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MT-MLS105 (ANAPHY) > Endocrine System > Flashcards

Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

The ______________ is one of the two important control systems of the body.

A

endocrine system

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2
Q

The system comprises glands and cells that secrete the chemical signals called ____________ into the body’s plasma.

A

hormones

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3
Q

Hormones are chemical messengers that arouse the body’s tissues and cells by stimulating changes in their?

A

metabolic activity

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4
Q

regulates the entry of glucose, its absence will result in no entry of glucose

A

Insulin

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5
Q

__________ are cells within an organ that respond and bind to a particular hormone through specific cellular receptors.

A

Target cells

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6
Q

The major controller of endocrine glands.

A

Hypothalamus

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7
Q

Hypothalamus regulates the activity of the?

A

pituitary gland

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8
Q

Anterior pituitary gland has what portal system?

A

Hypothalamohypophysial

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9
Q

In the Hypothalamohypophysial portal system _______________ pass through this portal system.

A

action potentials

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10
Q

This gland has the Hypothalamohypophysial tract.

A

Posterior pituitary gland

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11
Q

Responsible for the secretion of another hormone.

A

Releasing hormones

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12
Q

triggers secretion of growth hormone

A

Growth Hormone-Releasing Hormone (GHRH)

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13
Q

Halts the release of another hormone.

A

Inhibiting hormones

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14
Q

decrease secretion of growth hormone

A

Growth Hormone-Inhibiting Hormone (GHIH)

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15
Q

Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH)’s structure

A

peptide

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16
Q

Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH)’s target tissue

A

anterior pituitary cells that secrete growth hormone

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17
Q

Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH)’s response

A

increased growth hormone secretion

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18
Q

What hormone is this?

Structure: small peptide
Target tissue: anterior pituitary cells that secrete growth hormone
Reponse: decreased growth hormone secretion

A

Growth hormone-inhibiting hormone (GHIH) or somatostatin

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19
Q

Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)’s structure

A

small peptide

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20
Q

Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)’s target tissue

A

anterior pituitary cells that secrete thyroid-stimulating hormone

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21
Q

Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)’s response

A

increased thyroid-stimulating (T3 and T4) hormone secretion

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22
Q

What hormone is this?

Structure: peptide
Target tissue: anterior pituitary cells that secrete adrenocorticotropic hormone
Response: increased adrenocorticotropic hormone secretion

A

Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)

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23
Q

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)’s structure

A

small peptide

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24
Q

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)’s target tissue

A

anterior pituitary cells that secrete luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone

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25
Q

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)’s response

A

increased secretion of luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating

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26
Q

Prolactin-releasing hormone (PRH)’s structure, target tissue, and response

A

unknown

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27
Q

What hormone is this?

Structure: amino acid derivative (the amino acid derivative, dopamine)
Target tissue: anterior pituitary cells that secrete prolactin
Response: decreased prolactin secretion

A

Dopamine (Prolactin-inhibiting hormone, PIH)

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28
Q

Secretes nine major hormones that regulate numerous body functions and the secretory activity of several other endocrine glands.

A

Pituitary Gland

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29
Q

Pituitary Gland is divided into?

A

Anterior pituitary gland (adenohypophysis)

Posterior pituitary gland (neurohypophysis)

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30
Q

Develops as an outpocketing of the roof of the pituitary diverticulum or Rathke pouch.

A

Anterior pituitary gland (adenohypophysis)

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31
Q

Adenohypophysis produces and secretes a number of hormones, four of which are?

A

tropic hormones (tropin)

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32
Q

The target organ of tropic hormones is another?

A

endocrine gland or ogan

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33
Q

Adenohypophysis is derived from the?

