Muscular System Flashcards
Examples of Movement of the Body.
Walking, Running, etc.
When your skeletal muscles contract it stabilizes your joint and helps maintain?
Body position
Every time the muscles contract they generate?
Heat
This generation of heat is called?
Thermogenesis
Muscles move according to the stimulus that is produced by the action potential. What function is this?
Communication
The stimulus/impulses are given by?
Nerve ending cells
The storage capacity or capability of your muscles is sustained or accomplished according to the movement or substantial movement of your?
sphincters
Sphincters are?
Our ring like bonds of smooth muscles.
When sphincters contract it prevents the outflow of contents from?
hollow organs (involuntary)
Cell Shape of Cardiac Muscle Tissue.
Cylindrical and branched
Nucleus of Cardiac Muscle and Smooth Muscle.
Single, centrally located
Cardiac Muscle is generally?
Striated, Involuntary muscle
Cell Shape of Smooth Muscle.
spindle-shaped
Smooth muscle is generally?
Nonstriated, Involuntary muscle
Location of Cardiac Muscle
Heart
Location of Smooth Muscle
Hollow organ such as skin, stomach, urinary bladder, or blood vessels
Cell shape of Skeletal Muscle
Very long, cylindrical and unbranched
Nucleus of Skeletal Muscle
Multiple, peripherally located
Skeletal Muscle is generally?
Appears markedly striated, Voluntary muscle
Location of Skeletal Muscle
Most muscles that are attached to bones or tendons.
This cell can be only found in Cardiac Muscle and Smooth Muscle.
Specialized Cells:
Cardiac Muscle - Intercalated Disc/Disk
Smooth Muscle - Gap Junctions
Function of Specialized Cells
They Join cells to one another.
The ability to generate tension to do work.
Contractility
In contractility, the presence of ____________ is always there. It is the gravity pulling on the limb and pressure of fluid in a hollow organ.
oppose contraction
The property of responding to stimuli.
Excitability
Stimuli are the electrical signals that we call _____________.
action potential or impulses.
The ability to extend
To extend within limits without damage.
Extensibility
The ability to return to original shape after contraction/extension.
Elasticity
This is a cell. It is long because if it is a muscle cell it needs the whole part of it to be able to move. The cells of your skeletal muscle
Muscle Fiber
Muscle Fiber is also known as?
myocytes or skeletal muscle cells.
This covers each muscle fiber (inner layer). Made of reticular fibers.
Endomysium
Group of your muscle fibers consisting of 10 to 100 muscle fibers. Bundles of muscle fibers.
Fascicles
This covers the fascicles. Has dense regular connective tissue.
Permiysium
This covers the entire skeletal muscle, has dense regular connective tissue.
Epimysium
Connected to Epimysium. Also known as bondage. Consists of dense regular connective tissue. It’s the one covering or holding muscles with similar functions.
Fascia
Fascia allows?
pre-movement of our skeletal muscle
What are integrated in the fascia?
nerves, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels
What are the two parts of Fascia?
Deepfascia - lies between your muscles
Superficial Fascia - hypodermis, resides between your skin
Specialized Plasma membrane surrounding each fiber. Outer membrane of your long cylindrical skeletal muscle fiber. It is where resting potential or electrical charge resides.
Sarcolemma
What happens when your brain would send a stimulus or action potential in order to do this type of action?
Sarcolemma would reverse the electrical charge. It will let the stimuli from the brain to maneuver the muscle. That’s why even resting it still has electricity.
Your muscles have an electrical charge even if it is ___________ because of your sarcolemma.
resting
Sarcoplasm has glycogen and myoglobin for?
It has glycogen, a storage form of glucose (food). Presence of myoglobin, a red colored protein which functions for oxygen diffusion of muscles.
This is the cytoplasm of Skeletal Muscle Fiber.
Sarcoplasm
Extend Across the sarcoplasm. In the middle of myofibrils.
