Circulatory System Flashcards
Responsible for carrying oxygen, nutrients, hormones. Remove waste products like carbon dioxide from the body.
Circulatory System
Circulatory System is composed of the following?
Blood
Vascular System
Heart
Vascular System is composed of?
Capillaries
Veins
Arteries
What is this function of Circulatory System?
Through blood vessels, the blood is transported from the heart to all body tissues for proper body functioning.
Carries Blood.
What is this function of Circulatory System?
Hormones, components of the immune system, molecules (required for coagulation), nutrients, gases, waste products.
Transports substances.
What is this function of Circulatory System?
Through proper functioning of the heart and circulatory system to maintain normal pressure within normal range of values.
Helps regulate blood pressure.
What is this function of Circulatory System?
Maintain body homeostasis (self-regulating process in which living organisms can maintain normal stability while adjusting to changing external environments).
Directs blood flows to tissue.
Another function of the Circulatory System.
Exchange nutrients, waste products, and gases with tissues.
Transporting fluid of the body in this system.
Blood
55% of blood
Plasma
Percentages of this components in the blood:
water
protein
other solutes.
91% water
7% protein
2% other solutes.
Liquid portion of blood without its cellular elements
clear cellular matrix.
Blood contains different proteins what are they?
Albumin (most abundant) Globulin
Fibrinogen (for blood clotting)
Prothrombin.
name given to plasma after a blood clot is formed, does not contain fibrinogen.
Serum
Formed Elements: _____ of blood
45%
1% ___________, 99% RBCs.
buffy coat
red blood cells
Erythrocytes
white blood cells
Leukocytes
platelets
Thrombocytes
- Biconcave shaped.
- No nucleus.
- Cytoplasm densely filled with hemoglobin.
Red Blood Cells
Lifespan of Red Blood Cells.
120 days
Total RBC count: (in microliter)
Female: 4.2–5.4 x 10^12/L
Male: 4.5–6.2 x 10^12/L
formation of blood cells (RBCs, WBCs, platelets).
Hematopoiesis
process by which RBCs are produced.
Erythropoiesis
Body’s natural defense against injury and disease. Have nuclei and no pigment.
White Blood Cells
Types of WBC based on the ________ of their cytoplasmic granules and there of also type of WBC based on their ________.
density
functions
obvious granules, granulated, have polymorphic nuclei with two or more lobes.
Granulocytes
Examples of Granulocytes
neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils
few or no granules, do not have specific granules but have azurophilic granules (lysosomes), nucleus is round or indented.
Agranulocytes
WBCs that use phagocytosis to engulf bacteria, viruses, and other foreign particles to protect the body.
Phagocytes
Example of Phagocytes
basophils, neutrophils, eosinophils, monocytes
usually involved or related in the immune response of the body.
Immunocytes
Total WBC count.
3.6–10.6
- 3 to 5 nuclear lobes (respond to bacterial infections).
- Specific granules stain light pink.
- Responds to bacterial infection.
Neutrophils
Percentage of Neutrophils
50% to 70%
- 2 nuclear lobes, bi-lobed (respond to parasitic infections and allergy).
- Specific granules stain red-orange.
- Responds to parasitic infection and allergy.
Eosinophils
Percentage of Eosinophils
1% to 4%
- 2 nuclear lobes, often difficult to see (respond to hypersensitivity reactions through histamine release).
- Specific granules stain blue-black.
- Responds to hypersensitivity reactions through histamine release.
Basophils
Percentage of Basophils
0% to 2%
- Spherical nucleus that stains dark blue.
- Responsible for long-term immunity.
Lymphocytes
Percentage of Lymphocytes
20% to 40%
This type of Lymphocytes directly attack an infected or cancerous cell, from the thymus gland.
T-Lymphocytes
This type of Lymphocytes produce antibodies against specific antigens, synthesized in the bone marrow.
B-Lymphocytes
- Indented, C-shaped, horse-shoe or kidney-shaped nucleus that stains blue.
- Phagocytizes bacteria, dead cells, cell fragments and other debris within tissues.
Monocytes
Monocytes migrate into tissues where they transform into?
macrophages
Monocytes is the _________ blood in peripheral blood.
largest
- Most abundant of the formed elements.
- Non-nucleated.
- Promotes blood clotting.
