Endocrine System Flashcards
The ______________ is one of the two important control systems of the body.
endocrine system
The system comprises glands and cells that secrete the chemical signals called ____________ into the body’s plasma.
hormones
Hormones are chemical messengers that arouse the body’s tissues and cells by stimulating changes in their?
metabolic activity
regulates the entry of glucose, its absence will result in no entry of glucose
Insulin
__________ are cells within an organ that respond and bind to a particular hormone through specific cellular receptors.
Target cells
The major controller of endocrine glands.
Hypothalamus
Hypothalamus regulates the activity of the?
pituitary gland
Anterior pituitary gland has what portal system?
Hypothalamohypophysial
In the Hypothalamohypophysial portal system _______________ pass through this portal system.
action potentials
This gland has the Hypothalamohypophysial tract.
Posterior pituitary gland
Responsible for the secretion of another hormone.
Releasing hormones
triggers secretion of growth hormone
Growth Hormone-Releasing Hormone (GHRH)
Halts the release of another hormone.
Inhibiting hormones
decrease secretion of growth hormone
Growth Hormone-Inhibiting Hormone (GHIH)
Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH)’s structure
peptide
Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH)’s target tissue
anterior pituitary cells that secrete growth hormone
Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH)’s response
increased growth hormone secretion
What hormone is this?
Structure: small peptide
Target tissue: anterior pituitary cells that secrete growth hormone
Reponse: decreased growth hormone secretion
Growth hormone-inhibiting hormone (GHIH) or somatostatin
Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)’s structure
small peptide
Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)’s target tissue
anterior pituitary cells that secrete thyroid-stimulating hormone
Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)’s response
increased thyroid-stimulating (T3 and T4) hormone secretion
What hormone is this?
Structure: peptide
Target tissue: anterior pituitary cells that secrete adrenocorticotropic hormone
Response: increased adrenocorticotropic hormone secretion
Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)’s structure
small peptide
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)’s target tissue
anterior pituitary cells that secrete luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)’s response
increased secretion of luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating
Prolactin-releasing hormone (PRH)’s structure, target tissue, and response
unknown
What hormone is this?
Structure: amino acid derivative (the amino acid derivative, dopamine)
Target tissue: anterior pituitary cells that secrete prolactin
Response: decreased prolactin secretion
Dopamine (Prolactin-inhibiting hormone, PIH)
Secretes nine major hormones that regulate numerous body functions and the secretory activity of several other endocrine glands.
Pituitary Gland
Pituitary Gland is divided into?
Anterior pituitary gland (adenohypophysis)
Posterior pituitary gland (neurohypophysis)
Develops as an outpocketing of the roof of the pituitary diverticulum or Rathke pouch.
Anterior pituitary gland (adenohypophysis)
Adenohypophysis produces and secretes a number of hormones, four of which are?
tropic hormones (tropin)
The target organ of tropic hormones is another?
endocrine gland or ogan
Adenohypophysis is derived from the?
epithelial tissue of oral cavities
(TSH) Thyroid-stimulating hormone’s stimulus for release
Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)
(TSH) Thyroid-stimulating hormone’s target
Thyroid gland
(TSH) Thyroid-stimulating hormone’s effects
stimulates the secretion of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4)
(FSH) Follicle-stimulating hormone’s stimulus for release
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
(FSH) Follicle-stimulating hormone’s target
Ovaries and testes (gonads)
(FSH) Follicle-stimulating hormone’s effects
Females - stimulates ovarian follicle maturation and estrogen production
Males - stimulates sperm production
(LH) Luteinizing hormone’s stimulus for release
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
(LH) Luteinizing hormone’s target
Ovaries and testes (gonads)
(LH) Luteinizing hormone’s effects
Females - triggers ovulation and stimulates ovarian production of estrogen and progesterone.