Traverse (T) Tubules
Traverse (T) Tubules is filled with?
interstitial fluid
Traverse (T) Tubules’ function?
Allow electrical impulse to travel deep into the cell.
Traverse (T) Tubules is the reason why each of the muscle is aware?
What type of movement you are gonna do.
Surround each myofibrils.
The smooth ER of muscle.
Sarcoplasmic Reticulum
What happens if Sarcoplasmic Reticulum is relax and if there is stimuli?
If relax then it stores calcium.
If stimuli then it would release calcium ions.
Contractile organelles of skeletal muscle. Basically the contents of sarcoplasm.
Myofibrils
Myofibril is capable of? and is reason of?
Capable of store glycogen
Reason of striations
These proteins of myofibril are the actin and myosin (generate force to produce contactration)
Contractile proteins
These proteins of myofibril are troponin and tropomyosin (switches the contraction process on and off)
Regulatory proteins
These proteins of myofibril are titin, a-actin, myomesin, nebulin, and dystrophin (keep thick and thin filaments in proper alignment; give myofibril electricity and extensibility; linking the myofibril to the sarcolemma and extracellular matrix)
Structural proteins
This structural protein connects your z-disc to the m-line of sarcomere and stabilizes your thick filament.
Titin
The structural protein of z-disc that attaches to actin molecules of thin filament and titin molecules.
A-actin
This structural protein forms your m-line of your sarcomere.
Myomesin
This structural protein anchors thin filaments to z-disc and regulates length of thin filaments derived development.
Nebulin
This structural protein links your thin filaments of sarcomere to integral membranes proteins in sarcolemma.
Dystrophy
Basic functional unit of myofibril. Reason why our skeletal muscles contract.
Sarcomere
Components of Sarcomere
Z discs, A band, I band, H zone, and M line
A narrow plated sheet region of dense material which separates one sarcomere from another.
Z discs
It has thick filaments but not thin filaments.
H zone
It is the middle of your sarcomere, located within your H zone.
M line
Darker, because it is where the extension of thick filaments.
A band
Lighter because no presence of filaments.
I band
These are contractile proteins consist of thick filament myosin and thin filament actin proteins. The key molecular regulators of the contraction.
Myofilaments
It is like a golf club because of a globular head and shaft like tail.
Thick Myofilaments
motor protein in all three types of muscle tissues
Myosin
It looks like a string of beads, like a bracelet.
Thin Myofilaments
Action:
What are the Regulatory proteins?
Troponin and Tropomyosin
Skeletal muscle may attach to a bone in one of 2 ways:
Direct and Indirect Attachment
Your muscle fibers emerge with the periosteum of the bone. Muscle to bone.
Direct Attachment
This is outer layer of the bone.
Periosteum
Epimysium extends past the muscle as a tendon. This tendon merge with periosteum of the bone. Muscle has tendon and that’s the one attached to the bone not the muscle itself.
Indirect Attachment
Ropelike in shape
Tendons
Wide and flat (broad tendon)
Muscle to Muscle attachment
Aponeurosis
Remember one muscle contract the other?
relaxes
Attachment to a stationary bone. Where muscles are usually attached.
Origin
Attachment to a movable bone
Insertion
Thick midsection of the muscle.
Belly
Muscle with the major responsibility for a certain movement
Prime mover
Muscles that assist
Synergists
As your Brachialis contracts there is a synergist muscle which is the ____________ while your triceps relaxes.
biceps brachii
Muscle that opposes or reverses a prime mover. When primover contracts then antagonists relax and vice versa.
This is to prevent joint injury. By moderating the speed or range of your movement
Antagonists
Tension in the muscles remains the same (constant). The muscle shortens
Isotonic Contractions
As muscle shortens, it generates enough force to move an object (shorten = force).
Concentric Isotonic
Length of a muscle increase during a contraction
Eccentric Isotonic
Tension in the muscle increases
The muscle does not shorten
Isometric Contractions
What basic body movement is this?
