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MT-MLS105 (ANAPHY) > Cell Anatomy > Flashcards

Cell Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

A cell is defined as the __________ that is responsible for all of life’s processes.

A

smallest, basic unit of life

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2
Q

Humans have more cells compared to?

A

Bacteria

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3
Q

This is the study of cells from its basic structure to the function of every cell organelle.

A

CELL BIOLOGY

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4
Q

Who discovered the cell in 1665?

A

Robert Hooke

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5
Q

Consequently, he named those rooms as cells however he cannot see any details to those cells because he is only using what type of microscope?

A

Compound Microscope

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6
Q

2 types of cell

A

Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes

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7
Q

Fuctions of cell

A

Metabolize and release energy
Synthesize molecules
Communication
Reproduction and Inheritance

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8
Q

No Nucleus and a single celled microorganism

A

Prokaryotic Cell

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9
Q

True Nucleus and a multicellular organism

A

Eukaryotic Cell

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10
Q

Contains genetic material of the cell (DNA) and nucleoli; site of RNA synthesis and ribosomal subunit assembly.

A

Nucleus

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11
Q

How is RNA created?

A

through transcription of DNA

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12
Q

Has many ribosomes attached; site of protein synthesis

A

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER)

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13
Q

Site of lipid synthesis; participates in detoxification

A

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

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14
Q

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum stores also what?

A

Calcium

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15
Q

Site of protein synthesis

A

Ribosomes

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16
Q

Modifies protein structure and packages proteins in secretory vesicles.

A

Golgi Apparatus

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17
Q

Contains materials produced in the cell; formed by the Golgi apparatus; secreted by exocytosis.

A

Secretory Vesicles

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18
Q

Contains enzymes that digest material taken into the cell

A

Lyzosomes

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19
Q

Site of aerobic respiration and the major site of ATP synthesis (power).

A

Mitochondrion

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20
Q

Facilitate the movement of chromosomes during cell divisions.

A

Centrioles

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21
Q

Supports cytoplasm;assists in cell division and forms components of cilia and flagella. Has structures that give stability to cells.

A

Microtubule

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22
Q

Move substances over surfaces of certain cells. You can see these in our Respiratory and Digestive system.

A

Flagella

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23
Q

Increase surface area of certain cells for absorption and secretion modified to form sensory receptors. Usually found in Digestive system. (Organs that are responsible for absorption like small intestines.)

A

Microvilli

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24
Q

Outermost component of cells. Made out of Phospholipid layers which are double layers.

A

Plasma membrane

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25
Q

Boundary separates the substance inside the cell (________) to the substance outside the cells (_________)

A

INTRACELLULAR
EXTRACELLULAR

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26
Q

Ability to ___________ and __________ with other cells through plasma membrane

A

recognize
communicate

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27
Q

It determines what moves into and out of the cells.

A

Selective Permeable Membrane

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28
Q

PISO

A

Potassium In and Sodium Out

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29
Q

45-50% - lipids
45-50% -
4-8% -

Composition of Plasma Membrane

A

proteins
carbohydrates

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30
Q

Plasma Membrane is divided with your ___________ and ____________

Lipids of Plasma Membrane

A

phospholipid
cholesterol

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31
Q

In plasma membrane the Cholesterol in it gives?

A

strength and flexibility

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32
Q

This percentage in plasma membrane act as a membrane channel, the one that regulates ions.

A

Proteins

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33
Q

glycolipids + glycoproteins =

A

Glycoproteins

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34
Q

Glyco means?

A

Carbohydrates

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35
Q

This glyco is responsible for stability and cell to cell communication.

A

Glycolipids

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36
Q

This glyco are for cell recognition or self recognition, they are also responsible for attachment or bind of other cells.

A

Glycoproteins

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37
Q

Comprises the total weight of cell.

A

Water

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38
Q

The term for the combination of glycolipid and glycoproteins

A

Glycocalyx

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39
Q

Another term for Phospholipid Bilayer

A

Fluid Mosaic Model

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40
Q

Why is the head of our Phospholipid Bilayer on top (labas) and not below (loob)?

A

The head of phospholipid is hydrophilic (water loving) and since our cell is immersed in interstitial fluid. Which means tails cannot be in there since they are hydrophobic.

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41
Q

Flat among the phospholipid molecules.

A

Protein Molecules

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42
Q

Proteins that are on the surface of plasma membranes.

A

Peripheral

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43
Q

Proteins that are deeply integrated in your plasma membrane.

A

Integral

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44
Q

Cells to identify one another

A

Marker Molecules

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45
Q

Receptors that can attach or receptor to a specific chemical.

