Organization of the Body Flashcards
Structure of the body. Scientific discipline that investigates the structures of the body.
Anatomy
Scientific investigation of the processes or functions of living things.
Physiology
Study of the processes that disturb normal function.
Pathophysiology
“Patho” means?
Suffering or Disease
Questions asked in pathophysiology.
What is it before progressive complications?
What are the causes that produce abnormal conditions?
simplest level since we started from atoms and when bonded we form molecules, molecules then form cells, groups of cells then form tissues, tissues form the organs of the body, organs then constitute the organ system that compromises the organism.
Atom (Chemical Level)
Basic structural and functional units of plants and animals.
Cell
Its characteristic depends on the function.
Tissue
Composed of different types of tissues to perform specific functions.
Organ
Group of related organs that together perform common function.
Organ System
Any living thing considered as a whole.
Organism
Specific interrelationships among the parts of an organism and how those parts interact to perform specific functions.
Organization
All chemical reactions taking place in an organism. Can also be in a cell.
Metabolism
Example of Metabolism is Glycolysis. What process happens there?
glucose breakdown; to have synthesis of ATP.
Ability of the organism to sense changes in its external or internal environment and adjust to those changes.
Responsiveness
Increase in the size or number of cells, which produces an overall enlargement of all or part of an organism.
Growth
formation;growth
Plasia
cell size
Trophy
For growth to occur, the ________ process must occur at a faster rate than the ________ process.
anabolic - formation
catabolic - breakdown
Changes an organism undergoes through time, beginning with fertilization and ending at death
Development
changes in cell structure and function from generalized to specialized.
Differentiation
change in the shape of tissues, organs, and the entire organism.
Morphogenesis
Formation of new cells or new organisms.
Reproduction
Compromised of hair, skin, nails.
Integumentary System
Body’s outer layer or covering.
Serve as the first line of defense against any kind of bacteria and protection against sunlight.
Skin and Glands
Functions of skin and glands.
Protection
Regulates temperature
Prevents water loss
Helps produce vitamin D
Largest and heaviest organ in the body.
Skin
upper; waterproof barrier of the skin
Epidermis
middle of the skin; compromised with sweat glands (secretion of sweat), sebaceous glands (secretion of oil and hair follicles).
Dermis
bottom layer of the skin; consist of adipose tissues (fatty layer), responsible for insulation which gives the characteristic of being adaptive.
Hypodermis
skin of rear nail plate.
Nail bed
thin skin of base nail plate.
Cuticle
root of the nail.
Matrix
white moon-shaped below nail plate.
Lunula
Keeps the body warm.
Hair
Eyelashes does what?
Protects the eye from dirt and water.
Composed of the bones, joints, ligaments and cartilages.
Skeletal System
Functions of Skeletal System.
Protection and support
Allows body movement
Produce blood cells (bone marrow — site of hematopoiesis)
Stores minerals and fats
Connect bone to bone.
Ligaments
Connect bone to muscle or vice versa.
Tendons
Responsible for shock absorption.
Cartilages
Responsible for the overall foundation of the body.
Bones
Composed of the cardiac, skeletal, and smooth muscular systems.
Muscular System
Functions of Muscular System.
Produce body movements
Maintains posture
Produces body heat
When nerve cells produce signals to your muscles to move, every movement the muscles undergo produces?
Heat
Functions of Lymphatic System.
Removes foreign substance from the blood and lymph
Combats disease
Maintains tissue fluid balance
Absorbs fats from the digestive tract
Responsible for t-cell production.
Thymus
Filter bacteria that enter the nose and mouth, specifically when inhaling toxins or ingesting microorganisms.
Tonsils
For damage RBC removal.
Spleen
Largest lymphatic organ.
Thoracic Duct
Consist of nose, larynx, pharynx, bronchi, trachea, and lung.
Respiratory System
voice box
Larynx
throat that serves both respiratory and digestive systems, serves as air passage.
Pharynx
“windpipe”
Trachea
directing the air to the right and left lung, two large tubes directing air from trachea to lungs.
Bronchi
small tubules.
Bronchioles
Functions of Respiratory System.
Exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide between blood and tissues.
Regulates blood PH.
Other than Respiratory System what system also regulates irregularity of blood gases.
Urinary System
Consist of kidney, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra.
Urinary System
Functions of Urinary System.
Removes waste products
Regulates blood PH, ion, and water balance
Consist of brain, nerves, spinal cord, and sense organs.
Nervous System
collection of nerves in the end of spinal cord; got its name because it resembles a horse tail.
Cauda equina
Function of Cauda equina
Provide motor and sensory functions (Ex: numbness of legs)
composed of nerve cells that carry messages between brain and body.
Spinal cord
This lobe of brain is for verbal words, languages, and names.
Left lobe
This lobe of brain is for visual memory and face recognition.
Right lobe
Functions of Nervous System.
Detects sensations
Controls movements, physiological processes, and intellectual functions.
Consist of pituitary gland, pancreas, parathyroid, adrenals, thyroid, and ovaries and testes.
Endocrine System
Endocrine system is responsible for secretion of?
Hormones
Part of the two major regulatory systems together with the?
Nervous System
secretion of glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids.
Adrenals
releases parathyroid hormones responsible for calcium reabsorption.
Parathyroids
Functions of Endocrine System.
Influences metabolism, growth, and reproduction.
Consists of the heart, arteries, veins, and capillaries.
Circulatory System
Functions of Circulatory System.
Transport nutrients, waste products, gasses, and hormones
Functions of Digestive System
Digestion (chemical and mechanical)
Absorption of nutrients
Elimination of wastes
Consists of stomach, esophagus, mouth, small & large intestines, liver, and pancreas.
