The Microscope Flashcards
Microscope is the combination of two words: “micro” meaning ______ and “scope” meaning ______.
small
view
What year is this? Anton van Leeuwenhoek grinded lenses to achieve greater magnification which he utilized to make a microscope, enabling detailed observations to be made of bacteria.
1674
What year is this? Salvino D’ Armate from Italy made the first eye glass, providing the wearer with an element of magnification to one eye, especially to those people with blurry eyes.
12th Century
What happened in 1931 in the history for microscope?
Ernst Ruska starts to build the first electron microscope.
What happened in 1st century in the history for microscope?
Romans experimented with glass and found objects appeared larger when viewed. Reading Stone: The first vision instrument.
What year is this? Joseph Jackson Lister created an achromatic lens to eradicate the chromatic effect caused by different wavelengths of light.
1826
What year is this? Galileo Galilei developed a compound microscope with convex and a concave lens.
1609
What happened in 1665 in the history for microscope?
Robert Hooke’s book called Micrographia officially documented a wide range of observations through the microscope.
What year is this? Two Dutch spectacle makers, Zacharias Jansen and his father Hans, started experimenting by mounting two lenses in a tube, the first compound microscope.
1590
In the 1st Century, only lenses were used and that is called?
Reading stone
In 12th Century, a small stone or a single lens was built to be attached to?
One eye
When is two lenses developed?
1590
A book written by Robert Hooke which serves as the landmark of the studies and depictions of the natural world’s smallest objects (cannot be seen by the naked eye).
Micrographia
Robert Hooke first experimented with a _____ and he observed the meniscus structure of those pieces in the cork — leading to his discovery of the ______.
bottle cork
cells
He called the “Father of Microscopy.”
Anton van Leeuwenhoek
Anton van Leeuwenhoek founded the first simple microscope and first person to see and describe what elements?
bacteria, protozoa, yeast, and sperm.
This is used for viewing viruses (requires specialized microscopes so cannot be seen in simple microscopes).
Electron Mircoscope
The oldest and simplest type of microscope.
Optical Microscope
Types of Lens System
Simple and Compound Microscope
The different Optical Technique
- Bright Field
- Dark Field
- Phase Contrast
- Interference Fluorescence
What are the optical techniques that were adapted to the bright field microscope?
Dark Field and Phase Contrast
The bright field’s condenser was changed into a ________.
Dark Field Condenser
__________ with matching objective was used for the phase contrast microscope.
The phase contrasting condenser
This optical technique is looking at a specific object in a light background.
Bright Field
This optical technique is looking at a light object in a dark background, has an opaque disk.
Dark Field
A 3D dimension appearance of the object.
Interference Fluorescence
A single lens traditionally called a loupe.
Simple Microscope
Simple microscope uses natural light is the source to see the object. Therefor if there is no ____, the object will not be visible.
Sun
Simple microscope’s ______ is not present, and _______ is not adjustable.
condenser
magnification
The “simple microscope” or magnifying glass reached its highest state of perfection, in the ______, in the work of Anton van Leeuwenhoek who was able to see __________ and even some larger bacteria.
1600s
single-celled animals (animalcules)
It is most commonly used microscope. Its light is illuminated — it has its own source of light.
Compound Microscope
Compound Microscope is often referred to as a __________.
Biological microscope
What type of lens compound microscope uses to magnify images?
compound lens system
What are the objectives of compound microscope and its magnification?
Scanner - 4x
LPO - 10x
HPO - 40x
OIO - 100x
Used to manipulate, probe, and separate tissues in delicate or small areas.
Dissecting Microscope
Dissecting Microscope is also known as?
Stereoscopic microscope
Dissecting Microscope uses a _______ that allowed us to observe live specimens as well as performing dissection under the microscope.
three-dimensional image
One of the simplest optical microscopy. Uses illumination light transmitted through the sample and the contrast is generated by the absorption of light in dense areas of the specimen.
Bright Field
Bright Field is used to view fixed and live specimens that have been stained with basic stains which gives a contrast between the image and the image background. What is fixed means?
Maintaining the integrity of the sample, already introduced a specific chemical.
After the specimen is fixed, stain it for differentiation, identification of ______, or identification of presence of _______.
Bright Field
ruptures
organism
Adapted to the bright field microscope instead that they differ in the condenser used.
Dark Field
What are present in dark field microscopes?
Presence of opaque disk
Dark Field is used to illuminate ________ causing them to appear brightly lit against a dark background.
unstained samples
Dark Field is used for the demonstration of very thin bacteria.
Mostly in identification of?
spirochetes
Used to enhance the contrast of light microscopy images of transparent and colorless specimens.
Phase Contrast
Phase contrast is made by?
Frits Zernike
Phase contrast is mostly used in?
Platelet count
It is used in biomedical research to investigate the detailed structure of tissues, cells, organelles, and macromolecular complexes. For identification of viruses. What microscope is this?
Electron Microscope
In 1931, Ernst Ruska and Max Knoll developed the electron microscope
In what country?
Germany
What is the source of light of electron microscope?
electrons
Magnification of the sample is through?
the beam of light
Which is/are false about Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)?
Forms images by sunlight reflected back from the object.
Used to visualize the surface of objects.
