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MT-MLS105 (ANAPHY) > Respiratory System > Flashcards

Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

Refers to all breathing processes.

A

Respiration

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2
Q

Movement of the air into and out to the lungs.

A

Ventilation

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3
Q

From the outside, exchange of gasses between the air in lungs and the blood.

A

Gas exchange (external respiration)

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4
Q

Exchange of gasses between the blood and tissue.

A

Gas exchange (internal respiration)

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5
Q

The transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood.

A

Transport of oxygen

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6
Q

Sequence: (1) Get the ____ from outside of the body.

A

air

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7
Q

Sequence: (2) ____exchange between the lungs and the blood.

A

Gas

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8
Q

Sequence: (3) The transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide within your ___________.

A

blood vessels

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9
Q

Sequence: (4) Gas exchange between _______ and oxygenated blood.

A

tissues

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10
Q

This function of Respiratory system happens by changing the carbon dioxide levels in the circulation.

A

Regulation of blood pH

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11
Q

This function of Respiratory system produces Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) which is the regulator for maining blood pressure.

A

Production of chemical mediators

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12
Q

This function of Respiratory system is where air moving past the vocal cords makes sound and speech possible.

A

Voice production

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13
Q

This function of Respiratory system occurs when air is being drawn to the Nasal Cavity. In the superior part of this cavity there’s the olfaction epithelium which gives us the capability of sense of smell.

A

Olfaction

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14
Q

This function of Respiratory system prevents the entering of some foreign materials in our body.

A

Protection

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15
Q

If we get that foreign material in our body, our respiratory system will remove them from our?

A

respiratory surfaces

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16
Q

Upper Respiratory Tract

A

External nose
Nasal Cavity
Pharynx
Larynx

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17
Q

Lower Respiratory Tract

A

Trachea
Bronchi (including smaller bronchioles)
Lungs

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18
Q

This region is exclusively for air movements which extends from the nose to bronchioles.

A

Conducting Zone

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19
Q

This region happens within your lungs. This is the gas exchange between the air and the blood takes place (External Respiration).

A

Respiratory Zone

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20
Q

Organs in Conducting Zone

A

External Nose
Nasal Cavity
Pharynx
Larynx
Trachea

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21
Q

Organs in Respiratory Zone

A

Alveoli
Lungs

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22
Q

Visible structure that forms the prominent feature of the face. Largest part of your nose is composed of a hyaline cartilage plate.

A

External Nose (Nasus)

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23
Q

This part of the nose ranges from Nares to choanae.

A

Nasal Cavity

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24
Q

The external opening of the nose.

A

Nares (nostrils)

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25
Q

The opening into the pharynx.

A

Choanae

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26
Q

This part of the nose divides the nasal cavity into left and right.

A

Nasal Septum

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27
Q

The anterior part of our Nasal Septum is a?

A

cartilage

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28
Q

The posterior part of Nasal Septum consists of the ____________ and perpendicular plate of the ______________.

A

vomer bone
ethmoid bone

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29
Q

This part of the nose is formed by the palatine process of the maxillae and the palatine bone
Floor of the nasal cavity (separates the nasal and oral cavity).

A

Hard Palate

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30
Q

This part of the nose has three bony ridges present on the lateral walls on each side of the nasal cavity.

A

Conchae

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31
Q

Beneath each concha there is a passageway called?

A

meatus

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32
Q

Superior and middle meatus are the openings of?

A

paranasal sinuses

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33
Q

Inferior meatus is the?

A

nasolacrimal duct

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34
Q

This part of the nose is air-filled spaces within the bone. Where the production of mucus happens and influence the quality of the voice by acting as resonating chambers.

A

Paranasal sinuses

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35
Q

This function of Nose and Nasal Cavity is where the nasal cavity remains open even if the mouth is filled with food.

A

Passageway for Air

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36
Q

This function of Nose and Nasal Cavity is where the vestibules are lined with hairs, hairs trap the large particles that are being drawn in the nasal cavity.

A

Cleans the air

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37
Q

Nasal septum and Nasal conchae increase the surface area of nasal cavity which makes the air flow?

A

turbulent

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38
Q

If the air flow is turbulent there is an increased likelihood or increased chances that air would attach to the?

A

mucus membrane

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39
Q

This mucus membrane which is lined with your pseudostratified columnar epithelium, the _____________ would release mucus.