Platelets
Fragments of larger bone marrow cells called?
megakaryocytes
Platelet life spans
10 days
Platelet count
150–450 x 10^9/L
Blood vessel walls consist of 3 layers EXCEPT in?
capillaries
- Innermost layer (exposed to the blood).
- Simple squamous epithelium (endothelium) and thin subendothelial layer of loose connective tissue.
Tunica intima or interna
small amount of connective tissues and a simple squamous epithelium.
Endothelium
Tunica intima has _________ which separates the tunica intima from the tunica media.
internal elastic lamina
Internal elastic lamina is composed of _______ with holes that allows the diffusion of substances to nourish cells in the blood vessel.
elastin
- Middle and the thickest layer.
- Smooth muscle and external elastic tissue.
Tunica Media
Smooth muscle and External elastic tissue of Tunica Media allows?
the blood vessel to change in diameter
Tunica Media has an _____________________ which separates the tunica media from the tunica adventitia.
external elastic membrane
- Outer layer.
- Made up of strong, flexible fibrous connective tissue
Tunica Adventitia or Externa
The strong, flexible fibrous connective tissue of Tunica Adventitia.
Type I collagen and elastic fibers
Type I collagen and elastic fibers ________ and _________ the blood vessels.
supports
protects
- Most common and the smallest blood vessels.
- Connect the arterioles with venules.
Capillaries
Metabolic exchange between blood and surrounding tissues via diffusion to transcytosis.
“Exchange vessels.”
The most common type of capillaries.
Continous
This type of capillary has small circular fenestrae through the very thin squamous epithelial cells.
Fenestrated
Where can Fenestrated be found?
kidneys
intestines
endocrine glands
This type of capillary permits maximal exchange of macromolecules between tissues and blood.
Sinusoidal
Carry oxygenated blood to all parts of the body.
Arteries
conducting arteries
Elastic Arteries
Elastic Arteries has the largest diameter and?
thickest wall
Elastic Arteries expand as blood surges into them and recoil when?
ventricles relax
Examples of Elastic Arteries.
aorta and common carotid artery
distributing arteries
Muscular Arteries
Muscular Arteries is medium-sized and has a?
small diameter
Muscular Arteries Carry blood further away from the heart to?
specific areas of the body
Examples of Muscular Arteries.
brachial
femoral
renal arteries.
This artery delivers blood to capillaries and is the smallest artery.
Arterioles
Principal Artery of Head and face.
Common Carotid
Principal Artery of Brain, orbits (eye) and 80% of cerebrum.
Internal Carotid
Principal Artery of Face, supply most of the external head structures.
External Carotid
Principal Artery of Spinal column and brain.
Vertebral
Principal Artery of Right arm, head and shoulder.
Brachiocephalic
Principal Artery of Shoulder.
Subclavian
Principal Artery of Axilla, continuation of the subclavian artery.
Axillary
Principal Artery of Upper arm and elbow area, continuation of axillary artery, artery of the most often used for routine blood pressure measurement.
Brachial
Principal Artery of Often palpated to measure the pulse.
Radial Artery
Principal Artery of Chest cavity.
Thoracic Aorta
Principal Artery of Spleen.
Splenic
Principal Artery of Liver.
Hepatic
Principal Artery of Small intestines and colon.
Superior Mesenteric
Principal Artery of Kidney.
Renal
Principal Artery of Lower abdomen.
Common Iliac
Major Arteries __________the Iliac Arteries.
branches off
Major Artery of Pelvis and bladder.
Internal Iliac
Major Artery of Groin and lower leg.
External Iliac
Major Artery of Groin.
Femoral
Major Artery of Knee Area.
Popliteal
Major Artery of Anterior lower leg.
Anterior Tibialis
Major Artery of Posterior lower leg.
Posterior Tibialis
Major Artery of Ankle.
Dorsalis Pedis
7 Locations to Feel the Pulse
Temporal Artery
Carotid Artery
Brachial Artery
Radial Artery
Femoral Artery
Popliteal Artery
Dorsalis Pedis Artery
Supply pelvic organs including thigh and lower extremities.
Iliac Arteries
- Areas susceptible for injuries that can result in hemorrhage or nerve damage.
- Pulse can also be dedicated in this area.
Femoral Triangle
- Carry deoxygenated blood away from the capillaries to the heart.
- Walls are much thinner than those of arteries because they do not have to withstand high internal pressure.
Veins
3 types of Veins
Large veins
Medium-sized veins
Venules
Venules collect blood from capillaries and drain into?
veins
Principal Vein of Face.
