Skeletal System Flashcards
Internal framework of the human body. Where the muscular system is smoothly attached to, for the body to be able to move.
Skeletal System
What are the Functions of Skeletal System?
Protection
Support
Allows Body Movement
Blood Cell Production Storage of Minerals and Fats
Skeletal System is able to protect the different ______________ of the body.
internal organs
mostly responsible for blood cell production.
Bone marrow
What are the Body Parts Related to Skeletal System?
Bones
Ligaments
Cartilages
Joints
Type of connective tissue that protects and supports different body structures.
Bones
Bones provides structure for the?
skin
Bones Provides protection for internal organs and?
other different membrane systems
This type of bone is longer than they are wide.
Long Bones
Long bones are located in the upper and lower limbs such as?
Arms
Forearms
Thighs
Legs
This type of bone is relatively thin, flattened shape and are usually curved.
Flat Bones
Flat Bones are located in?
skull bones
ribs
breastbone (sternum)
shoulder blades (scapulae)
This type of bone is round or nearly cube-shaped.
Short Bones
Short Bones are located in?
wrist (Carpal bones)
ankle (tarsal bones)
This type of bone have shapes that don’t fit readily into the other three categories (long, fat, short).
Irregular Bone
Irregular bones are located in?
Vertebra
Facial Bones
This bone has less space than a spongy bone.
Composed of the outer layer of the bone.
Compact Bone
Compact Bone has more bone matrix. What does that mean?
Appears very dense and smooth.
This type of bone appears porous, has less bone matrix, and has more space than a compact bone.
Spongy Bone
Why does Spongy Bone appears porous?
Arranged in trabeculae.
honeycomb like little needles (Referring to cells).
Trabeculae
Stem cells that actively divide and are found in the periosteum (outer) and endosteum (inner).
Osteogenic Cells
Osteogenic Cells are the ________ of bone cells.
origin
Cells that compromise trabecula.
Osteoblast
Osteo = bone
Blast =
forming or building
Characteristics of Osteoblast
Uninucleated
Bone-building cells
Secrete the bone matrix
Provides the mitotic phase (actively divide). Provides nutrition and necessary supplies for bone growth. [Osteoblast]
Bone Matrix
For active mitosis. Result of active bone division. [Osteoblast]
Bone Growth
Primarily responsible for secretion of enzymes. Huge and multinucleated.
Osteoclast
breakdown or destruction.
Clast
Secretion of __________ responsible for breakdown or destruction of bone. [Osteoclast]
enzymes
Mature bone cells that monitor and maintain the bone matrix communicating this information to other cells.
Osteocyte
Meaning of Cyte
cells, so “bone cells.”
Repeating cylindrical units with an open canal at the center.
Osteon
Serves as an open region at the center containing blood vessels and fibers that serve the cells in the osteon.
Open Canal
Compact Bone is made up of Lamellae. What is that?
hollow tubes arranged like rings of the tree trunk
Extra tiny canals connecting lacunae (where chondrocytes are enclosed to)
Canaliculi
Fine, tiny gaps when lamellae, filled with osteocytes (mature bone cells).
Lacunae
This type of Lamellae makes up the circumference of diaphysis surrounding all osteons.
Circumferential
This type of Lamellae is “In between”. Fill in spaces between osteons.
Interstitial
Shaft of the bone.
Diaphysis
Part of the bone that develops from a center of ossification distinct from the diaphysis.
Epiphysis
Double-layered connective tissue membrane covering the outer surface of bone except where articular cartilage is present
Periosteum
Periosteum allows what to attach to the bone?
Ligaments and Tendons
________ and _______ from the periosteum supply the bone
blood vessels and nerves
the periosteum is where bone grown in __________.
diameter
What is Endosteum?
Thin connective tissue membrane lining the inner cavities of bone.
Thin layer of hyaline cartilage covering a bone where it forms a joint (articulation) with another bone
Articular Cartilage
Periosteum is doubled-layer. What are it?
First layer — made up of dense regular connective tissue.
Second layer — made up of fibers.
Purpose of periosteum
Attachment site of ligaments and tendons.
Area of hyaline cartilage between the diaphysis and epiphysis; cartilage growth followed by endochondral ossification results in growth in bone length.
Epiphyseal Plate
What is Spongy Bone?
Bone having many small spaces (porous); found mainly in the epiphysis; arranged into trabeculae.
Dense and smooth bone with few internal spaces organized into osteons; forms the diaphysis and covers the spongy bone of the epiphyses.
Compact Bone
Large cavity (space) within the diaphysis.
Medullary Cavity
Connective tissue in the spaces of spongy bone or in the medullary cavity; the site of blood cell production (RBCs, WBCs).
Red Marrow
What is Yellow Marrow?