Decrease in the angle between articulating bones.
Flexion
What basic body movement is this?
Increase in the angle between articulating bones.
Extension
What basic body movement is this?
Extension beyond anatomical position.
Hyperextension
What basic body movement is this?
Your bone revolves around its own longitudinal axis.
Rotation
What basic body movement is this?
Away from midline
Abduction
What basic body movement is this?
Towards the midline
Adduction
What basic body movement is this?
Movement of distal end of a body part in a circle.
Circumduction
What special body movement is this?
Superior
Elevation
What special body movement is this?
Inferior
Depression
What special body movement is this?
Anterior
Protaction
What special body movement is this?
Posterior
Retraction
What special body movement is this?
Movement of sole in medial
Inversion
What special body movement is this?
Movement of sole in distal
Eversion
What special body movement is this?
Bending of foot in the direction of dorsum
Dorsiflexion
What special body movement is this? Bending of foot in the direction of plantar flexion.
Plantar flexion
What special body movement is this?
Movement of your forearm, anteriorly to the palm
Supination
What special body movement is this?Movement of your forearm, posteriorly to the palm
Pronation
What special body movement is this? Movement of thumb across palm to touch fingertips on the same hand
Opposition
What is the name of muscle for a direction that is straight?
Rectus
What does Transversus mean?
Across
What is the name of muscle for a direction that is Diagonal?
Oblique
What is the name of muscle for a size that is the largest?
Maximus
What is the name of muscle for a size that is the smallest?
Minimus
What does Major mean?
Large
What does Minor mean?
Small
What does Longus mean?
Longest
What is the name of muscle for a size that is the Shortest?
Brevis
What is the name of muscle when the location in the chest?
Pectoralis
What does Brachio mean?
Upper Arm
What is the name of muscle when the location in the Radius?
Radialis
What does Gluteus mean?
Buttock
What is the name of muscle when the location in the Femur?
Femoris
Give all the number of origins.
Biceps - 2 Origins
Triceps - 3 Origins
Quadriceps - 4 Origins
What is the name of muscle when its shape is Triangular?
Deltoid
What does Rhomboid mean?
Diamond-shaped
What is the name of muscle when its shape is Saw-toothed?
Serratus
What does Trapezius mean?
Trapezoidal
What is the name of muscle when the action it does is Adducts?
Adductor
What does Abductor mean?
Abducts
What is the name of muscle when the action it does is Flexes?
Flexor
What does Extensor mean?
Extends
What is the name of muscle when the action it does is Elevates?
Levator
Responsible for raising of eyebrows when glancing upward or getting surprised.
Frontalis
Sphincter muscle that closes the eye when blinking.
Orbicularis Oculi
What does Oculi mean?
eye
What does Zygomaticus do?
Draws mouth upward.
AKA laughing muscle.
What does Orbicularis Oris do?
Closes the mouth and purses the lips.
AKA kissing muscle.
What does Oris mean?
mouth
- Retracts the angle of mouth.
- Assists in smiling and blowing (trumpets, whistle).
- AKA whistling muscle.
Buccinator
- Flexes or decreases the angle of the head when we are looking downward.
- Capable of rotating the head to the opposite side.
Sternocleidomastoid
Sternocleidomastoid is also known as?
Praying muscle
What does Trapezius do?
Extends the head when we are looking upward.
What is the difference between Temporalis and Masseter?
Temporalis - Elevates and retracts the mandible.
Masseter -Elevates and protracts the mandible.
- Depress the tongue.
- Protrudes the tongue (bleh).
Genioglossus
What does Hyoglossus and Styloglossus do?
- Depress the tongue.
- Retract and move the tongue posteriorly.
Elevates posterior tongue
Palatoglossus
- Smallest muscle in the body.
- Located in the middle ear.
Stapedius Muscle
What does External Intercostals do?