A

goblet cells

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40
Q

The mucus would trap all the debris or foreign material from the air being drawn. When it is all trapped then Cilia would sweep it until we swallow those and it would be eliminated in our?

A

digestive system

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41
Q

This function of Nose and Nasal Cavity avoids cold air damages our respiratory system.

A

Humidifies and warms the air

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42
Q

The __________ that is circulating our nasal cavity contributes and warms the air before it passes through our respiratory system preventing the damage.

A

warm blood

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43
Q

This function of Nose and Nasal Cavity is where olfactory epithelium gives us the capability of sensory smell.

A

Contains the olfactory epithelium

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44
Q

Olfactory epithelium is found on the __________ part of the nasal cavity.

A

superior

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45
Q

This function of Nose and Nasal Cavity is where Nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses are responsible for this.

A

Helps determine voice and sound

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46
Q

The common opening of both DIGESTIVE and RESPIRATORY SYSTEM. It receives air from the nasal cavity and also receives food or drinks through our oral cavity.

A

Pharynx (throat)

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47
Q

This part of Pharynx is located posterior to the choanae and superior to soft palate.

A

Nasopharynx

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48
Q

A part of Nasopharynx includes incomplete muscle, separates the nasopharynx from oropharynx

A

Soft Palate

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49
Q

A part of Nasopharynx located at posterior extension of the soft palate

A

Uvula

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50
Q

A part of Nasopharynx located at the posterior surface of Nasopharynx, also known as pharyngeal tonsil. This helps to defend the body against infection.

A

Adenoid

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51
Q

This part of Pharynx extends from the soft palate to the epiglottis.

A

Oropharynx

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52
Q

Helps the cavity to have an opening. Have two tonsils.

A

Fauces

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53
Q

What are the two tonsils of Fauces?

A

Palatine Tonsils
Lingual Tonsils

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54
Q

This part of Pharynx extends from the tip of the epiglottis to the esophagus and passes posterior to the larynx.

A

Laryngopharynx

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55
Q

Laryngopharynx is where your food and drinks pass through to reach the?

A

esophagus

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56
Q

Location: Anterior part of the throat and extends from the base of the tongue to the trachea. Passageway of air between pharynx and the trachea.

A

Larynx

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57
Q

Larynx is connected by membrane or muscles, superior to the ____________ (this bone isn’t attached to any kinds of bone) .

A

Hyoid bone

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58
Q

Part of Larynx that is connected to one another by muscles and ligaments.

A

9 Cartilages: 3 pairs and 3 unpaired

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59
Q

This paired cartilage articulates with the posterior, superiority border of cricoid cartilage.

A

Paired Arytenoid

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60
Q

This paired cartilage is attached to the superior tips of the arytenoid cartilage.

A

Paired Corniculate Cartilage

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61
Q

This paired cartilage contains mucus membrane, anterior to the corniculate cartilage.

A

Paired Cuneiform Cartilages

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62
Q

This unpaired cartilage is the Largest cartilage: unpaired thyroid cartilage also known as Adam’s apple

A

Thyroid Cartilage

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63
Q

This unpaired cartilage is the most inferior, forming the base of the larynx where the cartilages rest

A

Cricoid Cartilage

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64
Q

This unpaired cartilage have elastic cartilage rather than hyaline cartilage. This is attached to Thyroid Cartilage and projects superiorly as a free flap (means freely moves) towards the tongue.

A

Epiglottis

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65
Q

Epiglottis covers the _______ when we are swallowing our food, so the food and drinks we digest won’t go in our respiratory system.

A

trachea

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66
Q

Larynx has two pairs of ligaments that extend from the ________ surface of the arytenoid cartilages to the ________ surface of the thyroid cartilage.

A

anterior
posterior

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67
Q

This folds covers superior ligaments

A

Vestibular Folds (False vocal cords)

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68
Q

This folds covers inferior ligaments

A

Vocal Folds (True Vocal cords)

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69
Q

The 2 Folds of Larynx are lined by?

A

stratified squamous epithelium

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70
Q

While the remainder of the larynx is compromised with?

A

pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

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71
Q

Glottis served as an?

A

opening

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72
Q

This function of Larynx has Thyroid and Cricoid cartilage is responsible for this.

A

Maintain open passageway for air movement.

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73
Q

This function of Larynx is responsibility of Epiglottis, it is the free flap of the tongue where it covers trachea during swallowing of food and drink.

A

Prevent swallowed materials from entering the Lower Respiratory Tract.

