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MT-MLS105 (ANAPHY) > Cell Anatomy > Flashcards

Cell Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

A cell is defined as the __________ that is responsible for all of life’s processes.

A

smallest, basic unit of life

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2
Q

Humans have more cells compared to?

A

Bacteria

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3
Q

This is the study of cells from its basic structure to the function of every cell organelle.

A

CELL BIOLOGY

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4
Q

Who discovered the cell in 1665?

A

Robert Hooke

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5
Q

Consequently, he named those rooms as cells however he cannot see any details to those cells because he is only using what type of microscope?

A

Compound Microscope

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6
Q

2 types of cell

A

Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes

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7
Q

Fuctions of cell

A

Metabolize and release energy
Synthesize molecules
Communication
Reproduction and Inheritance

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8
Q

No Nucleus and a single celled microorganism

A

Prokaryotic Cell

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9
Q

True Nucleus and a multicellular organism

A

Eukaryotic Cell

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10
Q

Contains genetic material of the cell (DNA) and nucleoli; site of RNA synthesis and ribosomal subunit assembly.

A

Nucleus

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11
Q

How is RNA created?

A

through transcription of DNA

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12
Q

Has many ribosomes attached; site of protein synthesis

A

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER)

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13
Q

Site of lipid synthesis; participates in detoxification

A

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

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14
Q

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum stores also what?

A

Calcium

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15
Q

Site of protein synthesis

A

Ribosomes

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16
Q

Modifies protein structure and packages proteins in secretory vesicles.

A

Golgi Apparatus

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17
Q

Contains materials produced in the cell; formed by the Golgi apparatus; secreted by exocytosis.

A

Secretory Vesicles

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18
Q

Contains enzymes that digest material taken into the cell

A

Lyzosomes

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19
Q

Site of aerobic respiration and the major site of ATP synthesis (power).

A

Mitochondrion

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20
Q

Facilitate the movement of chromosomes during cell divisions.

A

Centrioles

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21
Q

Supports cytoplasm;assists in cell division and forms components of cilia and flagella. Has structures that give stability to cells.

A

Microtubule

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22
Q

Move substances over surfaces of certain cells. You can see these in our Respiratory and Digestive system.

A

Flagella

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23
Q

Increase surface area of certain cells for absorption and secretion modified to form sensory receptors. Usually found in Digestive system. (Organs that are responsible for absorption like small intestines.)

A

Microvilli

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24
Q

Outermost component of cells. Made out of Phospholipid layers which are double layers.

A

Plasma membrane

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25
Q

Boundary separates the substance inside the cell (________) to the substance outside the cells (_________)

A

INTRACELLULAR
EXTRACELLULAR

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26
Q

Ability to ___________ and __________ with other cells through plasma membrane

A

recognize
communicate

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27
Q

It determines what moves into and out of the cells.

A

Selective Permeable Membrane

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28
Q

PISO

A

Potassium In and Sodium Out

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29
Q

45-50% - lipids
45-50% -
4-8% -

Composition of Plasma Membrane

A

proteins
carbohydrates

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30
Q

Plasma Membrane is divided with your ___________ and ____________

Lipids of Plasma Membrane

A

phospholipid
cholesterol

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31
Q

In plasma membrane the Cholesterol in it gives?

A

strength and flexibility

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32
Q

This percentage in plasma membrane act as a membrane channel, the one that regulates ions.

A

Proteins

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33
Q

glycolipids + glycoproteins =

A

Glycoproteins

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34
Q

Glyco means?

A

Carbohydrates

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35
Q

This glyco is responsible for stability and cell to cell communication.

A

Glycolipids

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36
Q

This glyco are for cell recognition or self recognition, they are also responsible for attachment or bind of other cells.

A

Glycoproteins

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37
Q

Comprises the total weight of cell.

A

Water

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38
Q

The term for the combination of glycolipid and glycoproteins

A

Glycocalyx

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39
Q

Another term for Phospholipid Bilayer

A

Fluid Mosaic Model

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40
Q

Why is the head of our Phospholipid Bilayer on top (labas) and not below (loob)?

A

The head of phospholipid is hydrophilic (water loving) and since our cell is immersed in interstitial fluid. Which means tails cannot be in there since they are hydrophobic.

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41
Q

Flat among the phospholipid molecules.

A

Protein Molecules

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42
Q

Proteins that are on the surface of plasma membranes.

