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MT-MLS105 (ANAPHY) > Muscular System > Flashcards

Muscular System Flashcards

1
Q

Examples of Movement of the Body.

A

Walking, Running, etc.

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2
Q

When your skeletal muscles contract it stabilizes your joint and helps maintain?

A

Body position

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3
Q

Every time the muscles contract they generate?

A

Heat

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4
Q

This generation of heat is called?

A

Thermogenesis

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5
Q

Muscles move according to the stimulus that is produced by the action potential. What function is this?

A

Communication

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6
Q

The stimulus/impulses are given by?

A

Nerve ending cells

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7
Q

The storage capacity or capability of your muscles is sustained or accomplished according to the movement or substantial movement of your?

A

sphincters

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8
Q

Sphincters are?

A

Our ring like bonds of smooth muscles.

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9
Q

When sphincters contract it prevents the outflow of contents from?

A

hollow organs (involuntary)

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10
Q

Cell Shape of Cardiac Muscle Tissue.

A

Cylindrical and branched

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11
Q

Nucleus of Cardiac Muscle and Smooth Muscle.

A

Single, centrally located

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12
Q

Cardiac Muscle is generally?

A

Striated, Involuntary muscle

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13
Q

Cell Shape of Smooth Muscle.

A

spindle-shaped

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14
Q

Smooth muscle is generally?

A

Nonstriated, Involuntary muscle

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15
Q

Location of Cardiac Muscle

A

Heart

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16
Q

Location of Smooth Muscle

A

Hollow organ such as skin, stomach, urinary bladder, or blood vessels

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17
Q

Cell shape of Skeletal Muscle

A

Very long, cylindrical and unbranched

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18
Q

Nucleus of Skeletal Muscle

A

Multiple, peripherally located

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19
Q

Skeletal Muscle is generally?

A

Appears markedly striated, Voluntary muscle

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20
Q

Location of Skeletal Muscle

A

Most muscles that are attached to bones or tendons.

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21
Q

This cell can be only found in Cardiac Muscle and Smooth Muscle.

A

Specialized Cells:

Cardiac Muscle - Intercalated Disc/Disk
Smooth Muscle - Gap Junctions

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22
Q

Function of Specialized Cells

A

They Join cells to one another.

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23
Q

The ability to generate tension to do work.

A

Contractility

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24
Q

In contractility, the presence of ____________ is always there. It is the gravity pulling on the limb and pressure of fluid in a hollow organ.

A

oppose contraction

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25
Q

The property of responding to stimuli.

A

Excitability

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26
Q

Stimuli are the electrical signals that we call _____________.

A

action potential or impulses.

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27
Q

The ability to extend
To extend within limits without damage.

A

Extensibility

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28
Q

The ability to return to original shape after contraction/extension.

A

Elasticity

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29
Q

This is a cell. It is long because if it is a muscle cell it needs the whole part of it to be able to move. The cells of your skeletal muscle

A

Muscle Fiber

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30
Q

Muscle Fiber is also known as?

A

myocytes or skeletal muscle cells.

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31
Q

This covers each muscle fiber (inner layer). Made of reticular fibers.

A

Endomysium

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32
Q

Group of your muscle fibers consisting of 10 to 100 muscle fibers. Bundles of muscle fibers.

A

Fascicles

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33
Q

This covers the fascicles. Has dense regular connective tissue.

A

Permiysium

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34
Q

This covers the entire skeletal muscle, has dense regular connective tissue.

A

Epimysium

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35
Q

Connected to Epimysium. Also known as bondage. Consists of dense regular connective tissue. It’s the one covering or holding muscles with similar functions.

A

Fascia

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36
Q

Fascia allows?

A

pre-movement of our skeletal muscle

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37
Q

What are integrated in the fascia?

A

nerves, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels

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38
Q

What are the two parts of Fascia?

A

Deepfascia - lies between your muscles
Superficial Fascia - hypodermis, resides between your skin

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39
Q

Specialized Plasma membrane surrounding each fiber. Outer membrane of your long cylindrical skeletal muscle fiber. It is where resting potential or electrical charge resides.

