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MT-MLS105 (ANAPHY) > Circulatory System > Flashcards

Circulatory System Flashcards

1
Q

Responsible for carrying oxygen, nutrients, hormones. Remove waste products like carbon dioxide from the body.

A

Circulatory System

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2
Q

Circulatory System is composed of the following?

A

Blood
Vascular System
Heart

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3
Q

Vascular System is composed of?

A

Capillaries
Veins
Arteries

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4
Q

What is this function of Circulatory System?

Through blood vessels, the blood is transported from the heart to all body tissues for proper body functioning.

A

Carries Blood.

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5
Q

What is this function of Circulatory System?

Hormones, components of the immune system, molecules (required for coagulation), nutrients, gases, waste products.

A

Transports substances.

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6
Q

What is this function of Circulatory System?

Through proper functioning of the heart and circulatory system to maintain normal pressure within normal range of values.

A

Helps regulate blood pressure.

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7
Q

What is this function of Circulatory System?

Maintain body homeostasis (self-regulating process in which living organisms can maintain normal stability while adjusting to changing external environments).

A

Directs blood flows to tissue.

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8
Q

Another function of the Circulatory System.

A

Exchange nutrients, waste products, and gases with tissues.

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9
Q

Transporting fluid of the body in this system.

A

Blood

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10
Q

55% of blood

A

Plasma

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11
Q

Percentages of this components in the blood:

water
protein
other solutes.

A

91% water
7% protein
2% other solutes.

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12
Q

Liquid portion of blood without its cellular elements

A

clear cellular matrix.

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13
Q

Blood contains different proteins what are they?

A

Albumin (most abundant) Globulin
Fibrinogen (for blood clotting)
Prothrombin.

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14
Q

name given to plasma after a blood clot is formed, does not contain fibrinogen.

A

Serum

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15
Q

Formed Elements: _____ of blood

A

45%

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16
Q

1% ___________, 99% RBCs.

A

buffy coat

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17
Q

red blood cells

A

Erythrocytes

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18
Q

white blood cells

A

Leukocytes

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19
Q

platelets

A

Thrombocytes

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20
Q
  • Biconcave shaped.
  • No nucleus.
  • Cytoplasm densely filled with hemoglobin.
A

Red Blood Cells

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21
Q

Lifespan of Red Blood Cells.

A

120 days

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22
Q

Total RBC count: (in microliter)

A

Female: 4.2–5.4 x 10^12/L
Male: 4.5–6.2 x 10^12/L

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23
Q

formation of blood cells (RBCs, WBCs, platelets).

A

Hematopoiesis

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24
Q

process by which RBCs are produced.

A

Erythropoiesis

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25
Q

Body’s natural defense against injury and disease. Have nuclei and no pigment.

A

White Blood Cells

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26
Q

Types of WBC based on the ________ of their cytoplasmic granules and there of also type of WBC based on their ________.

A

density
functions

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27
Q

obvious granules, granulated, have polymorphic nuclei with two or more lobes.

A

Granulocytes

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28
Q

Examples of Granulocytes

A

neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils

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29
Q

few or no granules, do not have specific granules but have azurophilic granules (lysosomes), nucleus is round or indented.

A

Agranulocytes

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30
Q

WBCs that use phagocytosis to engulf bacteria, viruses, and other foreign particles to protect the body.

A

Phagocytes

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31
Q

Example of Phagocytes

A

basophils, neutrophils, eosinophils, monocytes

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32
Q

usually involved or related in the immune response of the body.

A

Immunocytes

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33
Q

Total WBC count.

A

3.6–10.6

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34
Q
  • 3 to 5 nuclear lobes (respond to bacterial infections).
  • Specific granules stain light pink.
  • Responds to bacterial infection.
A

Neutrophils

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35
Q

Percentage of Neutrophils

A

50% to 70%

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36
Q
  • 2 nuclear lobes, bi-lobed (respond to parasitic infections and allergy).
  • Specific granules stain red-orange.
  • Responds to parasitic infection and allergy.
A

Eosinophils

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37
Q

Percentage of Eosinophils

A

1% to 4%

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38
Q
  • 2 nuclear lobes, often difficult to see (respond to hypersensitivity reactions through histamine release).
  • Specific granules stain blue-black.
  • Responds to hypersensitivity reactions through histamine release.
A

Basophils

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39
Q

Percentage of Basophils

A

0% to 2%

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40
Q
  • Spherical nucleus that stains dark blue.
  • Responsible for long-term immunity.
A

Lymphocytes

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41
Q

Percentage of Lymphocytes

A

20% to 40%

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42
Q

This type of Lymphocytes directly attack an infected or cancerous cell, from the thymus gland.

