Integumentary System Flashcards
Consists of Skin, Hair, Nails, and 2 types of Glands. Your skin forms the boundary between your body and the external environment.
Integumentary System
______ is the first line of defense.
Skin
Functions of Integumentary System.
Protection
Sensation
Temperature Regulation
Vitamin D production
What are the organs that regulates temperature?
hypodermis which is made up of adipose tissue; we also have glands and pores that secrete fluid to cool down
How is Vitamin D being produce?
aside from melanin, exposing yourself to sunlight allows your skin to produce this vitamin
Why is Skin the largest organ of the body?
It covers the entire surface of the body.
Weight: 6 to 8 pounds Surface Area: 20 square feet
Thin outer layer part of skin. Mainly to resists abrasion of the skin surface and to prevent water loss of skin coming from dermis layer.
Epidermis
Structure of Epidermis
Keratinized Stratified Squamous
The middle layer of skin.
Dermis
Structure of Dermis
Dense Irregular Connective Tissue
Why is Dermis’ structure like that?
The structure is like that because in different directions it can extend the pressure. If it is pinched or stretched it can go back to its original shape.
Fatty Layer consists of loose connective tissue.
Hypodermis
Structure of Hypodermis
Adipose Tissue
In other references, hypodermis is not being considered as part of the skin/integumentary because its main function is?
to connect your dermis to the muscle.
The outer layer varies on the type of skin. What are these types?
Thick Skin - part kung saan tayo nagkakaroon ng kalyo (like palms and soles)
Thin Skin - located all over your body
Epidermis is the one that receives nutrients and excretes waste products by?
diffusion
We don’t produce nutrients in the epidermis because it is?
avascular
mainly located in the outer layer of the skin; produces keratin that’s why skin is more durable
Keratinocytes
Keratinocytes also gives the ___________ of epidermis which is resistant to abrasion and prevention of water loss.
main function
Responsible for skin color, the one that’s producing melanin.
Melanocytes
Immune cells; Part of white blood cells, it’s a macrophage.
Langerhans Cell
___________ is a type of a white blood cell; Inside the blood vessel it is still called _________ now if it goes out from the blood vessel to the tissue it is now called a macrophage.
monocyte
They are specialized epidermal cells that are associated with nerve endings.
Merkel Cell
Merkel Cell are responsible for sensation such as?
detecting light touch and superficial pressure.
A process where the cytoplasm of the outermost of cells are replaced with keratin.
Keratinization or “cornification”
The different layers of epidermis change as they go up. Therefore as they go up they change structure ____________.
Chemically
From normal cells or normal cytoplasm they get replaced with _________.
keratin
Examples of keratinization
feathers, hair, claws, nails, and horns
One individual sheds?
1 pound of skin
Example if we get sweaty and we rub our skin it will shed. Those are the dead layer or the __________.
Keratinocytes
This is the visible one, the outer layer.
Stratum Corneum
The color White part in the picture.
Stratum Lucidum
Part where it has granules.
Startum Granulosum
Second to the most inner layer.
Stratum Spinosum
Lowest Part or Deepest layer
Stratum Basale
5 layers for thick skin while 4 layers for thin skin. In thin Skin ___________ is not present.
Stratum Lucidum
Stratum Basale contains basal cells. What shape are they?
Cuboidal or Columnar
Stratum Basale contains _______ that produces Melanin.
Melanocytes
Stratum Basale also contains _________________ that is responsible for sensation.
Merkel cells or “Merkel-Ranvier Cells”
In other reference, Stratum Basale is also known as ___________________.
Stratum Germinativum
The cells in our Stratum Basale are highly __________ so they undergo mitosis. They are responsible for producing new skin cells to replace the one at the top.
mitotic
In Stratum Basale, approximately every _______, it undergoes mitotic division.
19 days
Stratum Basale’s cell usually takes _____________ before it could reach the epidermis surface and before they could slab off.
40 to 56 days
Stratum Spinosum contains ___________ layers of many sided cells.
8 to 10
Resides above basal layer. Multilayer of distorted “spined” cells or torn like
Stratum Spinosum
What are the cells in Stratum Spinosum?
Keratinocytes and Langerhans Cells
Structure of Stratum Spinosum.
They are from Stratum Basale that was pushed upward that’s why usually their surface flattens and their desmosomes almost break apart
Why is Stratum Granulosum a little darker?
Because of protein granule
This is where the name Granulosum came from.
Granular layer
Keratinocytes from the spinosum migrate to form what in Stratum Granulosum?
protein granules
Other term for protein granules.
Little gray
In the upper part of this area where you could see the nucleus is flat it means that these cells are already?
dead cells
How many layers for Stratum Granulosum?
2 to 5 layers
A translucent layer that could be only seen in the thick skin.
Stratum Lucidum
Lucid means?
Clear
In Stratum Lucidum, Keratinocytes are filled with?
ELEIDIN (intermediate form)
Eleiden forms when the cells get pushed from Stratum Granulosum to this area then it will be filled with?
keratin
How many layers for Stratum Corneum?
25 or more layers of Dead Keratinized tissue (Corneocytes)
It depends on the type of skin how _______ Stratum Corneum is.
thick
Stratum Corneum is the one that __________ (pag naghihilod or nagkakamot) and the on in contact with skin.
slabs off
Stratum Corneum has a mixture of ______ and ______ keratin.
hard and soft
What skin type is this? Basement Membrane is directly in contact with stratum basale, the next is stratum spinosum, then next is stratum granulosum, then the outer layer which is stratum corneum.
