matrix
Cells
Give rise to fibrocytes.
Give rise to connective tissue proper
Immature Cells (Fibroblasts)
What are the tissues for Immature Cells (Fibroblasts)?
- Loose connective tissue (areolar, adipose, reticular)
- Dense connective tissue (regular, irregular, elastic)
Immature form of chondrocytes. Give rise to cartilage.
Chondroblast
What are the tissues for Chondroblast?
Hyaline cartilage
Fibrocartilage
Elastic cartilage
Immature form of osteocyte. Give rise to osseous (bone).
Osteoblast
What are the tissues for Osteoblast?
Compact bone
Spongy (cancellous bone)
Give rise to mature blood cells and macrophages. Give rise to blood (special connective tissue).
Hematopoietic Stem Cell
In Hematopoietic Stem Cell, immature cells are usually in?
blast form.
In Hematopoietic Stem Cell, mature cells are?
cytes (fibrocyte, chondrocyte, osteocyte, erythrocyte, mucosyte).
Gel-like matrix with all three fiber types, fibroblasts, macrophages, mast cells and some white blood cells.
Areolar Loose Connective Tissue
Function of Areolar Loose Connective Tissue.
Wraps and cushions organs
Its macrophages phagocytize bacteria
Important role in inflammation
Holds and conveys tissue fluid
Location of Areolar Loose Connective Tissue.
Widely distributed under epithelia of the body
Matrix as in areolar but very sparse.
Closely packed adipocytes (fat cells).
Nucleus pushed to the side by the large fat droplet.
Adipose Loose Connective Tissue
Function of Adipose Loose Connective Tissue.
Provides reserve food fuel
Insulates against heat loss
Supports and protects organs
Location of Adipose Loose Connective Tissue.
Under skin, kidneys, and eyeballs
Within abdomen
Breasts
Fat cell is also a source of?
Energy
Network of reticular fibers in a typical loose ground substance.
Reticular Loose Connective Tissue
Function of Reticular Loose Connective Tissue.
Fibers from internal skeleton (stroma) that supports other cell types (WBC, mast cells and macrophages).
Location of Reticular Loose Connective Tissue.
Spleen
Lymphoid organs (lymphocytes)
One of the two subclasses of connective tissue proper.
Dense Connective Tissue
This contains closely packed bundles of collagen fibers running in the same direction and makes up tendons and ligaments.
Dense Regular Connective Tissue
Dense Regular Connective Tissue is primarily parallel to?
collagen fibers
What is the major cell type of Dense Regular Connective Tissue?
Fibroblast
Function of Dense Regular Connective Tissue.
Attaches muscle to bones or to muscles
Attaches bones to bones
Withstand great tensile stress when pulling force is applied
Location of Dense Regular Connective Tissue.
Tendons, most ligaments, aponeuroses
Contains thick bundles of collagen fibers arranged in an irregular fashion and is found in the dermis.
Primarily irregularly arranged collagen fibers. Some elastic fibers.
Dense Irregular Connective Tissue
Function of Dense Irregular Connective Tissue.
Able to withstand tension exerted in many directions
Provides structural strength
Location of Dense Irregular Connective Tissue.
Dermis of the skin
Submucosa of digestive tract
Fibrous capsule of organs and of joints
Composed of collagen and elastin fibers.
Elastic Dense Connective Tissue
Function of Elastic Dense Connective Tissue.
Capable of stretching and recoiling with strength in the direction of the fiber orientation.
Location of Elastic Dense Connective Tissue.
Dorsal aspect of the neck, vocal cords, and blood vessel walls.
Stands up to both tension (stretching) and compression. Ground substance varies from a fluid to a viscous gel.
Cartilage
Matrix contains an exceptional amount of tissue fluid - up to what percentage of water?
80% water
Movement of tissue fluid in its matrix enables the cartilage to __________ after being compressed and also helps to __________ the cartilage cells.
rebound
nourish
Most abundant cartilage.
Chondroblasts produce the matrix.
HYALINE (GRISTLE) CARTILAGE
Where do chondrocytes in Hyalin cartilage can be found?
lacunae
Function of HYALINE (GRISTLE) CARTILAGE.
Supports and reinforces
Has resilient cushioning properties
Resists comprehensive stress
Location of HYALINE (GRISTLE) CARTILAGE.
Forms most of the embryonic skeleton
Covers the ends of long bones in joint cavities
Forms costal cartilage of the ribs
Cartilage of the nose
Trachea and larynx
Most abundant cartilage similar to hyaline cartilage but more elastic fibers in matrix.
Elastic Cartilage
Function of Elastic Cartilage.
Provides elasticity
Maintains the shape of a structure while allowing great flexibility.
Location of Elastic Cartilage.
External ear (pinna)
Epiglottis
Matrix similar to but less firm than that in hyaline cartilage: thick collagen fibers predominate.
Fibrocartilage
Function of Fibrocartilage.
Tensile strength with the ability to absorb compressive shock
Location of Fibrocartilage.
Intervertebral discs
Pubic symphysis
Discs of knee joint
Cartilages heal slowly when injured. Why?
They are avascular, contain small amounts of blood vessels, so they receive a small amount of blood supply.