A

T-Lymphocytes

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43
Q

This type of Lymphocytes produce antibodies against specific antigens, synthesized in the bone marrow.

A

B-Lymphocytes

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44
Q
  • Indented, C-shaped, horse-shoe or kidney-shaped nucleus that stains blue.
  • Phagocytizes bacteria, dead cells, cell fragments and other debris within tissues.
A

Monocytes

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45
Q

Monocytes migrate into tissues where they transform into?

A

macrophages

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46
Q

Monocytes is the _________ blood in peripheral blood.

A

largest

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47
Q
  • Most abundant of the formed elements.
  • Non-nucleated.
  • Promotes blood clotting.
A

Platelets

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48
Q

Fragments of larger bone marrow cells called?

A

megakaryocytes

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49
Q

Platelet life spans

A

10 days

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50
Q

Platelet count

A

150–450 x 10^9/L

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51
Q

Blood vessel walls consist of 3 layers EXCEPT in?

A

capillaries

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52
Q
  • Innermost layer (exposed to the blood).
  • Simple squamous epithelium (endothelium) and thin subendothelial layer of loose connective tissue.
A

Tunica intima or interna

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53
Q

small amount of connective tissues and a simple squamous epithelium.

A

Endothelium

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54
Q

Tunica intima has _________ which separates the tunica intima from the tunica media.

A

internal elastic lamina

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55
Q

Internal elastic lamina is composed of _______ with holes that allows the diffusion of substances to nourish cells in the blood vessel.

A

elastin

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56
Q
  • Middle and the thickest layer.
  • Smooth muscle and external elastic tissue.
A

Tunica Media

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57
Q

Smooth muscle and External elastic tissue of Tunica Media allows?

A

the blood vessel to change in diameter

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58
Q

Tunica Media has an _____________________ which separates the tunica media from the tunica adventitia.

A

external elastic membrane

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59
Q
  • Outer layer.
  • Made up of strong, flexible fibrous connective tissue
A

Tunica Adventitia or Externa

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60
Q

The strong, flexible fibrous connective tissue of Tunica Adventitia.

A

Type I collagen and elastic fibers

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61
Q

Type I collagen and elastic fibers ________ and _________ the blood vessels.

A

supports
protects

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62
Q
  • Most common and the smallest blood vessels.
  • Connect the arterioles with venules.
A

Capillaries

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63
Q

Metabolic exchange between blood and surrounding tissues via diffusion to transcytosis.

A

“Exchange vessels.”

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64
Q

The most common type of capillaries.

A

Continous

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65
Q

This type of capillary has small circular fenestrae through the very thin squamous epithelial cells.

A

Fenestrated

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66
Q

Where can Fenestrated be found?

A

kidneys
intestines
endocrine glands

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67
Q

This type of capillary permits maximal exchange of macromolecules between tissues and blood.

A

Sinusoidal

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68
Q

Carry oxygenated blood to all parts of the body.

A

Arteries

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69
Q

conducting arteries

A

Elastic Arteries

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70
Q

Elastic Arteries has the largest diameter and?

A

thickest wall

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71
Q

Elastic Arteries expand as blood surges into them and recoil when?

A

ventricles relax

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72
Q

Examples of Elastic Arteries.

A

aorta and common carotid artery

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73
Q

distributing arteries

A

Muscular Arteries

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74
Q

Muscular Arteries is medium-sized and has a?

A

small diameter

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75
Q

Muscular Arteries Carry blood further away from the heart to?

A

specific areas of the body

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76
Q

Examples of Muscular Arteries.

A

brachial
femoral
renal arteries.

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77
Q

This artery delivers blood to capillaries and is the smallest artery.

A

Arterioles

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78
Q

Principal Artery of Head and face.

A

Common Carotid

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79
Q

Principal Artery of Brain, orbits (eye) and 80% of cerebrum.

A

Internal Carotid

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80
Q

Principal Artery of Face, supply most of the external head structures.

A

External Carotid

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81
Q

Principal Artery of Spinal column and brain.