A

epithelial tissue of oral cavities

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34
Q

(TSH) Thyroid-stimulating hormone’s stimulus for release

A

Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)

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35
Q

(TSH) Thyroid-stimulating hormone’s target

A

Thyroid gland

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36
Q

(TSH) Thyroid-stimulating hormone’s effects

A

stimulates the secretion of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4)

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37
Q

(FSH) Follicle-stimulating hormone’s stimulus for release

A

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)

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38
Q

(FSH) Follicle-stimulating hormone’s target

A

Ovaries and testes (gonads)

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39
Q

(FSH) Follicle-stimulating hormone’s effects

A

Females - stimulates ovarian follicle maturation and estrogen production

Males - stimulates sperm production

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40
Q

(LH) Luteinizing hormone’s stimulus for release

A

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)

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41
Q

(LH) Luteinizing hormone’s target

A

Ovaries and testes (gonads)

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42
Q

(LH) Luteinizing hormone’s effects

A

Females - triggers ovulation and stimulates ovarian production of estrogen and progesterone.

Males - stimulates testosterone production

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43
Q

(ACTH) Adrenocorticotropic hormone’s stimulus for release

A

Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)

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44
Q

(ACTH) Adrenocorticotropic hormone’s target

A

Adrenal cortex

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45
Q

(ACTH) Adrenocorticotropic hormone’s reaction

A

Stimulates the release of glucocorticoids and androgens (mineralocorticoids to a lesser extent)

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46
Q

Kapag hindi tropic hormone ang isang hormone coming from anterior pituitary gland, walang nakadugtong na?

A

stimulating

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47
Q

(GH) Growth hormone’s stimulus for release

A

Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH)

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48
Q

(GH) Growth hormone’s target

A

Liver, muscle, bone, and cartilage, mostly

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49
Q

(GH) Growth hormone’s effects

A

Stimulates body growth and protein synthesis, mobilizes fat and conserves glucose.

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50
Q

(PRL) Prolactin’s stimulus for release

A

A decrease in the amount of prolactin-inhibiting hormone (PH)

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51
Q

(PRL) Prolactin’s target

A

Mammary glands in the breast

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52
Q

(PRL) Prolactin’s effects

A

Stimulates milk production (lactation)

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53
Q

Other term for Growth hormone

A

somatotropin

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54
Q

Growth hormone is ________ in children as compared with adults.

A

higher

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55
Q

Peak of GH is during?

A

deep sleep

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56
Q

Growth hormone is responsible for production of?

A

polypeptides

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57
Q

paracrine effects wherein somatomedin stimulates the growth of cartilage and bones, increases synthesis of protein inside skeletal muscles.

A

Insulin-like growth factor (IGF)

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58
Q

Example of polypeptides

A

somatomedin

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59
Q

Prolactin has a correlation with activity of?

A

progesterone (ovulation)

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60
Q

Lipotropins’ structure

A

Peptides

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61
Q

Lipotropins’ target tissue

A

Adipose tissues

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62
Q

Lipotropins’ response

A

Increased lipid breakdown

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63
Q

Endorphins’ structure

A

Peptides

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64
Q

Endorphins’ target tissue

A

Brain, but not all target tissues are known

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65
Q

Endorphins’ response

A

Analgesia in the brain; inhibition of gonadotropin-releasing hormone secretion

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66
Q

(MSH) Melanocyte-stimulating hormone’s structure

A

Peptide

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67
Q

(MSH) Melanocyte-stimulating hormone’s target tissue

A

Melanocytes in the skin

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68
Q

(MSH) Melanocyte-stimulating hormone’s response

A

Increased melanin production in melanocytes to make the skin darker in color

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69
Q

short stature of newborns, normal intelligence only problem is height

A

Dwarfism

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70
Q

hypersecretion of growth hormone, prolonged growth of long bones (up to 8 feet)

A

Gigantism

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71
Q

no height increase but deposition of bony ridges appears above the eyes, prominent jaw

A

Acromegaly

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72
Q

Anterior Pituitary Gland (Adenohypophysis)
Consists of:

A

Pars distalis
Pars intermedia
Pars tuberalis

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73
Q

Pars distalis are consists of?

A

Somatotropes
Lactotropes
Corticotropes
Gonadotropes
Thyrotropes

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74
Q

Forms an outgrowth of the hypothalamus region of the brain, forming an infundibulum, wherein its distal end enlarges to form a posterior pituitary gland.

A

Neurohypophysis

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75
Q

Neurohypophysis serves as the storage site for two _______________, which are produced by neurosecretory neurons in the hypothalamus.