Males - stimulates testosterone production
(ACTH) Adrenocorticotropic hormone’s stimulus for release
Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)
(ACTH) Adrenocorticotropic hormone’s target
Adrenal cortex
(ACTH) Adrenocorticotropic hormone’s reaction
Stimulates the release of glucocorticoids and androgens (mineralocorticoids to a lesser extent)
Kapag hindi tropic hormone ang isang hormone coming from anterior pituitary gland, walang nakadugtong na?
stimulating
(GH) Growth hormone’s stimulus for release
Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH)
(GH) Growth hormone’s target
Liver, muscle, bone, and cartilage, mostly
(GH) Growth hormone’s effects
Stimulates body growth and protein synthesis, mobilizes fat and conserves glucose.
(PRL) Prolactin’s stimulus for release
A decrease in the amount of prolactin-inhibiting hormone (PH)
(PRL) Prolactin’s target
Mammary glands in the breast
(PRL) Prolactin’s effects
Stimulates milk production (lactation)
Other term for Growth hormone
somatotropin
Growth hormone is ________ in children as compared with adults.
higher
Peak of GH is during?
deep sleep
Growth hormone is responsible for production of?
polypeptides
paracrine effects wherein somatomedin stimulates the growth of cartilage and bones, increases synthesis of protein inside skeletal muscles.
Insulin-like growth factor (IGF)
Example of polypeptides
somatomedin
Prolactin has a correlation with activity of?
progesterone (ovulation)
Lipotropins’ structure
Peptides
Lipotropins’ target tissue
Adipose tissues
Lipotropins’ response
Increased lipid breakdown
Endorphins’ structure
Peptides
Endorphins’ target tissue
Brain, but not all target tissues are known
Endorphins’ response
Analgesia in the brain; inhibition of gonadotropin-releasing hormone secretion
(MSH) Melanocyte-stimulating hormone’s structure
Peptide
(MSH) Melanocyte-stimulating hormone’s target tissue
Melanocytes in the skin
(MSH) Melanocyte-stimulating hormone’s response
Increased melanin production in melanocytes to make the skin darker in color
short stature of newborns, normal intelligence only problem is height
Dwarfism
hypersecretion of growth hormone, prolonged growth of long bones (up to 8 feet)
Gigantism
no height increase but deposition of bony ridges appears above the eyes, prominent jaw
Acromegaly
Anterior Pituitary Gland (Adenohypophysis)
Consists of:
Pars distalis
Pars intermedia
Pars tuberalis
Pars distalis are consists of?
Somatotropes
Lactotropes
Corticotropes
Gonadotropes
Thyrotropes
Forms an outgrowth of the hypothalamus region of the brain, forming an infundibulum, wherein its distal end enlarges to form a posterior pituitary gland.
Neurohypophysis
Neurohypophysis serves as the storage site for two _______________, which are produced by neurosecretory neurons in the hypothalamus.
neurohormones
Neurohypophysis is derived from brain cells that are usually?
continuous
Oxytocin’s stimulus for release
Nerve impulses from hypothalamic neurons in response to cervical/uterine stretch or suckling of an infant.
Oxytocin’s target
Uterus and mammary glands
Oxytocin’s effects
Stimulates powerful uterine contractions during birth and stimulates milk ejection (let-down) in lactating mothers.
(ADH) Antidiuretic hormone’s stimulus for release
Nerve impulses from hypothalamic neurons in response to increased blood solute concentration or decreased blood volume.
(ADH) Antidiuretic hormone’s target
Kidneys
(ADH) Antidiuretic hormone’s effects
Stimulates the kidneys to reabsorb more water, reducing urine output and conserving body water.
Synthesized in the paraventricular nuclei of hypothalamus.
Oxytocin
Oxytocin is responsible for expulsion of?
the fetus during delivery
Oxytocin triggered by?
Stretch of uterus — result to contraction
Mechanical stimulation of cervix
Stimulation of nipples
Produced by supraoptic nuclei of hypothalamus.
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
increased urine, anti-diuresis — against or decreased urine
Diuresis
Secretion of ADH depends on:
Blood osmolality
Blood volume
This receptor is synapse the ADH neurosecretory neurons in hypothalamus.
Osmoreceptors
This receptor detects the decrease in blood pressure.
Baroreceptors
Posterior Pituitary Gland (Neurohypophysis)
Consists of:
Pars nervosa
Infundibulum
Can be found in the epithalamus of the brain.
A small cone/pine-shaped gland located in the roof of the third ventricle of the brain.