A

Vertebral

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82
Q

Principal Artery of Right arm, head and shoulder.

A

Brachiocephalic

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83
Q

Principal Artery of Shoulder.

A

Subclavian

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84
Q

Principal Artery of Axilla, continuation of the subclavian artery.

A

Axillary

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85
Q

Principal Artery of Upper arm and elbow area, continuation of axillary artery, artery of the most often used for routine blood pressure measurement.

A

Brachial

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86
Q

Principal Artery of Often palpated to measure the pulse.

A

Radial Artery

87
Q

Principal Artery of Chest cavity.

A

Thoracic Aorta

88
Q

Principal Artery of Spleen.

A

Splenic

89
Q

Principal Artery of Liver.

A

Hepatic

90
Q

Principal Artery of Small intestines and colon.

A

Superior Mesenteric

91
Q

Principal Artery of Kidney.

A

Renal

92
Q

Principal Artery of Lower abdomen.

A

Common Iliac

93
Q

Major Arteries __________the Iliac Arteries.

A

branches off

94
Q

Major Artery of Pelvis and bladder.

A

Internal Iliac

95
Q

Major Artery of Groin and lower leg.

A

External Iliac

96
Q

Major Artery of Groin.

A

Femoral

97
Q

Major Artery of Knee Area.

A

Popliteal

98
Q

Major Artery of Anterior lower leg.

A

Anterior Tibialis

99
Q

Major Artery of Posterior lower leg.

A

Posterior Tibialis

100
Q

Major Artery of Ankle.

A

Dorsalis Pedis

101
Q

7 Locations to Feel the Pulse

A

Temporal Artery
Carotid Artery
Brachial Artery
Radial Artery
Femoral Artery
Popliteal Artery
Dorsalis Pedis Artery

102
Q

Supply pelvic organs including thigh and lower extremities.

A

Iliac Arteries

103
Q
  • Areas susceptible for injuries that can result in hemorrhage or nerve damage.
  • Pulse can also be dedicated in this area.
A

Femoral Triangle

104
Q
  • Carry deoxygenated blood away from the capillaries to the heart.
  • Walls are much thinner than those of arteries because they do not have to withstand high internal pressure.
A

Veins

105
Q

3 types of Veins

A

Large veins
Medium-sized veins
Venules

106
Q

Venules collect blood from capillaries and drain into?

A

veins

107
Q

Principal Vein of Face.

A

External Jugular

108
Q

Principal Vein of Head and neck.

A

Internal Jugular

109
Q

Principal Vein of Head and shoulder.

A

Brachiocephalic

110
Q

Principal Vein of Shoulder and upper limbs.

A

Subclavian

111
Q

Principal Vein of Upper part of body.

A

Superior Vena cava

112
Q

Principal Vein of Lower part of body and abdomen area.

A

Inferior Vena Cava

113
Q

External Jugular Vein is the more superficial of the jugular vein. It drains blood from the?

A

scalp, facial muscle, and other superficial structures

114
Q

The Internal Jugular Vein receives moves of the blood from the brain and face. It merges with the ____________ in which in return becomes the Brachiocephalic Vein.

A

Subclavian Vein

115
Q

Drains into your Superior Vena cava.

A

Brachiocephalic Vein

116
Q

Body’s Main Vein

A

Vena Cava

117
Q

Superior Vena Cava receives blood from?

A

head, shoulder, and arms

118
Q

Principal Vein of Shoulder and axilla.

A

Cephalic

119
Q

Principal Vein of Upper arm.

A

Brachial

120
Q

Principal Vein of Lower arm and wrist.

A

Radial

121
Q

Principal Vein of Axilla

A

Axillary

122
Q

Principal Vein of Liver.

A

Hepatic

123
Q

Principal Vein of Kidney.

A

Renal

124
Q

Principal Vein of Organs of digestion.

A

Hepatic portal

125
Q

Principal Vein of Spleen.

A

Splenic

126
Q

Principal Vein of Small intestine and colon.

A

Superior mesenteric

127
Q

Cephalic Vein is the frequent site for the administration of?

A

intravenous fluid

128
Q

Most common site for growing blood or for blood extractions.

A

Median Cubital vein

129
Q

Principal Vein of Upper leg.

A

Great saphenous

130
Q

Principal Vein of Upper leg and groin.

A

Femoral

131
Q

Principal Vein of Knee.