- Lies superficially between the ribs.
- Responsible for the elevation of the ribs during inspiration (inhalation).
- Lies deeper than the external intercostals.
- Depress the ribs during forced exhalation.
Internal Intercostals
Enlarges the thorax to trigger inspiration.
Diaphragm
Muscles forming in the Abdominal Wall are?
- Layered
- Solely protected by muscles because there is no bones present.
- Compress the abdominal organs.
- Aids in forceful expiration, vomiting, and defecation.
- Allows the flexion of the vertebral column.
External Oblique
What is the difference between External Oblique and Rectus Abdominis?
External Oblique - Allows the trunk to be bent laterally.
Rectus Abdominis - Allows the trunk to be bent forward.
Flexes lumbar region (balakang).
Rectus Abdominis
What does Transversus Abdominis do?
Compress the contents of the abdomen.
What does Internal Oblique do?
- Stabilizes the spine and maintains posture.
- Permits the rotation of the waist (hula hoop).
Muscle to muscle, flat broad tendon.
Aponeurosis
Aponeurosis of the muscles forming the abdominal wall meet in the _________ where they form a tough bond of connective tissues.
midline
- White line.
- Tough bond of aponeurosis.
Linea Alba
- Triangular shape.
- Capable to abduct, flex, and rotate the arm.
Deltoid
Deltoid is cable of?
swinging the arm during walking, running, bowling.
Deltoid is writing on?
an elevated surface.
- Chest
- Flexes and adducts the upper arm during climbing or hugging.
Pectoralis Major
What does Serratus Anterior do? And where is it?
- Under the breast or chest area.
- Drives all forward reaching, pushing movements or pulls the shoulder down.
- Flexes and adducts.
- Similar to pectoralis major but this can be seen in the posterior part of the upper arm.
Trapezius
Functions of Trapezius.
- Able to stabilize the scapula (bumukol na buto sa likod; paniki).
- Raise and lower the shoulders.
- Adduct the humerus.
- AKA swimmer’s muscle.
Latissimus Dorsi
Latissimus Dorsi functions
- Extends the upper arm backward during rowing or swimming, grasping an object over head.
- Can pull the body upward (pull-ups, monkey bar).
Tendons of four muscles attached to the scapula.
Rotator Cuff
Rotator Cuff:
assists the deltoid in abducting at the shoulder joint.
Supraspinatus
Rotator Cuff:
laterally rotates arm at shoulder joint.
Infraspinatus
Rotator Cuff:
located under.
Subscapularis
Rotator Cuff:
laterally rotates and extends arm at shoulder joint.
Teres Minor
What is the difference Brachialis and Triceps Brachii
Brachialis - Prime mover when flexing the forearm.
Triceps Brachii - Prime mover when extending the forearm
What is the Antagonist of brachialis.
Triceps Brachii
Synergist or assist the brachialis when flexing the forearm.
Biceps Brachii
Functions of Biceps Brachii.
- Capable of flexing the elbow and supinating the forearm.
- When opening a bottle using corkscrew.
Synergist or helps the brachialis and biceps brachii in flexing the forearm.
Brachioradialis
- Posterior palms.
- Movement of the forearm.
Pronator Muscles
- Anterior palms.
- Movement of the forearm.
Supinator
Both muscles flex the thigh opposing gluteus maximus.
Iliopsoas: Iliacus and Psoas Major
- Longest muscle in the body.
- AKA tailor’s muscle.
Sartorius
Function of Sartorius
- Aids in flexion of hip and knee when we sit.
- Aids in abduction and laterally rotates the thigh (cross legs when sitting).
All rotate and draw the thigh in towards the body.
Adductor Muscles
Adductor Muscles:
Malaki
Adductor Magnus
Adductor Muscles:
Short
Adductor Brevis
Adductor Muscles:
Mahaba
Adductor Longus
Adductor Muscles:
Help the hamstring muscles flex the knee.
