Respiratory System Flashcards
Refers to all breathing processes.
Respiration
Movement of the air into and out to the lungs.
Ventilation
From the outside, exchange of gasses between the air in lungs and the blood.
Gas exchange (external respiration)
Exchange of gasses between the blood and tissue.
Gas exchange (internal respiration)
The transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood.
Transport of oxygen
Sequence: (1) Get the ____ from outside of the body.
air
Sequence: (2) ____exchange between the lungs and the blood.
Gas
Sequence: (3) The transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide within your ___________.
blood vessels
Sequence: (4) Gas exchange between _______ and oxygenated blood.
tissues
This function of Respiratory system happens by changing the carbon dioxide levels in the circulation.
Regulation of blood pH
This function of Respiratory system produces Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) which is the regulator for maining blood pressure.
Production of chemical mediators
This function of Respiratory system is where air moving past the vocal cords makes sound and speech possible.
Voice production
This function of Respiratory system occurs when air is being drawn to the Nasal Cavity. In the superior part of this cavity there’s the olfaction epithelium which gives us the capability of sense of smell.
Olfaction
This function of Respiratory system prevents the entering of some foreign materials in our body.
Protection
If we get that foreign material in our body, our respiratory system will remove them from our?
respiratory surfaces
Upper Respiratory Tract
External nose
Nasal Cavity
Pharynx
Larynx
Lower Respiratory Tract
Trachea
Bronchi (including smaller bronchioles)
Lungs
This region is exclusively for air movements which extends from the nose to bronchioles.
Conducting Zone
This region happens within your lungs. This is the gas exchange between the air and the blood takes place (External Respiration).
Respiratory Zone
Organs in Conducting Zone
External Nose
Nasal Cavity
Pharynx
Larynx
Trachea
Organs in Respiratory Zone
Alveoli
Lungs
Visible structure that forms the prominent feature of the face. Largest part of your nose is composed of a hyaline cartilage plate.
External Nose (Nasus)
This part of the nose ranges from Nares to choanae.
Nasal Cavity
The external opening of the nose.
Nares (nostrils)
The opening into the pharynx.
Choanae
This part of the nose divides the nasal cavity into left and right.
Nasal Septum
The anterior part of our Nasal Septum is a?
cartilage
The posterior part of Nasal Septum consists of the ____________ and perpendicular plate of the ______________.
vomer bone
ethmoid bone
This part of the nose is formed by the palatine process of the maxillae and the palatine bone
Floor of the nasal cavity (separates the nasal and oral cavity).
Hard Palate
This part of the nose has three bony ridges present on the lateral walls on each side of the nasal cavity.
Conchae
Beneath each concha there is a passageway called?
meatus
Superior and middle meatus are the openings of?
paranasal sinuses
Inferior meatus is the?
nasolacrimal duct
This part of the nose is air-filled spaces within the bone. Where the production of mucus happens and influence the quality of the voice by acting as resonating chambers.
Paranasal sinuses
This function of Nose and Nasal Cavity is where the nasal cavity remains open even if the mouth is filled with food.
Passageway for Air
This function of Nose and Nasal Cavity is where the vestibules are lined with hairs, hairs trap the large particles that are being drawn in the nasal cavity.
Cleans the air
Nasal septum and Nasal conchae increase the surface area of nasal cavity which makes the air flow?
turbulent
If the air flow is turbulent there is an increased likelihood or increased chances that air would attach to the?
mucus membrane
This mucus membrane which is lined with your pseudostratified columnar epithelium, the _____________ would release mucus.
goblet cells
The mucus would trap all the debris or foreign material from the air being drawn. When it is all trapped then Cilia would sweep it until we swallow those and it would be eliminated in our?
digestive system
This function of Nose and Nasal Cavity avoids cold air damages our respiratory system.
Humidifies and warms the air
The __________ that is circulating our nasal cavity contributes and warms the air before it passes through our respiratory system preventing the damage.
warm blood
This function of Nose and Nasal Cavity is where olfactory epithelium gives us the capability of sensory smell.
Contains the olfactory epithelium
Olfactory epithelium is found on the __________ part of the nasal cavity.
superior
This function of Nose and Nasal Cavity is where Nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses are responsible for this.
Helps determine voice and sound
The common opening of both DIGESTIVE and RESPIRATORY SYSTEM. It receives air from the nasal cavity and also receives food or drinks through our oral cavity.
Pharynx (throat)
This part of Pharynx is located posterior to the choanae and superior to soft palate.