Digestive System
This digestion means there is a contribution of enzymes, enzymes that have the capability to break down the food.
Chemical digestion
This digestion refers to the mouth and stomach. Mouth for chewing while stomach for churning.
Mechanical digestion
Consists of prostate, penis, testes, vas deferens, and seminal vesicles.
Male Reproductive System
Functions of Male Reproductive System.
Produces and transports sperm cells.
Produce hormones that affect behavior and sexual functions.
Consists of vagina, ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, and breasts.
Female Reproductive System
Functions of Female Reproductive System
Produces oocytes
Site of fertilization and fetal development (in uterus)
Produces milk
Produces hormones that affects behavior and sexual functions
Existence and maintenance of relatively constant environment within the body. Your body has the capability to have balance within the body.
Homeostasis
the response to the original stimulus in deviation from the set point, becoming smaller
Negative Feedback Mechanism
monitors the value of a variable. Will send a signal to the control center.
Recepto
receives information about the variable from the receptor, establishes the set point and controls the effectors. Will promote or trigger the relief of your effector.
Control Center
produces responses that change the value of the variable. There will be a promotion of increase or decrease of a certain factor.
Effector
You have eaten a large amount of rice and your body detected it. That your glucose is overflowing so it produces insulin then it would lower the blood glucose by promoting the entry of the glucose to the cell. When your glucose would be stored it would form glycolipids. In this example which is the receptor, control center, and effector?
In this example your receptor is the nerve cells, your control center is the pancreas and your effector is the insulin.
occurs when a response to the original stimulus results in the deviation from the set point becoming even greater.
Positive Feedback Mechanisms
would have specific stimuli that your body needs to be able to stop the bleeding.
Blood Clotting
the oxytocin would increase the uterine contraction.
Childbirth Labor
Pathological example of Positive Feedback Mechanisms
Decreased blood flow to the heart.
Refers to a person standing erect with the face directed forward, the upper limbs hanging to the sides, and the palms of the hands facing forward.
Anatomical Positive
Difference between Supine and Prone.
Supine - lying face upward
Prone - lying face downward
Describes the position of one body part relative to another.
Directional terms
Toward the body’s midline
Medial
Away from the body’’s midline
Lateral
Farthest from the point of origin
Distal
Closest from the point of origin
Proximal
Toward the front of the body
Anterior
Toward the back of the body
Posterior
Above
Superior
Below
Inferior
Divide the body or organ into sections
Body Planes
divides the body lengthwise into the right and left sides.
Sagittal Plane
when sagittal plane passes through the midline
Midsagittal Plane (Median Plane)
when the sagittal plane does not pass through midline.
Parasagittal Plane
Runs vertically from right to left. Divides the body into anterior and posterior parts.
Frontal Plane (Coronal Plane)
Divides the body horizontally into upper (superior) and lower (inferior) portions.
Transverse Plane (Coronal Plane)
Divides the body at an angle between transverse and sagittal plane or transverse and frontal plane.
Oblique Plane
a cut through the long axis of the organ
Longitudinal section
a cut at right angles to the long axis
Transverse (Cross) section
a cut made across the long axis at other than a right angle.
Oblique section
What are the central regions of the body?
Head
Neck
Trunk
- Thorax
- Abdomen
- Pelvis
What are the upper limb of the body?
Arm
Forearm
Wrist
Hands
What are the lower limb of the body?
Thighs
Legs
Ankle
Spaces within the body that contain, protect, separate, and support internal organs.
Body Cavities
Cavity formed by the skull.
Cranial Cavity
Cavity formed by the vertebrae.
Spinal Cavity
Cavity located at the back of the body.
Dorsal Cavoty
Cavity located at the front of the body
Ventral Cavity
Abdominal Cavity and Pelvic Cavity
Abdominopelvic Cavity
What’s in the Abdominal Cavity?
Stomach, Intestine, Liver, Kidney, Pancreas, and Spleen
What’s in the Pelvic Cavity?
Urinary Bladder, Large Intestines and Internal Reproductive Organ
Surrounded by ribs and chest muscles. Divided by mediastinum.
Thoracic Cavity
Organs in the mediastinum.
Heart, Thymus, Trachea, and Esophagus
Link the trunk cavities and cover the organs within these cavities.
Serous Membrane
covering the organ
Visceral Serous Membrane
outer part of the balloon wall
Parietal Serous Membrane
Thin, lubricating fluid produced by the membrane that fills the cavity or space between the visceral and parietal serous membrane. Reduces friction.
Serous Fluid
This serous membrane-lines cavity surrounds the heart.
Pericardial Cavity
What is the Visceral Pericardium and Parietal Pericardium?
Visceral Pericardium: Covers the heart
Parietal Pericardium: Line the connective tissue sac that contains the heart.
This serous membrane-lines cavity surrounds the lung.
Pleural Cavity
What is the Visceral Pleura and Parietal Pleura?
Visceral Pleura: Covers the lung
Parietal Pleura: Line the inner surface of the thoracic wall, the outer surface of the parietal pericardium and the superior surface of the diaphragm. Balloon is the thoracic wall.
This serous membrane-lines cavity contained the abdominopelvic cavity.
Peritoneal Cavity
What is the Visceral Peritoneum and Parietal Peritonuem?
Visceral Peritoneum: Covers many organs of the abdominopelvic cavity.
Parietal Peritoneum: Lines the wall of the abdominopelvic cavity and the inferior surface of the diaphragm.
Inflammation of the pericardium
Pericarditis
Inflammation of the pleura
Pleurisy
Inflammation of the peritoneum
Peritonitis