A

neurohormones

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76
Q

Neurohypophysis is derived from brain cells that are usually?

A

continuous

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77
Q

Oxytocin’s stimulus for release

A

Nerve impulses from hypothalamic neurons in response to cervical/uterine stretch or suckling of an infant.

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78
Q

Oxytocin’s target

A

Uterus and mammary glands

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79
Q

Oxytocin’s effects

A

Stimulates powerful uterine contractions during birth and stimulates milk ejection (let-down) in lactating mothers.

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80
Q

(ADH) Antidiuretic hormone’s stimulus for release

A

Nerve impulses from hypothalamic neurons in response to increased blood solute concentration or decreased blood volume.

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81
Q

(ADH) Antidiuretic hormone’s target

A

Kidneys

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82
Q

(ADH) Antidiuretic hormone’s effects

A

Stimulates the kidneys to reabsorb more water, reducing urine output and conserving body water.

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83
Q

Synthesized in the paraventricular nuclei of hypothalamus.

A

Oxytocin

84
Q

Oxytocin is responsible for expulsion of?

A

the fetus during delivery

85
Q

Oxytocin triggered by?

A

Stretch of uterus — result to contraction
Mechanical stimulation of cervix
Stimulation of nipples

86
Q

Produced by supraoptic nuclei of hypothalamus.

A

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

87
Q

increased urine, anti-diuresis — against or decreased urine

A

Diuresis

88
Q

Secretion of ADH depends on:

A

Blood osmolality
Blood volume

89
Q

This receptor is synapse the ADH neurosecretory neurons in hypothalamus.

A

Osmoreceptors

90
Q

This receptor detects the decrease in blood pressure.

A

Baroreceptors

91
Q

Posterior Pituitary Gland (Neurohypophysis)
Consists of:

A

Pars nervosa
Infundibulum

92
Q

Can be found in the epithalamus of the brain.
A small cone/pine-shaped gland located in the roof of the third ventricle of the brain.

A

Pineal Gland

AKA Pineal Body/Epiphysis Cerebri

93
Q

Pineal Gland regulates _______________ through the production of the hormone melatonin (sleep).

A

daily body rhythm

94
Q

Regulates daily body rhythms and day/night cycle (circadian rhythms).

A

Melatonin

95
Q

Melatonin is usually secreted during ______ — increased action potential during ______, increased production.

A

night

96
Q

Melatonin has two types of cells. What are they?

A

Pinealocytes
Glial cells

97
Q

Has sensitivity in light.

A

Photoperiod

98
Q

Composed of two lobes joined by isthmus.

A

Thyroid Gland

99
Q

Thyroid Gland is _________ to the upper portion of the trachea just inferior to the larynx.

A

lateral

100
Q

Thyroid Gland is one of the ________ endocrine glands.

A

largest

101
Q

Thyroid Gland contains numerous follicles, the center of which is filled with _________ composed of a protein thyroglobulin, which serves as the precursor to thyroid hormones.

A

colloid

102
Q

serves as a site for the storage of a large amount of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4)

A

Thryoglobulin

103
Q

______________ are scattered between follicles and follicle walls and secrete calcitonin.

A

Parafollicular cells

104
Q

Responsible for blood calcium levels. (in response of high levels of calcium; target tissue: bones)

A

Calcitonin

105
Q

Calcitonin’s functions

A

Promotes entry of Calcium to the bones
Decreases Calcium levels
Decreases osteoclasts activities

106
Q

Thyroid gland synthesizes and secretes three hormones:

A

Triiodothyronine (T3)
Tetraiodothyronine (T4)
Calcitonin

107
Q

enlargement of thyroid

A

Goiter

108
Q

decreased T3 and T4

A

Hypothyroidism

109
Q

Examples of Hypothyroidism

A

Goiter
Hashimoto - this is an autoimmune disease)

110
Q

increased T3 and T4

A

Hyperthyroidism

111
Q

Examples for Hyperthyroidism

A

Graves disease - wherein they have exophthalmos which is the enlargement of eyes
Goiter
Thyroid Storm - triggered by stress, surgery, or infection
Tumor - in terms of thyroiditis or viral infection

112
Q

T3 comprises _____ of thyroid hormones, T4 or thyroxine comprises _______ of thyroid hormones.