Fat stored within the medullary cavity or in the spaces of spongy bone. (color of fat)
When we turn older, the epiphyseal plate becomes thinner because of?
ossification as it will be converted to epiphyseal line
The precise arrangement of compact and spongy bones depends on their?
bone types
Short, irregular, and flat bones have thin plates of spongy bone covered by?
compact bone
covers surfaces involved with joints
Hyaline cartilage
Long Bones contain a diaphysis (shaft of the bone) made up of thick compact bone surrounding the?
medullary cavity (space)
In long bones, the ends (epiphysis) containing the spongy bone inside the compact bone covered by cartilages is important for?
joint surfaces
What is the purpose of cartilages?
serve as a cushion and stress absorption.
Because of the ossification of the epiphyseal plates in young bone in turns into what in adult bone?
Epiphyseal line
disc of cartilage that grows during childhood.
Epiphyseal plate in juveniles
remnant of epiphyseal plates.
Epiphyseal lines in adults
outer covering, double layered, white membrane covering the exterior of bone consisting of outer layer.
Periosteum
This is the layer in periosteum where it’s composed of dense, irregular connective tissue.
Outer fibrous layer
This is the layer in periosteum where it’s osteogenic (stem cells), consist of primitive stem cells.
Inner layer
What is the function of periosteum?
Aside from covering, it also serves as an attachment site for a network of nerve fibers, blood vessels, which passes through the shaft to the medullary cavity.
inner layer; covers the internal spongy bone layer and canals that pass through compact bone.
Endosteum
Outside of bones will display different markings which can be:
Projections (protruding bones)
Depressions
Opening line
Foramina
Grooves
This division of Skeletal System comprises the head or torso.
Axial Skeleton
Axial Skeleton can also include _______ and ________.
spine and ribcage
Comprises the appendages and limbs (arms, legs, pelvis, shoulder)
Appendicular Skeleton
Functions as a protection and support of the brain.
Skull
Functions as a protection and support of the spinal cord.
Vertebral Column
Protects vital organs housed within the thorax (chest area).
Ribcage
What are the Bones in Axial Skeleton?
Skull
Vertebral Column
Ribcage
Other Associated Bones (Auditory Ossicles and Hyoid Bone)
Function to grasp and manipulate objects.
Upper Limbs
Example of upper limbs
Arm, forearm, hands
Permit body movement because they carry the whole body.
Lower Limbs
Attach the upper limbs to the body or with the thorax.
Pectoral girdle (Shoulder)
Attach the lower limbs to the body.
Pelvic Girdle
What are the Bones in the Appendicular Skeleton?
Upper Limbs
Lower Limbs
Pectoral Girdle (shoulder)
Pelvic Girdle
How many Skull Bones?
22
How many Associates Bones (Auditory Ossicles, Hyoid Bone)?
7
How many Vertebral Column Bones (Cervical to Sacral)?
26
How many bones in Rib Cages
25
How many bones in Girdle and Upper Limb Bones?
64
How many bones in Girdle and Lower Limb?
62
How many bones in Axial Skeleton?
80
How many bones in Appendicular Skeleton?
126
Toal number of bones in the Body.
206
Main part of the bone
Body
This part of the bone is enlarged, often rounded
Head
Constriction between head and body
Neck
Margin
Edge
Bend
Angie
Ramus
Branch off the body beyond the angle
Smooth, rounded articular surface
Condyle
Small, flattened articular surface
Facet
This ridge is low
Line
What is Crest (Ridge)?
Prominent ridge
This ridge is very high ridge.
Spine
Prominent projection
Process
Small, rounded bump (Projection)
Tubercle
Tuberosity
Knob, larger than a tubercle
Tuberosity on the proximal femur (Projection)
Trochanter
Upon condyle (rounded)
Epicondyle
Lingula
Flat, tongue shaped process
Hamulus
Hook-shaped process
Horn-shaped process (Projection)
Cornu
Hole (Opening)
Foramen
Tunnel
Canal, meatus
Cleft (Opening)
Fissure
Sinus, labyrinth
Cavity (space)
General term for depression (Depressions)
Fossa
Notch
Depression in the margin of a bone
Little pit (Depressions)
Fovea
Groove, ulcus
Deep, narrow depression
protects the brain
Cranial (head)
Gives structure to the face.
Facial Bones
Cranial bones contains mainly _______________ connected by sutures.
flat (thin) bones
serrated lines which are immovable joints that hold the cranial bones together, serve as a stitch.
Sutures
forehead bone
Frontal bone
Left and right bones of the skull
Parietal bones
holds the frontal bone and both parietal bones, where the headband is placed.
Coronal suture
suture that holds both parietal bones together.
Sagittal suture
holds both parietal bones and occipital bone together.
Lambdoid suture
superior to the ears.
Temporal bone
What are the cranial bone and how many are they?