Thin Skin
Thin Skin’s Stratum Corneum isn’t that?
thick
Majority of the body. Contains your?
hair follicles
sebaceous glands
sweat glands
The thickness of Stratum Corneum affects the color of skin; this is why Thin Skin is _________ since the Stratum Corneum can’t cover the other layer
darker
Stratum Corneum is thicker. 5 layers. Hairless.
Thick Skin
Where is Thick Skin Located?
Palms and Soles
The thickness of Stratum Corneum affects the color of skin this is why Thick Skin is _________ and _________ since the Stratum Corneum can cover the other layers.
whiter and lighter
Thickest layer of the skin (varies from region to region of the body)
Dermis
What type of tissue is Dermis?
Dense collagenous connective tissue (irregular)
Dermis contains?
Nerves
hair follicles
smooth muscles
glands
lymphatic vessels
Dermis’ cells
Fibroblasts - connective tissue
Macrophages
Mast Cells
WBCs
This fiber type strengthens your tissue
Collagen
This fiber type has elasticity
Elastic
This fiber type is responsible for binding the collagen and elastic
Reticular
Dermis stores much of the body’s supply of?
Water
Dermis supplies nutrients to the?
epidermis
Dermis regulates?
Body Temperature
Projections on the upper part of dermis which extend toward the dermis
Dermal papillae
Dermal Papillae contain many?
Blood vessels
Dermal Papillae can improve ______.
grip
Dermal Papillae forms _____________ and ___________ in the palm and sole (ridges)
fingerprints and footprints
Regulates body temperature. Supplies epidermis with nutrient-filled blood.
Papillary Layer
Structure of Papillary Layer
Loose Connective Tissue
Provides structure and elasticity. Supports components of skin. Accessory structures can be found here.
Reticular Layer
Structure of Reticular Layer
Dense Irregular Connective Tissue
Medical Term of Stretch Marks
Striae
Also known as “Subcutaneous layer”. Network of fat (adipose) and collagen.
Hypodermis
What type of tissue is Hypodermis?
(areolar) Loose Connective Tissue
Functions of Hypodermis
Shock-absorber for body
Insulator
Stores fat as energy reserve
Everywhere in the skin except in the thick skin. Obtained color because of melanin with a mixture of keratin.
Hair
This type hair does not project beyond the hair follicles. It is Short and narrow, can be found in the surface.
Vellus
Where can Vellus be found?
Fingers
This type of hari is longer and deep within the hair valve. Thicker and heavily pigmented.
Terminal
Where can Terminal be found?
Underarm air
pubic area
beard
Concentric Layers of the Hair
Inner Medulla
Cortex
Cuticle (outermost)
Cuticle is covered by?
hard keratin
Bleaching removes the _______ and _______ in the cortex.
melanin and keratin
Hair bulb is directly attached to the?
dermis
smooth muscle
Arrector Pili Muscle
How to find Arrector Pili Muscle?
Always look for the hair root
Arrector Pili Muscle react with?
cold temperature and emotions (fear) - arrector pili contracts
“Goose Flesh”
Homologous to Stratum Corneum (epidermis). Has different minerals such as calcium.
Nails
Inside the nails is?
Nail Matrix
In other books, the other term for this is cuticle. Alive Cells (prominent nucleus and cells).
Eponychium
_________ the cuticle is eponychium
After
Nails grows at an average rate of ____________ a day
0.5 - 1.2 mm
Nails grow faster on our dominant hand because?
it serves as a protection mechanism of our body
Sebocytes. Flower in shape.
Sebaceous Glands
secretion of lipids / sebum oils
SEBUM
Vagina has _______ that maintains the acidic pH.
lactobacili
Infection on Skin
Staphylococcus aureus
In contact with normal flora =
body secretion can have odor
sudoriferous glands
Sweat Glands
How many sweat glands in adult?
3 - 4 millions sweat glands
Majority of our sweat glands
Eccrine / Merocrine
Secretion of Eccrine / Merocrine
Isotonic fluid with salt
Genitals, armpits; Odorless unless contacted with normal flora
Apocrine
Secretion for Apocrine
3-methyl-2-hexenoic acid (Short chained fatty acid)
Modified eccrine glands located in the external auditory canal
Ceruminous Glands
Cerumen or commonly known as?
earwax
Present in the breast
Modified Apocrine glands
Produce milk
Mammary Gland
What function is this?
Protects our body from infection
Macrophage
Protection - acidic pH
Raise or Lower temperature
Sweating / produce secretion - part of cooldown
Thermoregulation
Who are the responsible for thermoregulation?
adipose tissue and blood vessel
Changes in temperature
Light touch and pressure
Millions of sensory nerve fibers
Sensory perception
Sweat Glands, sebum - excretion in our pores
Excretion
Mainly because of the sunlight
Vitamin D production
Function of Vitamin D production
Hormone rather than a vitamin
Required to absorb the calcium in the gut to the bloodstream
Functions of the Integumentary System that Declines with Age
Flattening of the dermal - epidermal junction
Decreased sensitivity - pain perception
Uneven pigmentation
Wrinkled Skin
Dry Skin - atrophy of sebaceous glands