Nasopharynx
A part of Nasopharynx includes incomplete muscle, separates the nasopharynx from oropharynx
Soft Palate
A part of Nasopharynx located at posterior extension of the soft palate
Uvula
A part of Nasopharynx located at the posterior surface of Nasopharynx, also known as pharyngeal tonsil. This helps to defend the body against infection.
Adenoid
This part of Pharynx extends from the soft palate to the epiglottis.
Oropharynx
Helps the cavity to have an opening. Have two tonsils.
Fauces
What are the two tonsils of Fauces?
Palatine Tonsils
Lingual Tonsils
This part of Pharynx extends from the tip of the epiglottis to the esophagus and passes posterior to the larynx.
Laryngopharynx
Laryngopharynx is where your food and drinks pass through to reach the?
esophagus
Location: Anterior part of the throat and extends from the base of the tongue to the trachea. Passageway of air between pharynx and the trachea.
Larynx
Larynx is connected by membrane or muscles, superior to the ____________ (this bone isn’t attached to any kinds of bone) .
Hyoid bone
Part of Larynx that is connected to one another by muscles and ligaments.
9 Cartilages: 3 pairs and 3 unpaired
This paired cartilage articulates with the posterior, superiority border of cricoid cartilage.
Paired Arytenoid
This paired cartilage is attached to the superior tips of the arytenoid cartilage.
Paired Corniculate Cartilage
This paired cartilage contains mucus membrane, anterior to the corniculate cartilage.
Paired Cuneiform Cartilages
This unpaired cartilage is the Largest cartilage: unpaired thyroid cartilage also known as Adam’s apple
Thyroid Cartilage
This unpaired cartilage is the most inferior, forming the base of the larynx where the cartilages rest
Cricoid Cartilage
This unpaired cartilage have elastic cartilage rather than hyaline cartilage. This is attached to Thyroid Cartilage and projects superiorly as a free flap (means freely moves) towards the tongue.
Epiglottis
Epiglottis covers the _______ when we are swallowing our food, so the food and drinks we digest won’t go in our respiratory system.
trachea
Larynx has two pairs of ligaments that extend from the ________ surface of the arytenoid cartilages to the ________ surface of the thyroid cartilage.
anterior
posterior
This folds covers superior ligaments
Vestibular Folds (False vocal cords)
This folds covers inferior ligaments
Vocal Folds (True Vocal cords)
The 2 Folds of Larynx are lined by?
stratified squamous epithelium
While the remainder of the larynx is compromised with?
pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
Glottis served as an?
opening
This function of Larynx has Thyroid and Cricoid cartilage is responsible for this.
Maintain open passageway for air movement.
This function of Larynx is responsibility of Epiglottis, it is the free flap of the tongue where it covers trachea during swallowing of food and drink.
Prevent swallowed materials from entering the Lower Respiratory Tract.
This function of Larynx is where the Vocal cords, which is the primary source of sound production. The course of air moving pass through vocal folds determines the amplitude of vibration and the loudness of the sound.
Sound production
Greater the amplitude the _______ the sound is and vice versa.
louder
The pitch of the tone depends on the ________ (reason why females have high pitch voice while males have low pitch voice).
folds
What pitch where only the anterior parts of the folds vibrates?
High pitch
What pitch where longer section of the fold vibrates?
Low pitch
This function of Larynx is where Mucus traps the debris.
Traps debris in air (mucus)
A membranous tubed attached to the larynx with 15-20 C-shaped pieces of hyaline cartilage.
Trachea
_____________ supports the anterior and lateral sides of the trachea.
Hyaline cartilage
Hyaline cartilage _______ your trachea and _____ a passageway for your air.
protect
open
While the posterior part of the trachea is devoid of cartilages. It is compromised with?
elastic ligamentous membranes and bundles of smooth muscle cells
The smooth muscle cells in Trachea are what you call?
Trachealis muscle
__________ lies immediately posterior to the cartilage free wall of the trachea.
Esophagus
________________ is a constant long-term irritation to the trachea that causes tracheal epithelium to become moist stratified squamous epithelium.
SMOKER’s COUGH
Membrane Lining of Trachea.
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with numerous goblet cells.
Goblet cells release ______ which traps inhaled foreign particles.
mucus
Refers to the respiratory system beginning with trachea to all the passageways that air would pass through.
Tracheobronchial Tree
Main bronchi is divided into __________ (secondary bronchi) with each lung.
lobar bronchi
Main bronchi is divided because from your trachea there is a division to form your main bronchi and this bronchi would have another division to have a smaller bronchi until leading to many?
microscopic small tubes or sacs
2 lobar bronchi =
3 lobar bronchi =
left lung
right lung
Lobar bronchi give rise to _______________ (tertiary bronchi)
segmental bronchi
[Tracheobronchial Tree]….then continue to branch giving rise to?
bronchioles
Bronchioles are approximately less than ____________ in diameter.