A

Sarcolemma

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40
Q

What happens when your brain would send a stimulus or action potential in order to do this type of action?

A

Sarcolemma would reverse the electrical charge. It will let the stimuli from the brain to maneuver the muscle. That’s why even resting it still has electricity.

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41
Q

Your muscles have an electrical charge even if it is ___________ because of your sarcolemma.

A

resting

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42
Q

Sarcoplasm has glycogen and myoglobin for?

A

It has glycogen, a storage form of glucose (food). Presence of myoglobin, a red colored protein which functions for oxygen diffusion of muscles.

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42
Q

This is the cytoplasm of Skeletal Muscle Fiber.

A

Sarcoplasm

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43
Q

Extend Across the sarcoplasm. In the middle of myofibrils.

A

Traverse (T) Tubules

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44
Q

Traverse (T) Tubules is filled with?

A

interstitial fluid

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45
Q

Traverse (T) Tubules’ function?

A

Allow electrical impulse to travel deep into the cell.

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46
Q

Traverse (T) Tubules is the reason why each of the muscle is aware?

A

What type of movement you are gonna do.

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47
Q

Surround each myofibrils.
The smooth ER of muscle.

A

Sarcoplasmic Reticulum

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48
Q

What happens if Sarcoplasmic Reticulum is relax and if there is stimuli?

A

If relax then it stores calcium.
If stimuli then it would release calcium ions.

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49
Q

Contractile organelles of skeletal muscle. Basically the contents of sarcoplasm.

A

Myofibrils

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50
Q

Myofibril is capable of? and is reason of?

A

Capable of store glycogen
Reason of striations

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51
Q

These proteins of myofibril are the actin and myosin (generate force to produce contactration)

A

Contractile proteins

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52
Q

These proteins of myofibril are troponin and tropomyosin (switches the contraction process on and off)

A

Regulatory proteins

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53
Q

These proteins of myofibril are titin, a-actin, myomesin, nebulin, and dystrophin (keep thick and thin filaments in proper alignment; give myofibril electricity and extensibility; linking the myofibril to the sarcolemma and extracellular matrix)

A

Structural proteins

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54
Q

This structural protein connects your z-disc to the m-line of sarcomere and stabilizes your thick filament.

A

Titin

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55
Q

The structural protein of z-disc that attaches to actin molecules of thin filament and titin molecules.

A

A-actin

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56
Q

This structural protein forms your m-line of your sarcomere.

A

Myomesin

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57
Q

This structural protein anchors thin filaments to z-disc and regulates length of thin filaments derived development.

A

Nebulin

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58
Q

This structural protein links your thin filaments of sarcomere to integral membranes proteins in sarcolemma.

A

Dystrophy

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59
Q

Basic functional unit of myofibril. Reason why our skeletal muscles contract.

A

Sarcomere

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60
Q

Components of Sarcomere

A

Z discs, A band, I band, H zone, and M line

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61
Q

A narrow plated sheet region of dense material which separates one sarcomere from another.

A

Z discs

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62
Q

It has thick filaments but not thin filaments.

A

H zone

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63
Q

It is the middle of your sarcomere, located within your H zone.

A

M line

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64
Q

Darker, because it is where the extension of thick filaments.

A

A band

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65
Q

Lighter because no presence of filaments.

A

I band

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66
Q

These are contractile proteins consist of thick filament myosin and thin filament actin proteins. The key molecular regulators of the contraction.

A

Myofilaments

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67
Q

It is like a golf club because of a globular head and shaft like tail.

A

Thick Myofilaments

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68
Q

motor protein in all three types of muscle tissues

A

Myosin

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69
Q

It looks like a string of beads, like a bracelet.

A

Thin Myofilaments

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70
Q

Action:
What are the Regulatory proteins?

A

Troponin and Tropomyosin

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71
Q

Skeletal muscle may attach to a bone in one of 2 ways:

A

Direct and Indirect Attachment

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72
Q

Your muscle fibers emerge with the periosteum of the bone. Muscle to bone.