A

Receptor proteins

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46
Q

Attachment of cell to another cell

A

Cadherins

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47
Q

it is the attachment of a cell to extracellular material.

A

Integrins

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48
Q

Cadherins and Integrins are?

A

Attachment Proteins

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49
Q

Channel, Carrier, ATP power pumps are?

A

Channel Proteins

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50
Q

Leaked Ion and Gated Ion

A

Channel

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51
Q

Channel that is when it is leaking or open, especially when the plasma membrane is at rest.

A

Leaked Ion

52
Q

This channel opens and closes of the open entrance of specific ion an metals,

A

Gated Ion

53
Q

Carries a specific ion or molecules across the plasma membrane.

A

Carrier

54
Q

refers to the transport of one molecule across the plasma membrane

A

Uniport

55
Q

movement of two different ions or molecules (glucose and insulin) that transports or move across the plasma membrane in the same direction (sabay)

A

Symport or Cotransport

56
Q

Refers to the movement of two different molecules transporting across the plasma membrane in different directions.

A

Antiport or CounterTransport

57
Q

Antiport’s energy came from?

A

ATP power pumps

58
Q

Increases the rate of chemical reaction.

A

Enzymes (Catalyst)

59
Q

found higher concentration intracellularly

A

Potassium Ion (K+)

60
Q

are found to be concentrated extracellularly.

A

Soduim (Na), Calcium (Ca), Iron (Cl)

61
Q

Fluid outside cells. Rich, nutritious “soup” - amino acids, sugars, fatty acids, vitamins, hormones, salts, wastes

A

Interstitial Fluid

62
Q

Plasma membrane only allow some substances to enter cell by what?

A

Passive or Active Transport

63
Q

NiWo

A

Nutrients In Waste Out

64
Q

This membrane transport, cell does not expend metabolic energy (ATP).

A

Passive Transport

65
Q

What’s the substance for diffusion?

A

Solute

66
Q

What’s the substance for Osmosis?

A

Water

67
Q

Solutes, such as ions or molecules, tend to move from an area _______________ of a solute to an area of _________________ of that same solute in solution. (concentration gradient)

Diffusion

A

higher concentration
lower concentration

68
Q

Solution is generally composed of one or more substances which we call?

Diffusion

A

solute

69
Q

What is the universal solvent?

Diffusion

A

Water

70
Q

Diffusion results from the natural, ___________________ of all solutes in a solution

Diffusion

A

constant random motion

71
Q

Specific non-lipid-soluble molecules diffuse through membrane channels

Therefore if it is lipid-soluble?

Diffusion

A

it cannot pass through the plasma membrane.

72
Q

Solutes are the ones dissolved in?

Diffusion

A

predominant liquid organ

73
Q

Lipid-soluble diffuses ___________ while non-lipid-soluble it will need a ___________.

Diffusion

A

directly
membrane channel.

74
Q

Other non-lipid-soluble molecules or ions, for which membrane channels are? Cannot enter the cell

Diffusion

A

not present in the cell

75
Q

This is the diffusion of H2O

Osmosis

A

Osmosis

76
Q

Osmosis is selectively permeable by?

Osmosis

A

membrane allows water but not all solutes dissolved in water through it.

77
Q

Water moves from _________ (fewer solutes, more water) ___________ (more solutes, less water)

Osmosis

A

less concentrated solution
into more concentrated solution

78
Q

The resistance of water to pass through a concentrated solution.

Osmosis

A

Osmotic pressure

79
Q

Osmosis

A
80
Q

The greater the tendency to pass through the concentrated solution then the __________ the osmotic pressure.

Osmosis

A

higher

81
Q

The greater the tendency for water to ___________ into the solution, and the greater the osmotic pressure to ___________ that movement.

Osmosis

A

move
prevent

82
Q

Examples of fat-soluble-vitamins

Osmosis

A

ADEC

83
Q

Same concentration of solute and Osmotic pressure

Osmosis

A

Isosmotic

84
Q

Higher Concentration of Solute and Higher Osmotic Pressure

Osmosis

A

Hyperosmotic

85
Q

Lower Concentration of Solute and Lower Osmotic Pressure

Osmosis

A

Hyposmotic

86
Q

The ability of solution to change shape or tone of cells by changing water volume.

Osmosis

A

Osmosis: Tonicity of Cells

87
Q

equal concentration solutes

Osmosis

A

Isotonic

88
Q

higher conc. of solutes (Example: IV fluid since it consists of electrolytes, sodium potassium, and glucose)

A

Hypertonic

89
Q

lower conc. of solutes (Example: NSS or Normal Saline Solution)

A

Hypotonic

90
Q

What’s the substance in facilitated transport?