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74
Q

This function of Larynx is where the Vocal cords, which is the primary source of sound production. The course of air moving pass through vocal folds determines the amplitude of vibration and the loudness of the sound.

A

Sound production

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75
Q

Greater the amplitude the _______ the sound is and vice versa.

A

louder

76
Q

The pitch of the tone depends on the ________ (reason why females have high pitch voice while males have low pitch voice).

A

folds

77
Q

What pitch where only the anterior parts of the folds vibrates?

A

High pitch

78
Q

What pitch where longer section of the fold vibrates?

A

Low pitch

79
Q

This function of Larynx is where Mucus traps the debris.

A

Traps debris in air (mucus)

80
Q

A membranous tubed attached to the larynx with 15-20 C-shaped pieces of hyaline cartilage.

A

Trachea

81
Q

_____________ supports the anterior and lateral sides of the trachea.

A

Hyaline cartilage

82
Q

Hyaline cartilage _______ your trachea and _____ a passageway for your air.

A

protect
open

83
Q

While the posterior part of the trachea is devoid of cartilages. It is compromised with?

A

elastic ligamentous membranes and bundles of smooth muscle cells

84
Q

The smooth muscle cells in Trachea are what you call?

A

Trachealis muscle

85
Q

__________ lies immediately posterior to the cartilage free wall of the trachea.

A

Esophagus

86
Q

________________ is a constant long-term irritation to the trachea that causes tracheal epithelium to become moist stratified squamous epithelium.

A

SMOKER’s COUGH

87
Q

Membrane Lining of Trachea.

A

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with numerous goblet cells.

88
Q

Goblet cells release ______ which traps inhaled foreign particles.

A

mucus

89
Q

Refers to the respiratory system beginning with trachea to all the passageways that air would pass through.

A

Tracheobronchial Tree

90
Q

Main bronchi is divided into __________ (secondary bronchi) with each lung.

A

lobar bronchi

91
Q

Main bronchi is divided because from your trachea there is a division to form your main bronchi and this bronchi would have another division to have a smaller bronchi until leading to many?

A

microscopic small tubes or sacs

92
Q

2 lobar bronchi =
3 lobar bronchi =

A

left lung
right lung

93
Q

Lobar bronchi give rise to _______________ (tertiary bronchi)

A

segmental bronchi

94
Q

[Tracheobronchial Tree]….then continue to branch giving rise to?

A

bronchioles

95
Q

Bronchioles are approximately less than ____________ in diameter.

A

1 meter

96
Q

Bronchioles are subdivided several times to become even?

A

smaller terminal bronchioles

97
Q

How many generation of branching?

A

16

98
Q

In the Tracheobronchial Tree, it will branch until it has?

A

alveoli or small tube sacs

99
Q

Main bronchi are supported by ________________ connected by smooth muscles.

A

C-shaped cartilage

100
Q

That C-shaped cartilage will turn into cartilage plates if the main bronchi divides, yielding a?

A

Lobar bronchi

101
Q

As the bronchi becomes smaller the cartilage becomes more _______ and the smooth muscles become more __________.

A

sparse
abundant

102
Q

thinly dispersed (like tree that branches)

A

Sparse

103
Q

Terminal bronchioles have no cartilage and the smooth muscle layer is more?

A

prominent

104
Q

Relaxation and contraction changed the diameter of the air passageways thereby changing the ________ of air moving through them.

A

volume

105
Q

During exercise the diameter increases then it would ________ the resistance of airflow. Resulting in the increasing volume of air being moved.

A

reduce

106
Q

Contraction of smooth muscle in the bronchi and bronchioles decreasing the diameter resulting in increased resistance to airflow, which greatly reduces air movement.

A

Asthma Attack

107
Q

If there’s an asthmatic airway there is increased production of ________ preventing us from “maluwag na paghinga”.

A

mucus

108
Q

Medication of Asthma Attack.

A

Albuterol

109
Q

Small air-filled where gas exchange between air and blood takes place.

A

Alveoli

110
Q

Alveoli are approximately ____ million in numbers, ____ um (micrometer) in diameter with extremely thin walls.

A

300
250

111
Q

Alveoli have _________ is for air gasses facilitation in the lungs.

A

thin walls

112
Q

Terminal bronchioles divide to form respiratory bronchioles, at the end of it are the?

A

Alveoli

113
Q

As the respiratory bronchioles divide to form smaller respiratory bronchioles the number of attached alveoli increases. There is a _______________ between the branching and number of alveoli.