A

Direct Attachment

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73
Q

This is outer layer of the bone.

A

Periosteum

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74
Q

Epimysium extends past the muscle as a tendon. This tendon merge with periosteum of the bone. Muscle has tendon and that’s the one attached to the bone not the muscle itself.

A

Indirect Attachment

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75
Q

Ropelike in shape

A

Tendons

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76
Q

Wide and flat (broad tendon)
Muscle to Muscle attachment

A

Aponeurosis

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77
Q

Remember one muscle contract the other?

A

relaxes

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78
Q

Attachment to a stationary bone. Where muscles are usually attached.

A

Origin

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79
Q

Attachment to a movable bone

A

Insertion

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80
Q

Thick midsection of the muscle.

A

Belly

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81
Q

Muscle with the major responsibility for a certain movement

A

Prime mover

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82
Q

Muscles that assist

A

Synergists

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83
Q

As your Brachialis contracts there is a synergist muscle which is the ____________ while your triceps relaxes.

A

biceps brachii

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84
Q

Muscle that opposes or reverses a prime mover. When primover contracts then antagonists relax and vice versa.
This is to prevent joint injury. By moderating the speed or range of your movement

A

Antagonists

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85
Q

Tension in the muscles remains the same (constant). The muscle shortens

A

Isotonic Contractions

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86
Q

As muscle shortens, it generates enough force to move an object (shorten = force).

A

Concentric Isotonic

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87
Q

Length of a muscle increase during a contraction

A

Eccentric Isotonic

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88
Q

Tension in the muscle increases
The muscle does not shorten

A

Isometric Contractions

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89
Q

What basic body movement is this?
Decrease in the angle between articulating bones.

A

Flexion

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90
Q

What basic body movement is this?
Increase in the angle between articulating bones.

A

Extension

91
Q

What basic body movement is this?
Extension beyond anatomical position.

A

Hyperextension

92
Q

What basic body movement is this?
Your bone revolves around its own longitudinal axis.

A

Rotation

93
Q

What basic body movement is this?
Away from midline

A

Abduction

94
Q

What basic body movement is this?
Towards the midline

A

Adduction

95
Q

What basic body movement is this?
Movement of distal end of a body part in a circle.

A

Circumduction

96
Q

What special body movement is this?
Superior

A

Elevation

97
Q

What special body movement is this?
Inferior

A

Depression

98
Q

What special body movement is this?
Anterior

A

Protaction

99
Q

What special body movement is this?
Posterior

A

Retraction

100
Q

What special body movement is this?
Movement of sole in medial

A

Inversion

101
Q

What special body movement is this?
Movement of sole in distal

A

Eversion

102
Q

What special body movement is this?
Bending of foot in the direction of dorsum

A

Dorsiflexion

103
Q

What special body movement is this? Bending of foot in the direction of plantar flexion.

A

Plantar flexion

104
Q

What special body movement is this?
Movement of your forearm, anteriorly to the palm

A

Supination

105
Q

What special body movement is this?Movement of your forearm, posteriorly to the palm

A

Pronation

106
Q

What special body movement is this? Movement of thumb across palm to touch fingertips on the same hand

A

Opposition

107
Q

What is the name of muscle for a direction that is straight?

A

Rectus

108
Q

What does Transversus mean?

A

Across

108
Q

What is the name of muscle for a direction that is Diagonal?

A

Oblique

109
Q

What is the name of muscle for a size that is the largest?

A

Maximus

110
Q

What is the name of muscle for a size that is the smallest?

A

Minimus

111
Q

What does Major mean?

A

Large

112
Q

What does Minor mean?

A

Small

113
Q

What does Longus mean?

A

Longest

114
Q

What is the name of muscle for a size that is the Shortest?

A

Brevis

115
Q

What is the name of muscle when the location in the chest?

A

Pectoralis

116
Q

What does Brachio mean?