Frontal bone (1)
Sphenoid bone (1)
Ethmoid bone (1)
Parietal bone (2)
Temporal bone (2)
Occipital bone (1)
What are the 5 sutures? eSCOLaS
Sagittal suture
Coronal suture
Occipitomastoid suture
Lambdoid suture
Squamous suture
What are the facial bones and how many are they?
Nasal Bone (2)
Lacrimal bones (2)
Inferior nasal Concha (2)
Maxillary (2)
Mandible (1)
Palatine (2)
Zygomatic (2)
Vomer (1)
In fetal skull is its not only a?
serrated bind
Membranous area in sutures makes the skull flexible during the birth process and allows for growth of the head after birth.
Fontanel
Comprised with 26 irregular bones. Forms in a S-shape
Vertebral Column
Vertebral Column is divided in 5 sections. What are they?
Cervical Region - 7 bones: C1 to C7
Thoracic Vertebrae/Region - 12 bones: T1to T12
Lumbar Vertebrae - 5 bones: L1 to L5
Sacrum - 5 bones fused into 1
Coccyx - also known as your tailbone, 5 few tiny vertebrae fused together
Vertebral Column protects the?
Spinal Cord
Vertebral Column supports the body from?
hand and trunk
Vertebral column provides?
muscle attachment
Vertebral allows __________ to exit the spinal cord.
spinal nerves
Vertebral Column permits movement of the?
head and trunk
Made up of your fibrocartilage. Primary located between your adjacent vertebra.
Intervertebral Disk
Intervertebral Disk provides?
support
Intervertebral Disk prevents vertebral bodies from?
rubbing against each other
Vertebral Column has 2 important parts.
Body and Vertebral arch
formed because of project process
Vertebral arch
What are the project processes in vertebral column?
Spinous process
Transverse process
Superior Articular process
Inferior Articular process
(Vertebral Column) Just below your facet of your superior articular process
Lamina and Pedicle
(Vertebral Column) Hole where the spinal cord passus through
Vertebral foramen
What is C1 and C2 called?
C1 = Atlas
C2 = Axis
This part in cervical vertebrae has:
No body
No Spinous Process
Atlas
Function of Atlas
Holds your head which allows the head to produce yes motion and titling of head from side to side.
Atlas articulates with?
occipital condyle at the base of the skull
This part of cervical vertebrae is Smaller Superior Facets. Function: Allows head to produce No motion
Axis
Short Spinous Process
Large vertebral foramen
Cervical Vertebrae
(Cervical Vertebrae) Additional transverse foramen to accommodate?
vertebral arteries
Long and points down spinous process
Thoracic Vertebrae
Short and thick pedicles and laminae. Because it weighs our upper body.
Lumbar Vertebrae
In thoracic cage it has 3 bones. What are they?
Sternum or Breastbone
Ribs
Costal Cartilages
Flat bones which are located primarily in the middle of thorax.
Sternum or Breastbone
Sternum or Breastbone is Made up of 3 bones.
Manubrium, Body, and Xiphoid process
12 total Ribs but is divided by?
True Ribs (first 7) and False Ribs (last 5)
True Ribs are directly attached to?
costal cartilages
__________ ribs are attached indirectly through costal cartilages from the ribs above
8th to 10th
11th and 12th ribs are?
floating ribs, they do not attach to the sternum
Upper Extremities is composed of?
Pectoral Girdle and Upper Limb
Pectoral Girdle is also known as the shoulder girdle which comprises?
clavicle and scapula
Clavicle = collarbone
Scapula =
Shoulder blade
Comparing the two, scapula has _____________ they are roughly irregular unlike your clavicle.
thin flat bones
There is a sternal end and acromial end.
Clavicle
The end in the clavicle that articulates with manubrium
Sternal end
Acromial end articulates with?
scapula
Scapula has three borders.
Superior border
Medial border
Lateral or Axillary border
The Glenoid cavity articulates with the?
head of the humerus.
Acromion process has 3 functions.
Protects shoulder joint.
Attachment site for clavicle
Attachment point for some shoulder muscles.
Arm which is the _____, it is a long bone.
Humerus
Arm has a process of ?
Greater tubercle (lateral) and lesser tubercle (anterior surface of your proximal end)
Medial Epicondyle and Lateral epicondyle is proximal to ___________ which is the attachment site of forearm muscle.
capitulum
Arm has what type of fossa?
Radial fossa and Coronoid fossa (fossa is a depression)
Capitulum (lateral) articulates with?
radius
Trochlea articulates with?
ulna
The medial in your trochlea means?
spool/pulley
Deltoid Tuberosity is the attachment site of your?
deltoid muscle
Radial part of the body, away from the body.
Radius
If you’re having your palms facing upward the bone away from your _________ is your radius.
midline
Radius is ______ than Ulna.