Uses a wide electron beam to collect low-resolution, high-magnification images of backscattered electrons emitted from sample surfaces.
Use in examination and analysis of micro and nanoparticle imaging characterization of solid objects.
Typical magnification: 20,000x than TEM.
Forms images by electrons reflected back from the object.
Uses a narrow electron beam to collect high-resolution, high-magnification images of backscattered electrons emitted from sample surfaces.
Which is/are flase about Transmission Electron Microscopes?
Used to observe fine structure of cells for internal ultrastructure of cells.
Uses a particle beam of electrons to visualize specimens and generate a highly-condensed image.
Can magnify objects up to 2 million times.
Uses a particle beam of electrons to visualize specimens and generate a highly-magnified image.
What is the total magnification of TEM?
20,000,000x
arm; anything that supports the microscope.
Groups of microscope parts
Mechanical supporting system
magnification, where personnel would look at.
Groups of microscope parts
Optical system
source of light, regulation.
Groups of microscope parts
Illumination system
focusing of the objectives into the specimen and sharpening of image.
Groups of microscope parts
Adjustment system
Supports the microscope overall.
Mechanical Supporting System
Base
supports the tube and connects it to the base.
Wherein nose piece, lenses, eyepiece are connected.
Mechanical Supporting System
Arm
horizontal platform with central opening.
Has a hole in the middle where the sample is placed.
Where light focuses on the sample.
Mechanical Supporting System
Stage
holds two or more objective lenses and can be rotated to easily change power; where objective lenses are connected into.
Mechanical Supporting System
Revolving nose piece or Turret
gives controlled movement to the object on the slide.
Mechanical Supporting System
Mechanical stage
one or more lenses held in position by hollow metal cylinder.
Optical System
Objectives
consist of upper eye lens and lower field lens.
Optical System
Eyepiece
How to get the total magnification?
Optical System
magnification of eyepiece x magnification of objective
What’s the usual magnification of eyepiece?
Optical System
10x or 15x
This system is where its light is focused onto the specimen, uneven brightness.
Illumination System
Critical
This system is where its light is evenly distributed across the specimen.
Illumination System
Koehler
day light (simple) and electric light (compound).
Illumination System
Source of light
reflect light rays from light source to object, one side is concave and other side is plane.
Illumination System
Mirror
used for near light sources.
Illumination System
Convace mirror
used for distant sources of lighted daylight.
Illumination System
Plane mirror
focus the light onto the specimen and control illumination of light into the sample.
Illumination System
Condenser
used to regulate the amount of light passing into the condenser.
Illumination System
Diaphragm
contains blue and white filter below condenser.
Illumination System
Filter
raises or lowers the stage to bring image into focus.
Adjustment System
Coarse adjusment knob
brings image into sharp focus.
Adjustment System
Fine adjusment knob
on and off of lights.
Other Parts
Power switch
for holding the slide onto the stage.
Other Parts
Stage clips
for having the maximum and minimum lowering and raising of the stage.
Other Parts
Stage stop
adjustment of stages and moving it from left to right.
Other Parts
Stage adjusment
focusing the light into your specimen and controlling light illumination.
Other Parts
Condenser adjusment
for regulation of light intensity.
Other Parts
Rhoestat control knob
Which is/are flase about proper use of the microscope?
Place the microscope on a clean and flat surface.
When carrying your microscope, always use one hand.
Plug in and turn on the in-base illuminator.
Proper Use of the Microscope
When carrying your microscope, always use two hands.
Which is/are flase about proper use of the microscope?
Rotate the revolving nosepiece to the highest power objective lens.
Turn on the microscope.
Make sure that the light density is at the highest point.
Proper Use of the Microscope
Rotate the revolving nosepiece to the lowest power objective lens.
Make sure that the light density is at the lowest point.
Which is/are flase about proper use of the microscope?
Mount your specimen onto the stage using its objectives.
Rotate the focus knob/coarse adjustment knob until the objective lens hovers over the slide.
Adjust the mirror, illuminator, and/or diaphragm for maximum light exposure.
Proper Use of the Microscope
Mount your specimen onto the stage using its metal clips.
Which is/are flase about proper use of the microscope?
Adjust the coarse and fine adjustment knobs until the image is focused.
Switch to the next powerful objective lens and make final focus adjustments. Proper sequence: scanner > HPO > LPO (for tissue) > OIO (for blood cells)
Examine your specimen. Always keep both eyes open.
Proper Use of the Microscope
Switch to the next powerful objective lens and make final focus adjustments. Proper sequence: scanner > LPO > HPO (for tissue) > OIO (for blood cells)
Which is/are flase about proper use of the microscope?
Disinfect the eyepiece and nosepiece.
Remove and store your microscope’s slides.
Put the objective lens and nose piece on the highest power objective. Maybe HPO or OIO.
Proper Use of the Microscope
Clean, remove, and store your microscope’s slides.
Put the objective lens and nose piece on the lowest power objective. Maybe LPO or scanner.
Which is/are flase about proper use of the microscope?
Turn off your microscope’s light.
Unplug the cord, wrap it up, and secure it with a tie.
Cover the body of your microscope with a microscope dust cover.
Proper Use of the Microscope
None