A

Upper Arm

117
Q

What is the name of muscle when the location in the Radius?

A

Radialis

118
Q

What does Gluteus mean?

A

Buttock

119
Q

What is the name of muscle when the location in the Femur?

A

Femoris

120
Q

Give all the number of origins.

A

Biceps - 2 Origins
Triceps - 3 Origins
Quadriceps - 4 Origins

121
Q

What is the name of muscle when its shape is Triangular?

A

Deltoid

122
Q

What does Rhomboid mean?

A

Diamond-shaped

123
Q

What is the name of muscle when its shape is Saw-toothed?

A

Serratus

124
Q

What does Trapezius mean?

A

Trapezoidal

125
Q

What is the name of muscle when the action it does is Adducts?

A

Adductor

126
Q

What does Abductor mean?

A

Abducts

127
Q

What is the name of muscle when the action it does is Flexes?

A

Flexor

128
Q

What does Extensor mean?

A

Extends

129
Q

What is the name of muscle when the action it does is Elevates?

A

Levator

130
Q

Responsible for raising of eyebrows when glancing upward or getting surprised.

A

Frontalis

131
Q

Sphincter muscle that closes the eye when blinking.

A

Orbicularis Oculi

132
Q

What does Oculi mean?

A

eye

133
Q

What does Zygomaticus do?

A

Draws mouth upward.
AKA laughing muscle.

134
Q

What does Orbicularis Oris do?

A

Closes the mouth and purses the lips.
AKA kissing muscle.

135
Q

What does Oris mean?

A

mouth

136
Q
  • Retracts the angle of mouth.
  • Assists in smiling and blowing (trumpets, whistle).
  • AKA whistling muscle.
A

Buccinator

137
Q
  • Flexes or decreases the angle of the head when we are looking downward.
  • Capable of rotating the head to the opposite side.
A

Sternocleidomastoid

138
Q

Sternocleidomastoid is also known as?

A

Praying muscle

139
Q

What does Trapezius do?

A

Extends the head when we are looking upward.

140
Q

What is the difference between Temporalis and Masseter?

A

Temporalis - Elevates and retracts the mandible.

Masseter -Elevates and protracts the mandible.

141
Q
  • Depress the tongue.
  • Protrudes the tongue (bleh).
A

Genioglossus

142
Q

What does Hyoglossus and Styloglossus do?

A
  • Depress the tongue.
  • Retract and move the tongue posteriorly.
143
Q

Elevates posterior tongue

A

Palatoglossus

144
Q
  • Smallest muscle in the body.
  • Located in the middle ear.
A

Stapedius Muscle

145
Q

What does External Intercostals do?

A
  • Lies superficially between the ribs.
  • Responsible for the elevation of the ribs during inspiration (inhalation).
146
Q
  • Lies deeper than the external intercostals.
  • Depress the ribs during forced exhalation.
A

Internal Intercostals

147
Q

Enlarges the thorax to trigger inspiration.

A

Diaphragm

148
Q

Muscles forming in the Abdominal Wall are?

A
  • Layered
  • Solely protected by muscles because there is no bones present.
149
Q
  • Compress the abdominal organs.
  • Aids in forceful expiration, vomiting, and defecation.
  • Allows the flexion of the vertebral column.
A

External Oblique

150
Q

What is the difference between External Oblique and Rectus Abdominis?

A

External Oblique - Allows the trunk to be bent laterally.
Rectus Abdominis - Allows the trunk to be bent forward.

151
Q

Flexes lumbar region (balakang).

A

Rectus Abdominis

152
Q

What does Transversus Abdominis do?

A

Compress the contents of the abdomen.

153
Q

What does Internal Oblique do?

A
  • Stabilizes the spine and maintains posture.
  • Permits the rotation of the waist (hula hoop).
154
Q

Muscle to muscle, flat broad tendon.

A

Aponeurosis

155
Q

Aponeurosis of the muscles forming the abdominal wall meet in the _________ where they form a tough bond of connective tissues.