A

direct proportional

114
Q

Alveolar ducts (rises from respiratory bronchioles) are like long branching hallways with many open doorways and end with _____________ alveolar sacs, which are chambers connected to _____________alveoli.

A

two or more
two or more

115
Q

Membrane lining (alveoli)

A

simple squamous epithelium

116
Q

Membrane lining (bronchioles)

A

simple cuboidal epithelium

117
Q

True or False. Alveoli and Bronchioles are both ciliated and have goblet cells.

A

False. They both are non-ciliated and don’t have goblet cells.

118
Q

This alveolar walls are thin squamous epithelial cells (90% of alveolar walls). Most of the gas exchange happens in these cells.

A

Type I Pneumocytes

119
Q

This alveolar walls are round cube shaped secretory cells that release surfactant which make it easier for the alveoli to expand during inspiration.

A

Type II Pneumocytes

120
Q

This is where the gas exchange between air and blood takes place (external respiration).

A

Respiratory Membrane of Respiratory Zone

121
Q

Respiratory Membrane of Respiratory Zone is formed mainly by ____________ and surrounding pulmonary capillaries with some contribution by respiratory bronchioles and alveolar ducts.

A

alveolar walls

122
Q

Respiratory Membrane of Respiratory Zone is usually too thin to facilitate properly the diffusion of?

A

gas exchange

123
Q

First layer of Respiratory Membrane of Respiratory Zone is a thin layer of fluid lining the?

A

alveolus

124
Q

Second layer of Respiratory Membrane of Respiratory Zone is the ____________________ composed of simple squamous epithelium.

A

alveolar epithelium

125
Q

Third layer of Respiratory Membrane of Respiratory Zone is the ______________________ of the alveolar epithelium.

A

basement membrane

126
Q

Fourth layer of Respiratory Membrane of Respiratory Zone is a thin?

A

interstitial space

127
Q

Fifth layer of Respiratory Membrane of Respiratory Zone is the basement membrane of the?

A

capillary endothelium

128
Q

Sixth layer of Respiratory Membrane of Respiratory Zone is the capillary endothelium, composed of?

A

simple squamous epithelium

129
Q

Principal organ of respiration and one of the largest organs in the body (on the basis of volume).

A

Lungs

130
Q

Each lung is _________ in shape with its base resting in the diaphragm.

A

conical

131
Q

Its apex extends to a point approximately _______ superior to the clavicle.

A

2.5cm

132
Q

620g; is larger than the left lung; has 3 lobes.

A

RIght lung

133
Q

560g; has 2 lobes.

A

Left lung

134
Q

Region on the middle surface of the lungs where the structures enter or exit the lung (roof of the lung).

A

Hilum

135
Q

Structures of Hilum

A

main bronchus
blood vessels
nerves
lymphatic vessels

136
Q

Refers to the structures that enter or exit the lungs.

A

Roof the lung

137
Q

Indentation of lungs.

A

Cardiac Notch

138
Q

Separate the lobes in the lungs.

A

Fissures

139
Q

Divided into bronchopulmonary segments.

A

Lobes

140
Q

How many lobes?
Left lung:
Right lung:

A

9 lobes
10 lobes

141
Q

Divided into lobules.

A

Bronchopulmonary Segments

142
Q

Fissures → Lobes → Bronchopulmonary Segments → ________

A

Lobules

143
Q

Filled with pleural fluid (aka serous fluid).
Formed by pleural serous membrane.

A

Pleural Cavity

144
Q

Allows the parietal pleura and visceral pleura slide past each other as the lungs and thorax change shape during ventilation.

A

Lubricant

145
Q

Adheres the lungs to the thoracic wall.

A

Hold parietal and visceral pleural membranes

146
Q
  • Midline partition.
  • Formed by heart, trachea, esophagus, and associated structures (HTES).
  • Separated by pleural cavities.
A

Mediastinum

147
Q
  • Covers the inner thoracic wall.
  • Found in the outer.
A

Parietal Pleura

148
Q

Covers the surface of the lungs.

A

Visceral Pleura

149
Q

Lungs are contained within the?

A

thoracic cavity

150
Q

Each lung is surrounded by a separate __________________. Right and left lung have their own __________________.

A

pleural cavity

151
Q

2 dorsal groups stimulate the diaphragm.

A

Medullary Respiratory Center

152
Q

Forms a longitudinal column of cells located bilaterally in the dorsal part of the medulla oblongata. (Medullary Respiratory Center)

A

2 dorsal groups stimulate the diaphragm.