A

Peripheral

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43
Q

Proteins that are deeply integrated in your plasma membrane.

A

Integral

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44
Q

Cells to identify one another

A

Marker Molecules

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45
Q

Receptors that can attach or receptor to a specific chemical.

A

Receptor proteins

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46
Q

Attachment of cell to another cell

A

Cadherins

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47
Q

it is the attachment of a cell to extracellular material.

A

Integrins

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48
Q

Cadherins and Integrins are?

A

Attachment Proteins

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49
Q

Channel, Carrier, ATP power pumps are?

A

Channel Proteins

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50
Q

Leaked Ion and Gated Ion

A

Channel

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51
Q

Channel that is when it is leaking or open, especially when the plasma membrane is at rest.

A

Leaked Ion

52
Q

This channel opens and closes of the open entrance of specific ion an metals,

53
Q

Carries a specific ion or molecules across the plasma membrane.

54
Q

refers to the transport of one molecule across the plasma membrane

55
Q

movement of two different ions or molecules (glucose and insulin) that transports or move across the plasma membrane in the same direction (sabay)

A

Symport or Cotransport

56
Q

Refers to the movement of two different molecules transporting across the plasma membrane in different directions.

A

Antiport or CounterTransport

57
Q

Antiport’s energy came from?

A

ATP power pumps

58
Q

Increases the rate of chemical reaction.

A

Enzymes (Catalyst)

59
Q

found higher concentration intracellularly

A

Potassium Ion (K+)

60
Q

are found to be concentrated extracellularly.

A

Soduim (Na), Calcium (Ca), Iron (Cl)

61
Q

Fluid outside cells. Rich, nutritious “soup” - amino acids, sugars, fatty acids, vitamins, hormones, salts, wastes

A

Interstitial Fluid

62
Q

Plasma membrane only allow some substances to enter cell by what?

A

Passive or Active Transport

63
Q

NiWo

A

Nutrients In Waste Out

64
Q

This membrane transport, cell does not expend metabolic energy (ATP).

A

Passive Transport

65
Q

What’s the substance for diffusion?

66
Q

What’s the substance for Osmosis?

67
Q

Solutes, such as ions or molecules, tend to move from an area _______________ of a solute to an area of _________________ of that same solute in solution. (concentration gradient)

Diffusion

A

higher concentration
lower concentration

68
Q

Solution is generally composed of one or more substances which we call?

Diffusion

69
Q

What is the universal solvent?

Diffusion

70
Q

Diffusion results from the natural, ___________________ of all solutes in a solution

Diffusion

A

constant random motion

71
Q

Specific non-lipid-soluble molecules diffuse through membrane channels

Therefore if it is lipid-soluble?

Diffusion

A

it cannot pass through the plasma membrane.

72
Q

Solutes are the ones dissolved in?

Diffusion

A

predominant liquid organ

73
Q

Lipid-soluble diffuses ___________ while non-lipid-soluble it will need a ___________.

Diffusion

A

directly
membrane channel.

74
Q

Other non-lipid-soluble molecules or ions, for which membrane channels are? Cannot enter the cell

Diffusion

A

not present in the cell

75
Q

This is the diffusion of H2O

Osmosis

76
Q

Osmosis is selectively permeable by?

Osmosis

A

membrane allows water but not all solutes dissolved in water through it.

77
Q

Water moves from _________ (fewer solutes, more water) ___________ (more solutes, less water)

Osmosis

A

less concentrated solution
into more concentrated solution

78
Q

The resistance of water to pass through a concentrated solution.

Osmosis

A

Osmotic pressure

79
Q

Osmosis

80
Q

The greater the tendency to pass through the concentrated solution then the __________ the osmotic pressure.

Osmosis

81
Q

The greater the tendency for water to ___________ into the solution, and the greater the osmotic pressure to ___________ that movement.

Osmosis

A

move
prevent

82
Q

Examples of fat-soluble-vitamins

Osmosis

83
Q

Same concentration of solute and Osmotic pressure

Osmosis

84
Q

Higher Concentration of Solute and Higher Osmotic Pressure

Osmosis

A

Hyperosmotic

85
Q

Lower Concentration of Solute and Lower Osmotic Pressure

Osmosis

A

Hyposmotic

86
Q

The ability of solution to change shape or tone of cells by changing water volume.