A

10% and 80%

113
Q

T4 is the _______ for T3

A

precursor

114
Q

___ of T4 is converted into T3

A

40%

115
Q

T3 is a major hormone that interacts with target cells and has higher affinity to _________, more potent.

A

receptors

116
Q

Some of the T4 is not converted into T3 (sometimes nonfunctional). If functional it still has a decreased _________ to your receptors.

A

affinity

117
Q

T4 is less potent so it does not serve its function so is usually released to?

A

urine and bile

118
Q

T4 and T3 importance of these two is related to?

A

sodium and potassium pumps

119
Q

T4 and T3 Responsible for growth of bone, hair, teeth, connective tissue, nervous tissue and has effects on?

A

GH

120
Q

T4 and T3 responsible for production of ATP in mitochondria in terms of?

A

metabolism

121
Q

located in the thyroid gland, has 2 pairs

A

Parathyroid gland

122
Q

Parathyroid gland releases parathyroid hormone. Concerns with the regulation of?

A

blood calcium levels

123
Q

Term used where there are areas in the world where there is a decreased iodine content in the soil making vegetables deficient in iodine. If it is deficient it will not promote the normal function of thyroid.

A

Goiter Belt

124
Q

More compact compared to your thyroid Gland. Usually embedded in the posterior part of each lobe of the thyroid gland.

A

Parathyroid Gland

125
Q

Parathyroid Gland is made up of two cells. What are they?

A

Chief Cells
Oxyphils

126
Q

This cell of Parathyroid Gland has no known function.

A

Oxyphils

127
Q

Parathyroid Gland’s hormones

A

PTH

128
Q

Parathyroid Gland’s sturcture

A

Peptide

129
Q

Parathyroid Gland’s target tissue

A

Bone, kidneys, small intestine

130
Q

Peptide increases the?

A

osteoclasts activity

131
Q

In terms of Vitamin D it promotes ______________ of your active Vitamin D. Wherein your active Vitamin D increases the absorption of your calcium and phosphate in your small intestine thereby increasing your blood calcium levels.

A

enzymatic formation

132
Q

PTH is only concerned with calcium since your phosphate excretion happens in your kidneys so it does not?

A

affect phosphate level in your blood

133
Q

Parathyroid Gland’s response

A

Increased rate of the breakdown of bone by osteoclasts; increased reabsorption of Ca2+ in kidneys; increased absorption of Ca2+ from the small intestine; increased vitamin D synthesis; increased blood Ca2+ levels.

134
Q

Located near the superior poles of the kidneys. Retroperitoneal, located at the back of the abdomen and (peritoneum) it lies at the superior portion at the lobe of your kidneys.

A

Adrenal/Suprarenal Glands

135
Q

Adrenal/Suprarenal Glands is composed of?

A

medulla and an outer cortex

136
Q

Medulla is derived from?

A

neural crest cells

137
Q

Cortex is derived from the?

A

mesoderm

138
Q

Consists of closely packed polyhedral cells (chromaffin cells) centrally located in the gland.

A

Adrenal medulla

139
Q

Adrenal medulla are usually derived from mesoderm rather than?

A

epithelial cells

140
Q

Derived from the usual, epithelial cells.

A

Adrenal cortex

141
Q

Adrenal cortex forms three indistinct layers. What are they?

A

Zona glomerulosa
Zona fasciculata
Zona reticularis

142
Q

This layer of Adrenal cortex is:
Small clusters of cells
Thickest part

A

Zona glomerulosa

143
Q

This layer of Adrenal cortex is:
Cells forms long columns, or fascicles
Secretes your cortisols

A

Zona fasciculata

144
Q

This layer of Adrenal cortex is:
Thin layer of irregularly arranged cords of cells.
Deepest layer
Releases your androgens

A

Zona reticularis

145
Q

What are the Hormones in Medulla?