153
Q

Forms a longitudinal column of cells located bilaterally in the ventral part of the medulla oblongata. (Medullary Respiratory Center)

A

2 ventral groups stimulate the intercostal and abdominal muscles.

154
Q

Involved with switching between inspiration and expiration. Collection of neurons in the pons.

A

Pontine (Pneumotaxic) Respiratory Group

155
Q

This Rhythmic Ventilation. It constantly receives stimulation from receptors and stimulation from parts of the brain concerned with voluntary respiratory movements and emotion.

A

Starting Inspiration

156
Q

In Starting Inspiration, Medullary respiratory center neurons are continuously?

A

active

157
Q

Monitors blood gas levels, blood temperature, movement of muscles and joints.

A

Receptors

158
Q

This Rhythmic Ventilation. This results to progressive stronger stimulation of respiratory muscles. Approximately lasts for 2 seconds.

A

Increasing Inspiration

159
Q

This Rhythmic Ventilation. Inhibitory neurons activated and relaxation of respiratory muscle results in expiration.
Lasts for at least 3 seconds.

A

Stopping Inspiration

160
Q

In Stopping Inspiration. Neurons stimulating are also responsible for stopping and receiving input from __________________ and stretch receptors in lungs.

A

pontine groups

161
Q

The conscious and unconscious change in rate and depth of the respiratory movements.

A

Cerebral and Limbic System Control

162
Q

absence of breathing

A

Apnea

163
Q

Strong emotions cause hyperventilation or production of sags and gasps of crying. Which means?

A

Emotions can also affect the respiratory center.

164
Q

Specialized neurons that respond to changes in chemicals and solutions.

A

Chemoreceptors

165
Q

Chemoreceptors involved in regulating respiration, responding to changes with?

A

pH, PO2, PCO2

166
Q

This chemoreceptors is located bilaterally and ventrally in the chemosensitive area of medulla oblongata and connected to respiratory centers.

A

Central Chemoreceptors

167
Q

This chemoreceptors found in the carotid and aortic body.

A

Peripheral Chemoreceptors

168
Q

All receptors are connected to the brain stem where they send input to respiratory centers in the medulla oblongata and pons to modify the?

A

rate of respiration

169
Q

Inflammation of the bronchi caused by irritants, such as cigarette smoke or infection. Swelling impairs breathing. Can progress to emphysema.

A

Bronchitis

170
Q

Contraction of smooth muscle in the bronchi and bronchioles decreasing the diameter resulting in increased resistance to airflow, which greatly reduced air movement due to production of mucus in the airways.

A

Asthma

171
Q

Medication for Asthma.

A

Albuterol

172
Q

Loss of alveoli decreases surface area for gas exchanges and decreases the lungs’ ability to expel air; progression can be slowed, but there is no cure.

A

Emphysema

173
Q

Causes increased coughing increases pressure on the alveoli, causing rupture and destruction. (Emphysema)

A

Destruction of alveolar walls.

174
Q

Bronchitis + emphysema =

A

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)

175
Q

Genetic disorder that affects mucus secretions throughout the body due to an abnormal transport protein.

A

Cystic Fibrosis

176
Q

Bacterial infection of Cystic Fibrosis

A

Burkholderia cepacia

177
Q

Can be caused by a number of bacterial or viral infections of the lungs that cause fever, difficulty in breathing, and chest pain.

A

Pneumonia

178
Q

_________ in the lungs decrease their inflation ability and reduces gas exchange.

A

Edema

179
Q

Pneumonia’s Causative agent

A

Streptococcus pneumoniae

180
Q

Streptococcus pneumoniae causes?

A

Lobar pneumoniae

181
Q

Viral infection of Pneumonia

A

Caused by Influenza virus, SARS-Cov2

182
Q

A potentially serious infectious disease that mainly affects the lungs.

A

Tuberculosis (TB)

183
Q

Causative agent of Tuberculosis (TB)

A

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

184
Q

Destruction of cilia lining the respiratory epithelium, allowing mucus to accumulate leading to a very severe cough.

A

Whooping Cough

185
Q

In Whooping Cough, ___________________________ immunization for children partially targets Pertussis.

A

Diphtheria-Pertussis-Tetanus Vaccine (DPT)

186
Q

Causative agent of Whooping Cough

A

Bordetella pertussis

MT-MLS105 (ANAPHY) (15 decks)

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