A

Popliteal

132
Q

Principal Vein of Posterior leg.

A

Posterior tibialis

133
Q

Principal Vein of Foot.

A

Dorsal venous arch

134
Q
  • Longest vein of the body.
  • Frequently harvested for use as a graph in coronary artery bypass surgery.
A

Great Saphenous Vein

135
Q

Located posteriorly between the 2nd costal cartilage and the 6th costal cartilage.

A

Heart

136
Q

Broadest part, at the upper right of the heart.

A

Base

137
Q

Base is where the ____________ enter and leave the heart.

A

great vessels

138
Q

Pointed end, at the lower left of heart.

A

Apex

139
Q

Apex is the point of the maximum impulse where the?

A

strongest or loudest beat could be felt or heard

140
Q

Although the heart is centrally located its axis of symmetry is not along the middle. The heart apex’s lies on the _________ and points to the left of the body because of the heart beat felt or heard easily at the apex part.

A

diaphragm

141
Q
  • Surrounds the heart
  • Double layer of fibrous tissue
A

Pericardium

142
Q

Outermost layer of pericardium.

A

Fibrous Pericardium

143
Q

Innermost layer of pericardium.

A

Serous Pericardium

144
Q

lines the inside of the fibrous pericardium

A

Parietal layer

145
Q

covers the heart’s surface

A

Visceral layer/Epicardium

146
Q

____________ contains lubricating fluid called pericardial fluid.

A

Pericardial Cavity

147
Q

Pericardial Cavity is located between the?

A

Fibrous and Serous

148
Q

The fluid inside Pericardial cavity prevents the 2 layers from rubbing against each other and?

A

creating friction as the heart beats

149
Q

Fibrous is a _______________ of strong connective tissue and it is the outermost layer.

A

loose fitting sac

150
Q
  • Inner layer
  • Consist of squamous epithelial cells
  • Covers the heart valves and lines the heart’s chambers and blood vessels
A

Endocardium

151
Q
  • Middle layer
  • Cardiac muscle tissue
  • Thickest
  • Performs the work of the heart
A

Myocardium

152
Q

Myocardium is capable of constant contractions and relaxation that creates the pumping movement that is necessary to?

A

maintain the flow of the blood throughout the body

153
Q
  • Visceral Layer
  • Outer layer
  • Consists of a thin layer of squamous epithelial cells that covers the heart surface.
A

Epicardium

154
Q

upper chambers

A

Right and Left Atrium

155
Q

lower chambers

A

Right and Left Ventricles

156
Q
  • Located between the atria and the ventricles
  • Regulates the blood flow between the atria and ventricles.
A

Atrioventricular (AV) Valves

157
Q

prevents backflow from the RV to RA

A

Tricuspid Valve

158
Q

prevents backflow from LV to LA

A

Bicuspid (Mitral) Valve

159
Q

prevents back flow from RA to RV

A

Pulmonary Valve

160
Q

prevents back flow from Aorta to LV

A

Aortic Valve

161
Q

Pulmonary Valve and Aortic Valve are types of?

A

Semilunar Valves

162
Q

Bring deoxygenated blood to the right atrium from all the parts of the body.

A

Superior and Inferior Vena Cava

163
Q

Takes blood away from the right ventricle to the lungs for oxygen.

A

Pulmonary Artery

164
Q

Bring oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium.

A

Pulmonary Veins

165
Q

Takes blood away from the left ventricle to the rest of the body.

A

Aorta

166
Q

Receives blood from the coronary veins and empties blood into the right atrium.

A

Coronary Sinus

167
Q

System of blood vessels that carries blood from the right ventricle through the lungs and back to the left atrium.

A

Pulmonary Circulation

168
Q

Pulmonary Circulation includes network of _______, _______, and ___________ that functions to exchange blood to other tissue fluid between the heart and lungs and vice versa.

A

arteries
veins
lymphatics

169
Q

Our pulmonary arteries carry oxygen-poor blood (deoxygenated blood) from?

A

the heart to the lungs

170
Q

While the blood is in the lungs, the blood diverges into the __________________________. Where it releases carbon dioxide and it is replenished by the oxygen.

A

numerous pulmonary arteries

171
Q

System of blood vessels that carries blood from the left ventricle through all parts of the body and back to the right atrium.

A

Systemic Circulation

172
Q

This circulation it carries oxygen-rich blood (oxygenated blood) from the?