Facilitated Transport

A

Solute

91
Q

A mediated transport process by which transport mediates or assists the movement of large, water-soluble molecules or electrically charged molecules.

Facilitated Transport

A

Facilitated Transport

92
Q

Rate of ions is __________ to concentration gradients when all carrier proteins are occupied.

Facilitated Transport

A

directly proportional

93
Q

Energy (ATP) is needed. Move molecules against concentration gradient from low to high concentration.

A

Active Transport

94
Q

Types of Active transport?

A

Primary and Secondary

95
Q

Directly uses ATP to drive transport

A

Primary Active Transport: Antiport

96
Q

Antiport is also known as counter-transport which refers to the movement of two different ions or molecules in ___________ across the plasma membrane. (sodium potassium and calcium pump)

A

opposite directions

97
Q

Also known as cotransport which refers to the movement of two different ions or molecules in the same direction across the plasma membrane.

A

Secondary Active Transport: Symport

98
Q

It requires 2 transport proteins:
A _________ pump actively moves NA+ out of the cell.
A _________facilitates the movement of Na+ and glucose into the cell.

A

Na+-K+
carrier protein

99
Q

The thicker conservation of your sodium whichusually should be higher concentrated outside the cell.

A

Sodium-Potassium

100
Q

Sodium ions would go back into the cell through transport protein which also moves your?

A

Glucose

101
Q

Sodium provides what? Which is required for movement of our glucose against the concentration gradient.

A

Energy

102
Q

Fluid and large particles are transported across membranes in vesicles (sacs).

A

Vescular Transport

103
Q

“out of cell” - eject substances

A

Exocytosis

104
Q

“within the cell” - ingest substances

A

Endocytosis

105
Q

This type of endocytosis is (cell eating) engulf large or solid material. Example: WBC engulfing a bacteria

A

Phagocytosis

106
Q

This type of endocytosis is (cell drinking) fluid with dissolved molecule.

A

Pinocytosis

107
Q

This type of endocytosis concentrates specific substances (ligands) that bind to receptor proteins (assistant). The receptor attaches specific molecules so that it can be brought inside the cell. Example: Insulin, Iron, and Cholesterol

A

receptor-modiated endocytosis

108
Q

Makes distinct gametes (diploid to haploid)

A

Meiosis (Sex Cells)

109
Q

Clones body cells (diploid to diploid)

A

Mitosis (Somatic Cells)

110
Q

Interphase has how many inner phase?

A

3

111
Q

This phase is in interphase where it is consider the preparation or cell metabolism. Cellular content excluding the chromosomes are being duplicated and all the cellular metabolism are being finished.

A

G1 phase

112
Q

How long does G1 phase lasts?

A

8 to 12 hours

113
Q

This process of interphase is where the DNA replication proper happens where each of 46 chromosomes is being duplicated. Synthesization of histones and proteins in nucleus.

A

Synthetic (S) Phase

114
Q

How long does Synthetic (S) phase process?

A

6 to 8 hours

115
Q

This process of interphase is when all duplication processes and cellular metabolism. Cell division respiration.

A

G2 Phase

116
Q

How long does G2 phase process?

A

4 hours

117
Q

Phase: The centrioles move to the opposite sides. There’s a condensation of chromosomes.

A

Prophase

118
Q

Phase: Chromosomes are aligned at the center or near the center (equatorial plate).

A

Metaphase

119
Q

Phase: Chromatids split. They are being pulled out in the opposite direction.

A

Anaphase

120
Q

Phase: Forms cleavage furrow

A

Telophase

121
Q

After: When they start to divide. The cleavage furrow forms and eventually the cytoplasm of parental cell splits when this is completed your interphase begins again.

A

Cytokinesis

122
Q

Disorder in cell structure where the cell decrease in size.

A

Atrophy

123
Q

Disorder in cell structure where the cell increase in size.

A

Hypertrophy

124
Q

Disorder in cell structure where the cell increase in number.

A

Hyperplasia

125
Q

Disorder in cell structure with ability to change into another type of cell.

A

Metaplasia

126
Q

Disorder in cell structure where there’s changes in cell structure.

A

Neoplasia

127
Q

Disorder in cell structure where it decrease in the amount of oxygen in the blood flow to cellular structure. It is also the cause of ischemia.

A

Hypoxia

MT-MLS105 (ANAPHY) (15 decks)

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