Pineal Gland
AKA Pineal Body/Epiphysis Cerebri
Pineal Gland regulates _______________ through the production of the hormone melatonin (sleep).
daily body rhythm
Regulates daily body rhythms and day/night cycle (circadian rhythms).
Melatonin
Melatonin is usually secreted during ______ — increased action potential during ______, increased production.
night
Melatonin has two types of cells. What are they?
Pinealocytes
Glial cells
Has sensitivity in light.
Photoperiod
Composed of two lobes joined by isthmus.
Thyroid Gland
Thyroid Gland is _________ to the upper portion of the trachea just inferior to the larynx.
lateral
Thyroid Gland is one of the ________ endocrine glands.
largest
Thyroid Gland contains numerous follicles, the center of which is filled with _________ composed of a protein thyroglobulin, which serves as the precursor to thyroid hormones.
colloid
serves as a site for the storage of a large amount of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4)
Thryoglobulin
______________ are scattered between follicles and follicle walls and secrete calcitonin.
Parafollicular cells
Responsible for blood calcium levels. (in response of high levels of calcium; target tissue: bones)
Calcitonin
Calcitonin’s functions
Promotes entry of Calcium to the bones
Decreases Calcium levels
Decreases osteoclasts activities
Thyroid gland synthesizes and secretes three hormones:
Triiodothyronine (T3)
Tetraiodothyronine (T4)
Calcitonin
enlargement of thyroid
Goiter
decreased T3 and T4
Hypothyroidism
Examples of Hypothyroidism
Goiter
Hashimoto - this is an autoimmune disease)
increased T3 and T4
Hyperthyroidism
Examples for Hyperthyroidism
Graves disease - wherein they have exophthalmos which is the enlargement of eyes
Goiter
Thyroid Storm - triggered by stress, surgery, or infection
Tumor - in terms of thyroiditis or viral infection
T3 comprises _____ of thyroid hormones, T4 or thyroxine comprises _______ of thyroid hormones.
10% and 80%
T4 is the _______ for T3
precursor
___ of T4 is converted into T3
40%
T3 is a major hormone that interacts with target cells and has higher affinity to _________, more potent.
receptors
Some of the T4 is not converted into T3 (sometimes nonfunctional). If functional it still has a decreased _________ to your receptors.
affinity
T4 is less potent so it does not serve its function so is usually released to?
urine and bile
T4 and T3 importance of these two is related to?
sodium and potassium pumps
T4 and T3 Responsible for growth of bone, hair, teeth, connective tissue, nervous tissue and has effects on?
GH
T4 and T3 responsible for production of ATP in mitochondria in terms of?
metabolism
located in the thyroid gland, has 2 pairs
Parathyroid gland
Parathyroid gland releases parathyroid hormone. Concerns with the regulation of?
blood calcium levels
Term used where there are areas in the world where there is a decreased iodine content in the soil making vegetables deficient in iodine. If it is deficient it will not promote the normal function of thyroid.
Goiter Belt
More compact compared to your thyroid Gland. Usually embedded in the posterior part of each lobe of the thyroid gland.
Parathyroid Gland
Parathyroid Gland is made up of two cells. What are they?
Chief Cells
Oxyphils
This cell of Parathyroid Gland has no known function.
Oxyphils
Parathyroid Gland’s hormones
PTH
Parathyroid Gland’s sturcture
Peptide
Parathyroid Gland’s target tissue
Bone, kidneys, small intestine
Peptide increases the?
osteoclasts activity
In terms of Vitamin D it promotes ______________ of your active Vitamin D. Wherein your active Vitamin D increases the absorption of your calcium and phosphate in your small intestine thereby increasing your blood calcium levels.
enzymatic formation
PTH is only concerned with calcium since your phosphate excretion happens in your kidneys so it does not?
affect phosphate level in your blood
Parathyroid Gland’s response
Increased rate of the breakdown of bone by osteoclasts; increased reabsorption of Ca2+ in kidneys; increased absorption of Ca2+ from the small intestine; increased vitamin D synthesis; increased blood Ca2+ levels.