Wider
Radius has ___________ which is the attachment site for biceps brachii
Radial tuberosity
Radius has Styloid process which is the attachment site for?
ligaments of wrist
Slightly longer than Radius.
Ulna
If you’re having your palms facing upward the bone __________ your midline is your ulna.
towards
Ulna has _______________ which has a c-shape end, it is the proximal end of your ulna.
Trochlear notch or semilunar notch
Ulna also has the _____________ (projection) which is the lateral posterior. While the __________________ is a small anterior, prominent project.
Olecranon process
Coronoid process
Ulna and Radius are connected by ________________, it is a flexible ligament.
interosseous membrane
Inter =
Osseous = Bone
middle
What are the Carpal Bones? [She Look Too Pretty (towards the pinky) ; Here Comes The Thumb (towards the thumb)]
Scaphoid, Lunate, Triquetrum, Pisiform, Hamate, Capitate, Trapezoid, Trapezium
Metacarpals (5) starting from your?
thumb
What are the Phalanges?
Proximal phalanges
Middle phalanges
Distal phalanges.
4 of them have three phalanges except for tumb which only has 2 phalanges which are?
proximal phalanges and distal phalanges
Lower Extremities are composed of Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limb, which is primarily held by?
Pelvic Girdle
Lower Limb compromises of?
thigh, leg, and foot.
Pelvic Girdle attached your lower limb to?
trunk
Pelvic Girdle has ____________ because the one that moves really is our lower appendages.
less mobility
Pelvic Girdle is more stable because of its?
boney structure
Three separate bones which is fused to one.
Sacrum and 2 Hip or Coxal Bones
___________ is the primary part that articulates with the femur.
Acetabulum
Functions of Pelvic Girdle
Support the weight
Attach lower limb
Protects internal organs
Largest bone of the body.
Femur
Femur has a pit or “may uka” called?
Fovea(feet) Capitis(head)
(Femur) The Greater Trochanter is lateral, that could be seen above?
the neck
(Femur) Lesser Trochanter has?
inferior and posterior
(Femur) _____________ in between those trochanter.
Intertrochanteric crest
(Femur) ___________ attachment site of gluteus maximus.
Gluteal tuberosity
(Femur) ____________ serve as a muscle attachment in your thigh part.
Adductor tubercle
Linea aspera, the?
lower ridge
Medial and Lateral epicondyle, those are for ligament attachment. While condyles are primarily responsible for articulation with?
tibia
Also known as kneecap, a large sesamoid bone which is primarily located in front of the joint between femur and tibia.
Patella
Functions of Patella
Increase tendon leverage
Maintain position of the tendon when flexed
Protect knee joint
Bigger leg. It has Medial and Lateral condyle which articulates with femur.
Tibia
(Tibia) Intercondylar eminence which ridge between 2 articular surfaces of?
proximal tibia
(Tibia) ___________, attachment site of quadriceps femoris muscle group
Tibial tuberosity
(Tibia) _______________ (uka sa baba) this is the medial side of the ankle joint.
Medial malleolus
(Tibia) ___________ is the lateral side of the ankle joint.
Lateral malleolus
Thinner leg. Its have the head, upper part.
Fibula
Tarsals (7), composed of?
Calcaneus
Talus
Cuboid
Navicular
Medial cuneiform
Intermediate cuneiform
Lateral cuneiform
Calcaneus is the heel bone, it is the largest and strongest bone of the foot. Attachment site of the?
large calf muscles
Talus or ankle bone, this articulates with the __________ and __________.
calcaneus and navicular
Talus or ankle bone also articulates with tibia and tibia to form an ___________ (if we get sprained it’s this joint that gets affected).
ankle joint
If we have metacarpals for hands in foot we have?
Metatarsals
Digits are also the same where all of the digits have three phalanges (Proximal Phalanx, Middle Phalanx and Distal Phalanx) except _________ that only have two phalanges (Proximal Phalanx and Distal Phalanx)
big toe
What are the arches in the foot?
Medial Longitudinal Arch Lateral Longitudinal Arch
Transverse Arch
What is the function of the three arches on the foot?
These three arches are to distribute the weight of the body every time we stand or walk.
It is the softening and weakening of bones.
Rickets
Cause of Rickets
Deficiency of Vitamin D. In general we have inactive Vitamin D and we could only activate it if we get exposed to the sun.
Rickets usually happens to?
children that don’t go out, staying at home to play on the computer.
Most common. Also known wear and tear arthritis.
Occurs most frequently in the hands, hips, and knees.
Osteoarthritis
Cause of Osteoarthritis
When our cartilage begins to break down
Autoimmune disease, this means your body is attacking your ownself. This is an inflammatory disease.
Rheumatoid Arthritis
Inflammation or swelling in joints, usually happens to the hands or fingers where the site of deposition is?
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