Osmosis

A

Osmosis: Tonicity of Cells

87
Q

equal concentration solutes

Osmosis

88
Q

higher conc. of solutes (Example: IV fluid since it consists of electrolytes, sodium potassium, and glucose)

A

Hypertonic

89
Q

lower conc. of solutes (Example: NSS or Normal Saline Solution)

90
Q

What’s the substance in facilitated transport?

Facilitated Transport

91
Q

A mediated transport process by which transport mediates or assists the movement of large, water-soluble molecules or electrically charged molecules.

Facilitated Transport

A

Facilitated Transport

92
Q

Rate of ions is __________ to concentration gradients when all carrier proteins are occupied.

Facilitated Transport

A

directly proportional

93
Q

Energy (ATP) is needed. Move molecules against concentration gradient from low to high concentration.

A

Active Transport

94
Q

Types of Active transport?

A

Primary and Secondary

95
Q

Directly uses ATP to drive transport

A

Primary Active Transport: Antiport

96
Q

Antiport is also known as counter-transport which refers to the movement of two different ions or molecules in ___________ across the plasma membrane. (sodium potassium and calcium pump)

A

opposite directions

97
Q

Also known as cotransport which refers to the movement of two different ions or molecules in the same direction across the plasma membrane.

A

Secondary Active Transport: Symport

98
Q

It requires 2 transport proteins:
A _________ pump actively moves NA+ out of the cell.
A _________facilitates the movement of Na+ and glucose into the cell.

A

Na+-K+
carrier protein

99
Q

The thicker conservation of your sodium whichusually should be higher concentrated outside the cell.

A

Sodium-Potassium

100
Q

Sodium ions would go back into the cell through transport protein which also moves your?

101
Q

Sodium provides what? Which is required for movement of our glucose against the concentration gradient.

102
Q

Fluid and large particles are transported across membranes in vesicles (sacs).

A

Vescular Transport

103
Q

“out of cell” - eject substances

A

Exocytosis

104
Q

“within the cell” - ingest substances

A

Endocytosis

105
Q

This type of endocytosis is (cell eating) engulf large or solid material. Example: WBC engulfing a bacteria

A

Phagocytosis

106
Q

This type of endocytosis is (cell drinking) fluid with dissolved molecule.

A

Pinocytosis

107
Q

This type of endocytosis concentrates specific substances (ligands) that bind to receptor proteins (assistant). The receptor attaches specific molecules so that it can be brought inside the cell. Example: Insulin, Iron, and Cholesterol

A

receptor-modiated endocytosis

108
Q

Makes distinct gametes (diploid to haploid)

A

Meiosis (Sex Cells)

109
Q

Clones body cells (diploid to diploid)

A

Mitosis (Somatic Cells)

110
Q

Interphase has how many inner phase?

111
Q

This phase is in interphase where it is consider the preparation or cell metabolism. Cellular content excluding the chromosomes are being duplicated and all the cellular metabolism are being finished.

112
Q

How long does G1 phase lasts?

A

8 to 12 hours

113
Q

This process of interphase is where the DNA replication proper happens where each of 46 chromosomes is being duplicated. Synthesization of histones and proteins in nucleus.

A

Synthetic (S) Phase

114
Q

How long does Synthetic (S) phase process?

A

6 to 8 hours

115
Q

This process of interphase is when all duplication processes and cellular metabolism. Cell division respiration.

116
Q

How long does G2 phase process?

117
Q

Phase: The centrioles move to the opposite sides. There’s a condensation of chromosomes.

118
Q

Phase: Chromosomes are aligned at the center or near the center (equatorial plate).

119
Q

Phase: Chromatids split. They are being pulled out in the opposite direction.

120
Q

Phase: Forms cleavage furrow

121
Q

After: When they start to divide. The cleavage furrow forms and eventually the cytoplasm of parental cell splits when this is completed your interphase begins again.

A

Cytokinesis

122
Q

Disorder in cell structure where the cell decrease in size.

123
Q

Disorder in cell structure where the cell increase in size.

A

Hypertrophy

124
Q

Disorder in cell structure where the cell increase in number.

A

Hyperplasia

125
Q

Disorder in cell structure with ability to change into another type of cell.

A

Metaplasia

126
Q

Disorder in cell structure where there’s changes in cell structure.

127
Q

Disorder in cell structure where it decrease in the amount of oxygen in the blood flow to cellular structure. It is also the cause of ischemia.

MT-MLS105 (ANAPHY) (15 decks)

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