1 meter
Bronchioles are subdivided several times to become even?
smaller terminal bronchioles
How many generation of branching?
16
In the Tracheobronchial Tree, it will branch until it has?
alveoli or small tube sacs
Main bronchi are supported by ________________ connected by smooth muscles.
C-shaped cartilage
That C-shaped cartilage will turn into cartilage plates if the main bronchi divides, yielding a?
Lobar bronchi
As the bronchi becomes smaller the cartilage becomes more _______ and the smooth muscles become more __________.
sparse
abundant
thinly dispersed (like tree that branches)
Sparse
Terminal bronchioles have no cartilage and the smooth muscle layer is more?
prominent
Relaxation and contraction changed the diameter of the air passageways thereby changing the ________ of air moving through them.
volume
During exercise the diameter increases then it would ________ the resistance of airflow. Resulting in the increasing volume of air being moved.
reduce
Contraction of smooth muscle in the bronchi and bronchioles decreasing the diameter resulting in increased resistance to airflow, which greatly reduces air movement.
Asthma Attack
If there’s an asthmatic airway there is increased production of ________ preventing us from “maluwag na paghinga”.
mucus
Medication of Asthma Attack.
Albuterol
Small air-filled where gas exchange between air and blood takes place.
Alveoli
Alveoli are approximately ____ million in numbers, ____ um (micrometer) in diameter with extremely thin walls.
300
250
Alveoli have _________ is for air gasses facilitation in the lungs.
thin walls
Terminal bronchioles divide to form respiratory bronchioles, at the end of it are the?
Alveoli
As the respiratory bronchioles divide to form smaller respiratory bronchioles the number of attached alveoli increases. There is a _______________ between the branching and number of alveoli.
direct proportional
Alveolar ducts (rises from respiratory bronchioles) are like long branching hallways with many open doorways and end with _____________ alveolar sacs, which are chambers connected to _____________alveoli.
two or more
two or more
Membrane lining (alveoli)
simple squamous epithelium
Membrane lining (bronchioles)
simple cuboidal epithelium
True or False. Alveoli and Bronchioles are both ciliated and have goblet cells.
False. They both are non-ciliated and don’t have goblet cells.
This alveolar walls are thin squamous epithelial cells (90% of alveolar walls). Most of the gas exchange happens in these cells.
Type I Pneumocytes
This alveolar walls are round cube shaped secretory cells that release surfactant which make it easier for the alveoli to expand during inspiration.
Type II Pneumocytes
This is where the gas exchange between air and blood takes place (external respiration).
Respiratory Membrane of Respiratory Zone
Respiratory Membrane of Respiratory Zone is formed mainly by ____________ and surrounding pulmonary capillaries with some contribution by respiratory bronchioles and alveolar ducts.
alveolar walls
Respiratory Membrane of Respiratory Zone is usually too thin to facilitate properly the diffusion of?
gas exchange
First layer of Respiratory Membrane of Respiratory Zone is a thin layer of fluid lining the?
alveolus
Second layer of Respiratory Membrane of Respiratory Zone is the ____________________ composed of simple squamous epithelium.
alveolar epithelium
Third layer of Respiratory Membrane of Respiratory Zone is the ______________________ of the alveolar epithelium.
basement membrane
Fourth layer of Respiratory Membrane of Respiratory Zone is a thin?
interstitial space
Fifth layer of Respiratory Membrane of Respiratory Zone is the basement membrane of the?
capillary endothelium
Sixth layer of Respiratory Membrane of Respiratory Zone is the capillary endothelium, composed of?
simple squamous epithelium
Principal organ of respiration and one of the largest organs in the body (on the basis of volume).
Lungs
Each lung is _________ in shape with its base resting in the diaphragm.
conical
Its apex extends to a point approximately _______ superior to the clavicle.
2.5cm
620g; is larger than the left lung; has 3 lobes.
RIght lung
560g; has 2 lobes.
Left lung
Region on the middle surface of the lungs where the structures enter or exit the lung (roof of the lung).
Hilum
Structures of Hilum
main bronchus
blood vessels
nerves
lymphatic vessels
Refers to the structures that enter or exit the lungs.
Roof the lung
Indentation of lungs.
Cardiac Notch
Separate the lobes in the lungs.
Fissures
Divided into bronchopulmonary segments.
Lobes
How many lobes?
Left lung:
Right lung:
9 lobes
10 lobes
Divided into lobules.
Bronchopulmonary Segments
Fissures → Lobes → Bronchopulmonary Segments → ________
Lobules
Filled with pleural fluid (aka serous fluid).