A

midline

156
Q
  • White line.
  • Tough bond of aponeurosis.
A

Linea Alba

157
Q
  • Triangular shape.
  • Capable to abduct, flex, and rotate the arm.
A

Deltoid

158
Q

Deltoid is cable of?

A

swinging the arm during walking, running, bowling.

159
Q

Deltoid is writing on?

A

an elevated surface.

160
Q
  • Chest
  • Flexes and adducts the upper arm during climbing or hugging.
A

Pectoralis Major

161
Q

What does Serratus Anterior do? And where is it?

A
  • Under the breast or chest area.
  • Drives all forward reaching, pushing movements or pulls the shoulder down.
162
Q
  • Flexes and adducts.
  • Similar to pectoralis major but this can be seen in the posterior part of the upper arm.
A

Trapezius

163
Q

Functions of Trapezius.

A
  • Able to stabilize the scapula (bumukol na buto sa likod; paniki).
  • Raise and lower the shoulders.
164
Q
  • Adduct the humerus.
  • AKA swimmer’s muscle.
A

Latissimus Dorsi

165
Q

Latissimus Dorsi functions

A
  • Extends the upper arm backward during rowing or swimming, grasping an object over head.
  • Can pull the body upward (pull-ups, monkey bar).
166
Q

Tendons of four muscles attached to the scapula.

A

Rotator Cuff

167
Q

Rotator Cuff:
assists the deltoid in abducting at the shoulder joint.

A

Supraspinatus

168
Q

Rotator Cuff:
laterally rotates arm at shoulder joint.

A

Infraspinatus

169
Q

Rotator Cuff:
located under.

A

Subscapularis

170
Q

Rotator Cuff:
laterally rotates and extends arm at shoulder joint.

A

Teres Minor

171
Q

What is the difference Brachialis and Triceps Brachii

A

Brachialis - Prime mover when flexing the forearm.
Triceps Brachii - Prime mover when extending the forearm

172
Q

What is the Antagonist of brachialis.

A

Triceps Brachii

173
Q

Synergist or assist the brachialis when flexing the forearm.

A

Biceps Brachii

174
Q

Functions of Biceps Brachii.

A
  • Capable of flexing the elbow and supinating the forearm.
  • When opening a bottle using corkscrew.
175
Q

Synergist or helps the brachialis and biceps brachii in flexing the forearm.

A

Brachioradialis

176
Q
  • Posterior palms.
  • Movement of the forearm.
A

Pronator Muscles

177
Q
  • Anterior palms.
  • Movement of the forearm.
A

Supinator

178
Q

Both muscles flex the thigh opposing gluteus maximus.

A

Iliopsoas: Iliacus and Psoas Major

179
Q
  • Longest muscle in the body.
  • AKA tailor’s muscle.
A

Sartorius

180
Q

Function of Sartorius

A
  • Aids in flexion of hip and knee when we sit.
  • Aids in abduction and laterally rotates the thigh (cross legs when sitting).
181
Q

All rotate and draw the thigh in towards the body.

A

Adductor Muscles

182
Q

Adductor Muscles:
Malaki

A

Adductor Magnus

183
Q

Adductor Muscles:
Short

A

Adductor Brevis

184
Q

Adductor Muscles:
Mahaba

A

Adductor Longus

185
Q

Adductor Muscles:
Help the hamstring muscles flex the knee.

A

Gracilis

186
Q
  • Group of muscles which has the most powerful muscle in the body.
  • Muscles responsible for the prime mover for knee extension.
A

Quadriceps Femoris

187
Q

All muscles flex the thigh at the?

A

hip joint

188
Q

All vastus muscles work together excluding?

A

the rectus femoris

189
Q

What are the Quadriceps Femoris?

A

Rectus Femoris
Vastus Lateralis
Vastus Medialis
Vastus Intermedius

190
Q

Abducts and rotates thigh outward.

A

Gluteus Medius

191
Q

Gluteus Medius is the site for intramuscular injections under what conditions?