Located near the superior poles of the kidneys. Retroperitoneal, located at the back of the abdomen and (peritoneum) it lies at the superior portion at the lobe of your kidneys.
Adrenal/Suprarenal Glands
Adrenal/Suprarenal Glands is composed of?
medulla and an outer cortex
Medulla is derived from?
neural crest cells
Cortex is derived from the?
mesoderm
Consists of closely packed polyhedral cells (chromaffin cells) centrally located in the gland.
Adrenal medulla
Adrenal medulla are usually derived from mesoderm rather than?
epithelial cells
Derived from the usual, epithelial cells.
Adrenal cortex
Adrenal cortex forms three indistinct layers. What are they?
Zona glomerulosa
Zona fasciculata
Zona reticularis
This layer of Adrenal cortex is:
Small clusters of cells
Thickest part
Zona glomerulosa
This layer of Adrenal cortex is:
Cells forms long columns, or fascicles
Secretes your cortisols
Zona fasciculata
This layer of Adrenal cortex is:
Thin layer of irregularly arranged cords of cells.
Deepest layer
Releases your androgens
Zona reticularis
What are the Hormones in Medulla?
Epinephrine (80%) and Norepinephrine (20%)
Responsible for fight or flight response. Triggers: excitement, injuries, exercise, and even low blood glucose level
Epinephrine
Epinephrine repairs your body in terms of physical activity and reduces your?
organ activity in terms of physical activity
Epinephrine also ______ blood flow and metabolic activity of the organs that would participate in your activity.
increases
The act of Increasing blood flow and metabolic activity of the organs that would participate in your activity is usually stimulated by your ___________________ because they are part of your autonomic nervous system.
sympathetic neurons
Norepinephrine (precursor) is usually ____________ to your epinephrine.
converted
Another function of Epinephrine is conversion of glycogen to glucose inside the __________. We also have conversion of glycogen to glucose inside the muscle cells but technically glucose produced there isn’t secreted because the muscles need it.
liver cells
Other functions of Epinephrine are?
- breakdown of adipose tissue - constriction and dilation of blood vessels
constriction and dilation can also be found in?
skin, kidneys, and GIDs
Norepinephrine gives rise to?
postganglionic sympathetic neurons
Norepinephrine two related hormones in Cortex
Alpha adrenergic and beta adrenergic.
Zone reticularis secrets?
androgens
Zone reticularis is responsible for
male =
female = sex drive
development of male secondary sex characteristics such as your pubic hair, axillary hair growth.
Zone reticularis have?
Androstenedione
Zona fasciculata secretes?
glucocorticoids
Zona fasciculata major effect:
energy production from lipid and protein synthesis.
Zona fasciculata response classification: __________ (energy production), ____________ (maturation of fetal), and __________________ (regulatory function of your endocrine glands)
metabolic
developmental
anti-inflammatory
Zona fasciculata known to suppress immune-response in case of?
auto-immune diseases and transplant rejections
Zona fasciculata responsible for _____________, decrease glucose uptake resulting in increased blood glucose level, decrease amino acid uptake resulting in increased amino acid in your blood, and increase glucose neogenesis where your glucose is synthesized from other sources like amino acids.
lipid catabolism
Zona glomerulosa secretes?
mineralocorticoids
Zona glomerulosa have aldosterone for?
sound reabsorption
In Zona glomerulosa water follows sodium reabsorption and potassium goes out (PISO). ____________ also goes out resulting into decreasing level of pH blood resulting into alkalosis.
Hydrogen ion
Both an exocrine and an endocrine gland.
Pancreas
Pancreas exocrine component
pancreatic acinar cells (produces pancreatic juice)
Pancreas edocrine component
Islets of Langerhans
This principal cell of Pancreas releases glucagon (20%) incases of hypoglycemia or low blood glucose. Wherein it increases the glucose synthesization in your liver then it would be released in the bloodstream and increases your breakdown of lipids.
A (alpha) cells
This principal cell of Pancreas releases insulin (75%) incase of hyperglycemia or high blood glucose so glucose goes inside of the cell.