A

Epinephrine (80%) and Norepinephrine (20%)

146
Q

Responsible for fight or flight response. Triggers: excitement, injuries, exercise, and even low blood glucose level

A

Epinephrine

147
Q

Epinephrine repairs your body in terms of physical activity and reduces your?

A

organ activity in terms of physical activity

148
Q

Epinephrine also ______ blood flow and metabolic activity of the organs that would participate in your activity.

A

increases

149
Q

The act of Increasing blood flow and metabolic activity of the organs that would participate in your activity is usually stimulated by your ___________________ because they are part of your autonomic nervous system.

A

sympathetic neurons

150
Q

Norepinephrine (precursor) is usually ____________ to your epinephrine.

A

converted

151
Q

Another function of Epinephrine is conversion of glycogen to glucose inside the __________. We also have conversion of glycogen to glucose inside the muscle cells but technically glucose produced there isn’t secreted because the muscles need it.

A

liver cells

152
Q

Other functions of Epinephrine are?

A
  • breakdown of adipose tissue - constriction and dilation of blood vessels
153
Q

constriction and dilation can also be found in?

A

skin, kidneys, and GIDs

154
Q

Norepinephrine gives rise to?

A

postganglionic sympathetic neurons

155
Q

Norepinephrine two related hormones in Cortex

A

Alpha adrenergic and beta adrenergic.

156
Q

Zone reticularis secrets?

A

androgens

157
Q

Zone reticularis is responsible for
male =
female = sex drive

A

development of male secondary sex characteristics such as your pubic hair, axillary hair growth.

158
Q

Zone reticularis have?

A

Androstenedione

159
Q

Zona fasciculata secretes?

A

glucocorticoids

160
Q

Zona fasciculata major effect:

A

energy production from lipid and protein synthesis.

161
Q

Zona fasciculata response classification: __________ (energy production), ____________ (maturation of fetal), and __________________ (regulatory function of your endocrine glands)

A

metabolic
developmental
anti-inflammatory

162
Q

Zona fasciculata known to suppress immune-response in case of?

A

auto-immune diseases and transplant rejections

163
Q

Zona fasciculata responsible for _____________, decrease glucose uptake resulting in increased blood glucose level, decrease amino acid uptake resulting in increased amino acid in your blood, and increase glucose neogenesis where your glucose is synthesized from other sources like amino acids.

A

lipid catabolism

164
Q

Zona glomerulosa secretes?

A

mineralocorticoids

165
Q

Zona glomerulosa have aldosterone for?

A

sound reabsorption

166
Q

In Zona glomerulosa water follows sodium reabsorption and potassium goes out (PISO). ____________ also goes out resulting into decreasing level of pH blood resulting into alkalosis.

A

Hydrogen ion

167
Q

Both an exocrine and an endocrine gland.

A

Pancreas

168
Q

Pancreas exocrine component

A

pancreatic acinar cells (produces pancreatic juice)

169
Q

Pancreas edocrine component

A

Islets of Langerhans

170
Q

This principal cell of Pancreas releases glucagon (20%) incases of hypoglycemia or low blood glucose. Wherein it increases the glucose synthesization in your liver then it would be released in the bloodstream and increases your breakdown of lipids.

A

A (alpha) cells

171
Q

This principal cell of Pancreas releases insulin (75%) incase of hyperglycemia or high blood glucose so glucose goes inside of the cell.

A

B (beta) cells

172
Q

This principal cell of Pancreas releases somatostatin (5%), inhibitors of A and B cells. (Siya yung nagpaptigil sa dalawa if sobra na)

A

D (delta) cells

173
Q

Deficiency in insulin then glucose won’t go inside the cell the blood glucose would accumulate which is the result of patients with?

A

diabetes

174
Q

Experiences in diabetes.

A

Polyphagia
Polyuria
Polydipsia

175
Q

This minor cell type of Pancreas is responsible digestion wherein it inhibits your gastric emptying activity and biliary excretion.

A

PP or Pancreatic Polypeptide cell (F/gamma cell)

176
Q

This minor cell type of Pancreas is from D cells but also PP cells.

A

D1 cell

177
Q

This minor cell type of Pancreas - ghrelin is released to hunger.