A

The injection happens in gluteus medius if the Injection of greater than 2 to 3 ml. But it happens in deltoid muscle if the injection of less than 2 to 3 ml.

192
Q

Bulkiest muscle in the body.

A

Gluteus Maximus

193
Q

Lies beneath the other gluteal muscles.

A

Gluteus Minimus

194
Q
  • All muscles extend the thigh, flex the knee, and rotate the legs.
  • Can easily feel the tendons of these muscles.
A

Hamstrings

195
Q

What are the Hamstrings?

A

Biceps Femoris
Semitendinosus
Semimembranosus

196
Q

What is Gastrocnemius?

A

More superficial muscle in comparison with soleus.

197
Q

Deeper muscle in comparison with gastrocnemius.

A

Soleus

198
Q

What does Gastrocnemius and Soleus do?

A

Both work for plantar flexion of the foot at the ankle joint.

199
Q

Primary dorsiflexor of the ankle.

A

Tibialis Anterior

200
Q

Extends the toes and turns the foot outward (eversion).

A

Extensor Digitorum Longus

201
Q
  • Responsible for dorsiflexion.
  • Move the foot in the direction of the dorsum (superior part of foot).
A

Tibialis Anterior and Extensor Digitorum Longus

202
Q
  • Located at the back of the ankle.
  • Strongest tendon.
A

Calcaneal (Achilles) Tendon

203
Q

Calcaneal (Achilles) Tendon is a common tendon of?

A

gastrocnemius and soleus

204
Q

Calcaneal (Achilles) Tendon inserts on the?

A

Calcaneus

205
Q

What is Calcaneus?

A

heel bone

206
Q
  • Group of permanent motor disorder that causes movement of disabilities.
  • Impairment or loss of motor function as a result of brain damage.
  • Damage affects muscle control, body movement, muscle coordination, reflexes, tone and balance.
A

Cerebral Palsy

207
Q

Cerebral Palsy was believed that this disease can be developed when the person is still a 1._______. However, there are instances that this disease is being developed when a person reaches 2.________.

A
  1. fetus
  2. adulthood
208
Q
  • Unilateral paralysis of the muscles of facial expression.
  • Facial paralysis.
A

Bell’s Palsy

209
Q

Possible Causes of Bell’s Palsy.

A
  • Inflammation of facial nerves due to infection.
  • Damage of facial nerve due to tear surgeries.
  • Viral infection caused by Herpes simplex virus.
210
Q

Bell’s Palsy is due to the damage of the?

A

facial (VII) nerve

211
Q

______ of patients recover completely within a few weeks/months depending on the compliance of their medication.

A

80%

212
Q
  • Group of inherited muscle destroying muscles which causes progressive degeneration of skeletal muscle fibers.
  • Group of diseases that cause progressive weakness and loss of muscle mass.
A

Muscular Dystrophy

213
Q

Most common form of Muscular Dystrophy.

A

Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD)

214
Q

In Muscular Dystrophy, the gene that codes for the protein dystrophin is?

A

mutated

215
Q

structural muscle, if mutated: every contraction, sarcolemma tears down.

A

Dystrophin

216
Q

Once sarcolemma is ___________, muscle fiber dies (degeneration).

A

teared down

217
Q

Disorder is usually experienced by __ to __ years old.

A

2 to 5

218
Q

Male patients who have this disease turn 12 years old, they are not capable of?

A

walking

219
Q

By the age of 20 (average), there is a presence of ______________________ as the heart is not capable of pumping blood.

A

respiratory or cardiac failure

220
Q

a sudden involuntary contraction of a single muscle in a large group of muscles.

A

Spasm

221
Q

a painful spasmodic contraction.

A

Cramp

222
Q

Causes of Cramp.

A
  1. dehydration during swimming
  2. inadequate blood flow
  3. muscle strain: holding a position for a prolonged period of time.
223
Q

a spasmodic twitching made involuntarily by muscles that are ordinarily under voluntary control.

A

Tic

224
Q

Example Tic

A

twitching of eyelids

MT-MLS105 (ANAPHY) (15 decks)

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