Formed by pleural serous membrane.
Pleural Cavity
Allows the parietal pleura and visceral pleura slide past each other as the lungs and thorax change shape during ventilation.
Lubricant
Adheres the lungs to the thoracic wall.
Hold parietal and visceral pleural membranes
- Midline partition.
- Formed by heart, trachea, esophagus, and associated structures (HTES).
- Separated by pleural cavities.
Mediastinum
- Covers the inner thoracic wall.
- Found in the outer.
Parietal Pleura
Covers the surface of the lungs.
Visceral Pleura
Lungs are contained within the?
thoracic cavity
Each lung is surrounded by a separate __________________. Right and left lung have their own __________________.
pleural cavity
2 dorsal groups stimulate the diaphragm.
Medullary Respiratory Center
Forms a longitudinal column of cells located bilaterally in the dorsal part of the medulla oblongata. (Medullary Respiratory Center)
2 dorsal groups stimulate the diaphragm.
Forms a longitudinal column of cells located bilaterally in the ventral part of the medulla oblongata. (Medullary Respiratory Center)
2 ventral groups stimulate the intercostal and abdominal muscles.
Involved with switching between inspiration and expiration. Collection of neurons in the pons.
Pontine (Pneumotaxic) Respiratory Group
This Rhythmic Ventilation. It constantly receives stimulation from receptors and stimulation from parts of the brain concerned with voluntary respiratory movements and emotion.
Starting Inspiration
In Starting Inspiration, Medullary respiratory center neurons are continuously?
active
Monitors blood gas levels, blood temperature, movement of muscles and joints.
Receptors
This Rhythmic Ventilation. This results to progressive stronger stimulation of respiratory muscles. Approximately lasts for 2 seconds.
Increasing Inspiration
This Rhythmic Ventilation. Inhibitory neurons activated and relaxation of respiratory muscle results in expiration.
Lasts for at least 3 seconds.
Stopping Inspiration
In Stopping Inspiration. Neurons stimulating are also responsible for stopping and receiving input from __________________ and stretch receptors in lungs.
pontine groups
The conscious and unconscious change in rate and depth of the respiratory movements.
Cerebral and Limbic System Control
absence of breathing
Apnea
Strong emotions cause hyperventilation or production of sags and gasps of crying. Which means?
Emotions can also affect the respiratory center.
Specialized neurons that respond to changes in chemicals and solutions.
Chemoreceptors
Chemoreceptors involved in regulating respiration, responding to changes with?
pH, PO2, PCO2
This chemoreceptors is located bilaterally and ventrally in the chemosensitive area of medulla oblongata and connected to respiratory centers.
Central Chemoreceptors
This chemoreceptors found in the carotid and aortic body.
Peripheral Chemoreceptors
All receptors are connected to the brain stem where they send input to respiratory centers in the medulla oblongata and pons to modify the?
rate of respiration
Inflammation of the bronchi caused by irritants, such as cigarette smoke or infection. Swelling impairs breathing. Can progress to emphysema.
Bronchitis
Contraction of smooth muscle in the bronchi and bronchioles decreasing the diameter resulting in increased resistance to airflow, which greatly reduced air movement due to production of mucus in the airways.
Asthma
Medication for Asthma.
Albuterol
Loss of alveoli decreases surface area for gas exchanges and decreases the lungs’ ability to expel air; progression can be slowed, but there is no cure.
Emphysema
Causes increased coughing increases pressure on the alveoli, causing rupture and destruction. (Emphysema)
Destruction of alveolar walls.
Bronchitis + emphysema =
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
Genetic disorder that affects mucus secretions throughout the body due to an abnormal transport protein.
Cystic Fibrosis
Bacterial infection of Cystic Fibrosis
Burkholderia cepacia
Can be caused by a number of bacterial or viral infections of the lungs that cause fever, difficulty in breathing, and chest pain.
Pneumonia
_________ in the lungs decrease their inflation ability and reduces gas exchange.
Edema
Pneumonia’s Causative agent
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Streptococcus pneumoniae causes?
Lobar pneumoniae
Viral infection of Pneumonia
Caused by Influenza virus, SARS-Cov2
A potentially serious infectious disease that mainly affects the lungs.
Tuberculosis (TB)
Causative agent of Tuberculosis (TB)
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Destruction of cilia lining the respiratory epithelium, allowing mucus to accumulate leading to a very severe cough.
Whooping Cough
In Whooping Cough, ___________________________ immunization for children partially targets Pertussis.
Diphtheria-Pertussis-Tetanus Vaccine (DPT)
Causative agent of Whooping Cough
Bordetella pertussis