Gracilis
- Group of muscles which has the most powerful muscle in the body.
- Muscles responsible for the prime mover for knee extension.
Quadriceps Femoris
All muscles flex the thigh at the?
hip joint
All vastus muscles work together excluding?
the rectus femoris
What are the Quadriceps Femoris?
Rectus Femoris
Vastus Lateralis
Vastus Medialis
Vastus Intermedius
Abducts and rotates thigh outward.
Gluteus Medius
Gluteus Medius is the site for intramuscular injections under what conditions?
The injection happens in gluteus medius if the Injection of greater than 2 to 3 ml. But it happens in deltoid muscle if the injection of less than 2 to 3 ml.
Bulkiest muscle in the body.
Gluteus Maximus
Lies beneath the other gluteal muscles.
Gluteus Minimus
- All muscles extend the thigh, flex the knee, and rotate the legs.
- Can easily feel the tendons of these muscles.
Hamstrings
What are the Hamstrings?
Biceps Femoris
Semitendinosus
Semimembranosus
What is Gastrocnemius?
More superficial muscle in comparison with soleus.
Deeper muscle in comparison with gastrocnemius.
Soleus
What does Gastrocnemius and Soleus do?
Both work for plantar flexion of the foot at the ankle joint.
Primary dorsiflexor of the ankle.
Tibialis Anterior
Extends the toes and turns the foot outward (eversion).
Extensor Digitorum Longus
- Responsible for dorsiflexion.
- Move the foot in the direction of the dorsum (superior part of foot).
Tibialis Anterior and Extensor Digitorum Longus
- Located at the back of the ankle.
- Strongest tendon.
Calcaneal (Achilles) Tendon
Calcaneal (Achilles) Tendon is a common tendon of?
gastrocnemius and soleus
Calcaneal (Achilles) Tendon inserts on the?
Calcaneus
What is Calcaneus?
heel bone
- Group of permanent motor disorder that causes movement of disabilities.
- Impairment or loss of motor function as a result of brain damage.
- Damage affects muscle control, body movement, muscle coordination, reflexes, tone and balance.
Cerebral Palsy
Cerebral Palsy was believed that this disease can be developed when the person is still a 1._______. However, there are instances that this disease is being developed when a person reaches 2.________.
- fetus
- adulthood
- Unilateral paralysis of the muscles of facial expression.
- Facial paralysis.
Bell’s Palsy
Possible Causes of Bell’s Palsy.
- Inflammation of facial nerves due to infection.
- Damage of facial nerve due to tear surgeries.
- Viral infection caused by Herpes simplex virus.
Bell’s Palsy is due to the damage of the?
facial (VII) nerve
______ of patients recover completely within a few weeks/months depending on the compliance of their medication.
80%
- Group of inherited muscle destroying muscles which causes progressive degeneration of skeletal muscle fibers.
- Group of diseases that cause progressive weakness and loss of muscle mass.
Muscular Dystrophy
Most common form of Muscular Dystrophy.
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD)
In Muscular Dystrophy, the gene that codes for the protein dystrophin is?
mutated
structural muscle, if mutated: every contraction, sarcolemma tears down.
Dystrophin
Once sarcolemma is ___________, muscle fiber dies (degeneration).
teared down
Disorder is usually experienced by __ to __ years old.
2 to 5
Male patients who have this disease turn 12 years old, they are not capable of?
walking
By the age of 20 (average), there is a presence of ______________________ as the heart is not capable of pumping blood.
respiratory or cardiac failure
a sudden involuntary contraction of a single muscle in a large group of muscles.
Spasm
a painful spasmodic contraction.
Cramp
Causes of Cramp.
- dehydration during swimming
- inadequate blood flow
- muscle strain: holding a position for a prolonged period of time.
a spasmodic twitching made involuntarily by muscles that are ordinarily under voluntary control.
Tic
Example Tic
twitching of eyelids