B (beta) cells
This principal cell of Pancreas releases somatostatin (5%), inhibitors of A and B cells. (Siya yung nagpaptigil sa dalawa if sobra na)
D (delta) cells
Deficiency in insulin then glucose won’t go inside the cell the blood glucose would accumulate which is the result of patients with?
diabetes
Experiences in diabetes.
Polyphagia
Polyuria
Polydipsia
This minor cell type of Pancreas is responsible digestion wherein it inhibits your gastric emptying activity and biliary excretion.
PP or Pancreatic Polypeptide cell (F/gamma cell)
This minor cell type of Pancreas is from D cells but also PP cells.
D1 cell
This minor cell type of Pancreas - ghrelin is released to hunger.
Epsilon cell
Endocrine glands that produce hormones are involved mainly in the process of reproduction, and may also have a role in other parts of the body.
Gonads
Small oval-shaped male reproductive organs.
Testes
The endocrine portion of the testes is the ____________ (interstitial cells) which secret the hormone testosterone.
Leydig cells
Testes regulates the production of?
sperm cells
Testes is responsible for ______________ of your male reproductive organs and secondary male characteristics.
maintenance
Testes releases your hormones called ________ where it inhibits your secretion of FSH in your anterior pituitary gland.
inhibin
Almond-sized organs that serve as the primary reproductive organs of females.
Ovaries
Ovaries’ 2 primary functions.
Gametogenesis
Steroidogenesis
Ovaries produce the following steroid:
Estrogens
Progesterone
Ovaries’ primary function is the control of your ____________________ and prepares you mammary gland for lactation. It is also responsible for development of female reproductive organs and maintenance of your female secondary characteristics.
female reproductive cycle
Ovaries also secretes inhibin which inhibits FSH. Also secretes hormone _______ increasing the flexibility (mas marerelax pubis synthesis) in terms of dilation of our cervix for birth and delivery.
relaxin
Ovaries has another hormone which is ________ which makes your birth canal wider/larger.
oxytocin
___________ are responsible for the sensation of pain as well as your enkephalins and dynorphins.
Endorphins
_____________ for uterine contraction.
Prostaglandin
____________ happy hormones released during pleasure and considered to be neurotransmitters released by your hypothalamus.
Dopamine
__________, your mood enhancers from your brain stem and stored in your enterochromaffin cells.
Serotonin
The most common cause of ___________________________ is an increase in the total number of cells producing a specific hormone.
hormone overproduction
Endocrine organ involved: Thyroid; Excessive amounts of thyroid hormones are released into the circulation due to hypertrophy of hormone-secreting cells.
Grave’s disease
Symptoms of Grave’s disease
weight loss, excessive sweating, tachycardia, nervousness, protrusion of eyeballs, and retraction of eyelids.
May result from:
Destruction of an endocrine organ by a disease process or autoimmunity
Abnormal development of endocrine glands
Abnormal regulation of hormone secretion
Iatrogenic injury
Hormone underproduction
Also known as the insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.
Destruction of beta-cells of the islets of Langerhans by autoantibodies results in decreased production (or non-production) of insulin.
Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus
Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus results to persistent?
hyperglycemia
Blood glucose is high it goes to the kidneys then it gets damaged as well as the?
homeostasis
Genetic mutation in hormone receptors. Genetic mutation may be hereditary or acquired.
Altered tissue responses hormones
Also known as non insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.
This diabetes is caused by the resistance of muscles and liver to insulin.
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Molecules synthesized by adipose tissue that causes insulin resistance:
- Tumor necrosis factor-alpha and beta
- Resistin
The last principle of Endocrine diseases.
Tumors of endocrine glands
Most of the tumors of the endocrine gland are _______________ and are responsible for hormone overproduction.
hormonally active
Some tumors do not produce hormones and instead compress neighboring organs or cause the destruction of other organs due to? (produces but non-functional).
metastases
Give at least 2 Main Regulatory Functions
- Regulation of metabolism
- Control of food intake and digestion
- Modulation of tissue development
- Regulation of ion levels
- Control of water balance
- Control of blood glucose and other nutrients
- Control of reproductive functions
- Stimulation of uterine contractions and milk release
- Modulation of immune system function
- Changes in heart rate and blood pressure