A

Epsilon cell

178
Q

Endocrine glands that produce hormones are involved mainly in the process of reproduction, and may also have a role in other parts of the body.

A

Gonads

179
Q

Small oval-shaped male reproductive organs.

A

Testes

180
Q

The endocrine portion of the testes is the ____________ (interstitial cells) which secret the hormone testosterone.

A

Leydig cells

181
Q

Testes regulates the production of?

A

sperm cells

182
Q

Testes is responsible for ______________ of your male reproductive organs and secondary male characteristics.

A

maintenance

183
Q

Testes releases your hormones called ________ where it inhibits your secretion of FSH in your anterior pituitary gland.

A

inhibin

184
Q

Almond-sized organs that serve as the primary reproductive organs of females.

A

Ovaries

185
Q

Ovaries’ 2 primary functions.

A

Gametogenesis
Steroidogenesis

186
Q

Ovaries produce the following steroid:

A

Estrogens
Progesterone

187
Q

Ovaries’ primary function is the control of your ____________________ and prepares you mammary gland for lactation. It is also responsible for development of female reproductive organs and maintenance of your female secondary characteristics.

A

female reproductive cycle

188
Q

Ovaries also secretes inhibin which inhibits FSH. Also secretes hormone _______ increasing the flexibility (mas marerelax pubis synthesis) in terms of dilation of our cervix for birth and delivery.

A

relaxin

189
Q

Ovaries has another hormone which is ________ which makes your birth canal wider/larger.

A

oxytocin

190
Q

___________ are responsible for the sensation of pain as well as your enkephalins and dynorphins.

A

Endorphins

191
Q

_____________ for uterine contraction.

A

Prostaglandin

192
Q

____________ happy hormones released during pleasure and considered to be neurotransmitters released by your hypothalamus.

A

Dopamine

193
Q

__________, your mood enhancers from your brain stem and stored in your enterochromaffin cells.

A

Serotonin

194
Q

The most common cause of ___________________________ is an increase in the total number of cells producing a specific hormone.

A

hormone overproduction

195
Q

Endocrine organ involved: Thyroid; Excessive amounts of thyroid hormones are released into the circulation due to hypertrophy of hormone-secreting cells.

A

Grave’s disease

196
Q

Symptoms of Grave’s disease

A

weight loss, excessive sweating, tachycardia, nervousness, protrusion of eyeballs, and retraction of eyelids.

197
Q

May result from:
Destruction of an endocrine organ by a disease process or autoimmunity
Abnormal development of endocrine glands
Abnormal regulation of hormone secretion
Iatrogenic injury

A

Hormone underproduction

198
Q

Also known as the insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.
Destruction of beta-cells of the islets of Langerhans by autoantibodies results in decreased production (or non-production) of insulin.

A

Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus

199
Q

Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus results to persistent?

A

hyperglycemia

200
Q

Blood glucose is high it goes to the kidneys then it gets damaged as well as the?

A

homeostasis

201
Q

Genetic mutation in hormone receptors. Genetic mutation may be hereditary or acquired.

A

Altered tissue responses hormones

202
Q

Also known as non insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.
This diabetes is caused by the resistance of muscles and liver to insulin.

A

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

203
Q

Molecules synthesized by adipose tissue that causes insulin resistance:

A
  • Tumor necrosis factor-alpha and beta
  • Resistin
204
Q

The last principle of Endocrine diseases.

A

Tumors of endocrine glands

205
Q

Most of the tumors of the endocrine gland are _______________ and are responsible for hormone overproduction.

A

hormonally active

206
Q

Some tumors do not produce hormones and instead compress neighboring organs or cause the destruction of other organs due to? (produces but non-functional).

A

metastases

207
Q

Give at least 2 Main Regulatory Functions

A
  • Regulation of metabolism
  • Control of food intake and digestion
  • Modulation of tissue development
  • Regulation of ion levels
  • Control of water balance
  • Control of blood glucose and other nutrients
  • Control of reproductive functions
  • Stimulation of uterine contractions and milk release
  • Modulation of immune system function
  • Changes in heart rate and blood pressure

MT-MLS105 (ANAPHY) (15 decks)

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