External Jugular
Principal Vein of Head and neck.
Internal Jugular
Principal Vein of Head and shoulder.
Brachiocephalic
Principal Vein of Shoulder and upper limbs.
Subclavian
Principal Vein of Upper part of body.
Superior Vena cava
Principal Vein of Lower part of body and abdomen area.
Inferior Vena Cava
External Jugular Vein is the more superficial of the jugular vein. It drains blood from the?
scalp, facial muscle, and other superficial structures
The Internal Jugular Vein receives moves of the blood from the brain and face. It merges with the ____________ in which in return becomes the Brachiocephalic Vein.
Subclavian Vein
Drains into your Superior Vena cava.
Brachiocephalic Vein
Body’s Main Vein
Vena Cava
Superior Vena Cava receives blood from?
head, shoulder, and arms
Principal Vein of Shoulder and axilla.
Cephalic
Principal Vein of Upper arm.
Brachial
Principal Vein of Lower arm and wrist.
Radial
Principal Vein of Axilla
Axillary
Principal Vein of Liver.
Hepatic
Principal Vein of Kidney.
Renal
Principal Vein of Organs of digestion.
Hepatic portal
Principal Vein of Spleen.
Splenic
Principal Vein of Small intestine and colon.
Superior mesenteric
Cephalic Vein is the frequent site for the administration of?
intravenous fluid
Most common site for growing blood or for blood extractions.
Median Cubital vein
Principal Vein of Upper leg.
Great saphenous
Principal Vein of Upper leg and groin.
Femoral
Principal Vein of Knee.
Popliteal
Principal Vein of Posterior leg.
Posterior tibialis
Principal Vein of Foot.
Dorsal venous arch
- Longest vein of the body.
- Frequently harvested for use as a graph in coronary artery bypass surgery.
Great Saphenous Vein
Located posteriorly between the 2nd costal cartilage and the 6th costal cartilage.
Heart
Broadest part, at the upper right of the heart.
Base
Base is where the ____________ enter and leave the heart.
great vessels
Pointed end, at the lower left of heart.
Apex
Apex is the point of the maximum impulse where the?
strongest or loudest beat could be felt or heard
Although the heart is centrally located its axis of symmetry is not along the middle. The heart apex’s lies on the _________ and points to the left of the body because of the heart beat felt or heard easily at the apex part.
diaphragm
- Surrounds the heart
- Double layer of fibrous tissue
Pericardium
Outermost layer of pericardium.
Fibrous Pericardium
Innermost layer of pericardium.
Serous Pericardium
lines the inside of the fibrous pericardium
Parietal layer
covers the heart’s surface
Visceral layer/Epicardium
____________ contains lubricating fluid called pericardial fluid.
Pericardial Cavity
Pericardial Cavity is located between the?
Fibrous and Serous
The fluid inside Pericardial cavity prevents the 2 layers from rubbing against each other and?
creating friction as the heart beats
Fibrous is a _______________ of strong connective tissue and it is the outermost layer.
loose fitting sac
- Inner layer
- Consist of squamous epithelial cells
- Covers the heart valves and lines the heart’s chambers and blood vessels
Endocardium
- Middle layer
- Cardiac muscle tissue
- Thickest
- Performs the work of the heart
Myocardium
Myocardium is capable of constant contractions and relaxation that creates the pumping movement that is necessary to?
maintain the flow of the blood throughout the body
- Visceral Layer
- Outer layer
- Consists of a thin layer of squamous epithelial cells that covers the heart surface.
Epicardium
upper chambers
Right and Left Atrium
lower chambers
Right and Left Ventricles
- Located between the atria and the ventricles
- Regulates the blood flow between the atria and ventricles.
Atrioventricular (AV) Valves
prevents backflow from the RV to RA
Tricuspid Valve
prevents backflow from LV to LA
Bicuspid (Mitral) Valve
prevents back flow from RA to RV
Pulmonary Valve
prevents back flow from Aorta to LV
Aortic Valve
Pulmonary Valve and Aortic Valve are types of?
Semilunar Valves
Bring deoxygenated blood to the right atrium from all the parts of the body.
Superior and Inferior Vena Cava
Takes blood away from the right ventricle to the lungs for oxygen.
Pulmonary Artery
Bring oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium.
Pulmonary Veins
Takes blood away from the left ventricle to the rest of the body.