A

left ventricle to the arteries to the capillaries and other body tissues

173
Q

Decreased RBC count with abnormal hemoglobin.

A

Anemia

174
Q

Increased RBC count.

A

Polycythemia

175
Q

Increased RBCs, WBCs, and platelets.

A

Polycythemia vera

176
Q

An elevated WBC count.

A

Leukocytosis

177
Q

An abnormally low WBC count.

A

Leukopenia

178
Q

Cancer of the blood or bone marrow.

A

Leukemia

179
Q

An elevated platelet count.

A

Thrombocytosis

180
Q

An abnormally low platelet count.

A

Thrombocytopenia

181
Q

The formation of blood clot in a blood vessel.

A

Thrombosis

182
Q

Localized clotted mass of blood.

A

Hematoma

183
Q

The ballooning out of an artery caused by a weakening of the blood vessel.

A

Aneurysm

184
Q

Aneurysm happens when the blood flowing through arteries is in _____________. Then if the portion of arterial wall weakens the blood inside the artery will push again the weak area causes bulging.

A

high pressure

185
Q

Most common site of Aneurysm.

A

aorta, renal arteries, and circle of arteries at the base of the brain

186
Q

Most common cause of Aneurysm is the development of? It could also result from congenital weakness of blood vessels, trauma, or bacterial infection.

A

atherosclerosis combined with high blood pressure

187
Q

If the Aneurysm ruptures massive __________ will result even without rupturing the aneurysm could cause pain and puts pressure on the surrounding nerves, tissues, and organs.

A

hemorrhage

188
Q

Occurs when the arterial walls thicken.

A

Arteriosclerosis

189
Q

Occurs when deposits of fat form along the walls of the arteries.

A

Atherosclerosis

190
Q

Swollen veins result from a slowing of blood flow back to the heart.

A

Varicose veins

191
Q
  • High blood pressure/Silent Killer
A

Hypertension

192
Q

That’s why when the patient is hypertensive the medical staff always check their heart activity. Because hypertension could be the chief risk factor of?

A

stroke, heart failure, and may also lead to kidney damage

193
Q

Generally, a person is considered hypertensive if the systolic blood pressure is greater than _________ and the diastolic pressure is greater than _________.

A

140mmHg
90mmHg

194
Q

Peak or maximum arterial pressure during the ventricular activity contraction or systole.

A

Systolic pressure

195
Q

Minimum arterial pressure during ventricular relaxation or diastole.

A

Diastolic pressure

196
Q

The sound we hear when we take the blood pressure using a sphygmomanometer is?

A

Korotkoff/s sound

197
Q

Hypertension requires the heart to work?

A

harder than normal

198
Q

If a patient has hypertension it also increases the rate of development of arteriosclerosis. If that happens it will increase the rate of the probability to?

A

have blood clot and the blood vessel will rupture

199
Q

Any change or deviation from the normal rate of rhythm of the heart.

A

Arrhythmia

200
Q

slow heart rate (fewer than 60 beats/min)

A

Bradycardia

201
Q

rapid heart rate (more than 100 beats/min)

A

Tachycardia

202
Q

Indicate some defects in the valves of the heart.

A

Murmurs

203
Q

Heart attack; Caused by a lack of blood supply to the myocardium.

A

Myocardial Infarction

204
Q

Inflammation of the outer membrane covering the heart.

A

Pericarditis

205
Q

Inflammation of the heart muscle.

A

Myocarditis

206
Q

Inflammation of the membrane that lines the heart and covers the wall.

A

Endocarditis

207
Q
  • Temporary heart condition
  • This is due to the disruption of the heart’s normal function in one area of the heart.
A

Broken Heart Syndrome/Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy

208
Q

It is called Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy because it refers to _____________________ or stress cardiomyopathy.

A

apical ballooning syndrome

209
Q

Broken Heart Syndrome/Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy is brought on by?

A

Stressful situations

210
Q

People with broken heart syndrome may have sudden chest pain or think they’re having a?

A

heart attack

211
Q

Broken heart syndrome could be caused by heart reaction because of?

A

stress hormones

212
Q

Symptoms of Broken Heart Syndrome/Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy

A

Chest Pain
Shortness of breath

213
Q

Broken Heart Syndrome/Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy’s symptoms are treatable and the condition reverses itself within?

A

days or weeks

MT-MLS105 (ANAPHY) (15 decks)

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