Aorta
Receives blood from the coronary veins and empties blood into the right atrium.
Coronary Sinus
System of blood vessels that carries blood from the right ventricle through the lungs and back to the left atrium.
Pulmonary Circulation
Pulmonary Circulation includes network of _______, _______, and ___________ that functions to exchange blood to other tissue fluid between the heart and lungs and vice versa.
arteries
veins
lymphatics
Our pulmonary arteries carry oxygen-poor blood (deoxygenated blood) from?
the heart to the lungs
While the blood is in the lungs, the blood diverges into the __________________________. Where it releases carbon dioxide and it is replenished by the oxygen.
numerous pulmonary arteries
System of blood vessels that carries blood from the left ventricle through all parts of the body and back to the right atrium.
Systemic Circulation
This circulation it carries oxygen-rich blood (oxygenated blood) from the?
left ventricle to the arteries to the capillaries and other body tissues
Decreased RBC count with abnormal hemoglobin.
Anemia
Increased RBC count.
Polycythemia
Increased RBCs, WBCs, and platelets.
Polycythemia vera
An elevated WBC count.
Leukocytosis
An abnormally low WBC count.
Leukopenia
Cancer of the blood or bone marrow.
Leukemia
An elevated platelet count.
Thrombocytosis
An abnormally low platelet count.
Thrombocytopenia
The formation of blood clot in a blood vessel.
Thrombosis
Localized clotted mass of blood.
Hematoma
The ballooning out of an artery caused by a weakening of the blood vessel.
Aneurysm
Aneurysm happens when the blood flowing through arteries is in _____________. Then if the portion of arterial wall weakens the blood inside the artery will push again the weak area causes bulging.
high pressure
Most common site of Aneurysm.
aorta, renal arteries, and circle of arteries at the base of the brain
Most common cause of Aneurysm is the development of? It could also result from congenital weakness of blood vessels, trauma, or bacterial infection.
atherosclerosis combined with high blood pressure
If the Aneurysm ruptures massive __________ will result even without rupturing the aneurysm could cause pain and puts pressure on the surrounding nerves, tissues, and organs.
hemorrhage
Occurs when the arterial walls thicken.
Arteriosclerosis
Occurs when deposits of fat form along the walls of the arteries.
Atherosclerosis
Swollen veins result from a slowing of blood flow back to the heart.
Varicose veins
- High blood pressure/Silent Killer
Hypertension
That’s why when the patient is hypertensive the medical staff always check their heart activity. Because hypertension could be the chief risk factor of?
stroke, heart failure, and may also lead to kidney damage
Generally, a person is considered hypertensive if the systolic blood pressure is greater than _________ and the diastolic pressure is greater than _________.
140mmHg
90mmHg
Peak or maximum arterial pressure during the ventricular activity contraction or systole.
Systolic pressure
Minimum arterial pressure during ventricular relaxation or diastole.
Diastolic pressure
The sound we hear when we take the blood pressure using a sphygmomanometer is?
Korotkoff/s sound
Hypertension requires the heart to work?
harder than normal
If a patient has hypertension it also increases the rate of development of arteriosclerosis. If that happens it will increase the rate of the probability to?
have blood clot and the blood vessel will rupture
Any change or deviation from the normal rate of rhythm of the heart.
Arrhythmia
slow heart rate (fewer than 60 beats/min)
Bradycardia
rapid heart rate (more than 100 beats/min)
Tachycardia
Indicate some defects in the valves of the heart.
Murmurs
Heart attack; Caused by a lack of blood supply to the myocardium.
Myocardial Infarction
Inflammation of the outer membrane covering the heart.
Pericarditis
Inflammation of the heart muscle.
Myocarditis
Inflammation of the membrane that lines the heart and covers the wall.
Endocarditis
- Temporary heart condition
- This is due to the disruption of the heart’s normal function in one area of the heart.
Broken Heart Syndrome/Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy
It is called Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy because it refers to _____________________ or stress cardiomyopathy.
apical ballooning syndrome
Broken Heart Syndrome/Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy is brought on by?
Stressful situations
People with broken heart syndrome may have sudden chest pain or think they’re having a?
heart attack
Broken heart syndrome could be caused by heart reaction because of?
stress hormones
Symptoms of Broken Heart Syndrome/Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy
Chest Pain
Shortness of breath
Broken Heart Syndrome/Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy’s symptoms are treatable and the condition reverses itself within?
days or weeks
