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A&P > Tissues > Flashcards

Tissues Flashcards

1
Q

What is a tissue?

A

A group of cells that usually have a common origin in an embryo and function together to carry out specialized activities.

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2
Q

4 Types of Tissues

A

Epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous

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3
Q

What are cell junctions?

A

Contact points between the plasma membranes of tissue cells

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4
Q

Tight junction

A

fuse together the outer surfaces of adjacent plasma membranes to seal off passageways between adjacent cells

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5
Q

Adherens junction

A

contains plaque, a dense layer of proteins on the inside of the plasma membrane that attaches both to membrane proteins and to microfilaments of the cytoskeleton.

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6
Q

What is a cadherin?

A

Transmembrane glycoprotein that join cells by inserting into plaque of adjacent cell

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7
Q

Desmosomes

A

contain plaque and have transmembrane glycoproteins (cad- herins) that extend into the intercellular space between adjacent cell membranes and attach cells to one another; does NOT attach to microfilaments but intermediate filaments

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8
Q

Hemidesmosomes

A

resemble desmosomes, but they do not link adjacent cells; anchor cells to the basement membrane

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9
Q

Integrin

A

transmembrane glycoproteins in hemidesmosomes

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10
Q

Gap Junctions

A

membrane proteins called connexins form tiny fluid-filled tunnels called connexons that connect neighboring cells

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11
Q

Function of desmosomes

A

prevent epidermal cells from separating under tension and cardiac muscle cells from pulling apart during contraction.

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12
Q

Function of adherens

A

Help epithelial surfaces resist separation during various contractile activities

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13
Q

Function of gap junctions

A

transfer of nutrients and wastes, communication

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14
Q

3 Differences bw Epithelial and Connective tissues

A

(1) number of cells in relation to ECM (2) epithelial has no blood vessels (3) epithelial almost always surface layer

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15
Q

What is epithelial tissue made of?

A

cells arranged in continuous sheets, in either single or multiple layers

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16
Q

Functions of epithelium

A

protects, secretes (mucus, hormones, and enzymes), absorbs (nutrients in the gastrointestinal tract), and excretes (various substances in the urinary tract)

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17
Q

Basal lamina

A

layer of basement membrane closer to epithelial cell; adhere to integrins in hemidesmosomes

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18
Q

Reticular lamina

A

layer of basement layer closer to underlying connective tissue; anchors to connective tissue

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19
Q

(T/F) Epithelial tissue has a high rate of cell division

A

True. It undergoes much mechanical stress so it need it.

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20
Q

2 Types of epithelial tissue

A

covering and lining and glandular

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21
Q

Simple epithelium

A

a single layer of cells that functions in diffusion, osmosis, filtration, secretion, or absorption

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22
Q

Pseudostratified epithelium

A

apical surface may contain cilia; others (goblet cells) secrete mucus.

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23
Q

Stratified epithelium

A

consists of two or more layers of cells that protect underlying tissues

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24
Q

Squamous cells

A

thin, which allows for the
rapid passage of substances through them.

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25
Q

Columnar cells

A

protect underlying tissues. Their apical surfaces may have cilia or microvilli, and they often are specialized for secretion and absorption.

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26
Q

Cuboidal cells

A

may have microvilli at their apical sur- face and function in either secretion or absorption.

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27
Q

Transitional cells

A

change shape, from squamous to cuboidal and back, as organs such as the urinary bladder stretch

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28
Q

2 Types of simple squamous epithelium

A

endothelium- lines heart, blood and lymph vessels
mesothelium- serous membranes

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29
Q

Which cell types have cilia/microvilli?

A

cuboidal and columnar

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30
Q

Where is covering and lining epithelium located?

A

Skin, some internal organs, inner lining of blood vessels, ducts, and body cavities, and the interior of the respiratory, digestive, urinary, and reproductive systems.

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31
Q

2 Types of stratified squamous epithelium

A

keratinized and non-keratinized

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32
Q

Endocrine glands

A

secrete hormones, no ducts, directly into bloodstream

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33
Q

Exocrine glands

A

secrete their products into ducts that empty onto the surface of a covering and lining epithelium

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34
Q

Examples of multicellular glands

A

sudoriferous (sweat), sebaceous (oil), and salivary glands.

35
Q

Unicellular gland

A

goblet cells

36
Q

Simple gland

A

duct does not branch

37
Q

Compound gland

A

duct branches

38
Q

Tubular glands

A

Glands with tubular secretory parts

39
Q

Acinar glands

A

rounded secretory portions

40
Q

Tubuloacinar glands

A

both tubular and more rounded secretory parts.

41
Q

Classifying characteristics of multicellular glands

A

branched/unbranched ducts and tubular/round secretory parts

42
Q

Merocrine glands

A

secretions are released from the cell in secretory vesicles via exocytosis eg. salivary

43
Q

Apocrine glands

A

apical portion of the cell pinches off by exocytosis from the rest of the cell to release the secretion eg. mammary glands

44
Q

Functional classification of exocrine glands

A

merocrine, apocrine, and holocrine

45
Q

Holocrine glands

A

secretory cell matures, it ruptures and becomes the secretory product eg. sebaceous

46
Q

Functions of connective tissue

A

Supports body tissues, protects and insulates organs, compartmentalizes body structures, transport, energy storage, immune response

47
Q

Components of ECM

A

consists of protein fibers and ground substance

48
Q

6 Types of connective tissue cells

A

Fibroblasts, macrophages, plasma cells, mast cells, adipocytes, leukocytes

49
Q

What is ground substance and its purpose?

A

component of a connective tissue between the cells and fibers; supports cells, binds them together, stores water, and provides a medium for exchange of substances between the blood and cells

50
Q

What are fibroblasts?

A

large, flat cells with branching processes, present in all the general connective tissues, most numerous

51
Q

Hyaluronic acid

A

type of ground substance; viscous, slippery substance that binds cells together, lubricates joints, and helps maintain the shape of the eyeballs;

52
Q

3 Types of fibers of connective tissue

A

collagen, elastic, and reticular

53
Q

Collagen fibers

A

very strong and resist pulling or stretching, but they are not stiff, which allows tissue flexibility

54
Q

Elastic fibers

A

branch and join together to form a fibrous network within a connective tissue; strength and stability

55
Q

Reticular fibers

A

collagen arranged in fine bundles with a coating of glycoprotein, provide support in the walls of blood vessels and form a network around the cells in some tissues; produced by fibroblasts

56
Q

What is the stroma?

A

support framework of many soft organs, composed of many reticular fibers

57
Q

2 Types of Embryonic connective tissue

A

Mesenchyme and mucoid

58
Q

2 Types of mature connective tissue

A

loose and dense

59
Q

3 types of loose connective tissue

A

areolar, adipose, and reticular

60
Q

2 Types of dense connective tissue

A

cartilage and bone

61
Q

3 types of cartilage

A

hyaline, elastic, fibro

62
Q

2 Types of liquid connective tissue

A

Blood and lymph

63
Q

Connective tissue proper

A

flexible and has a viscous ground substance with abundant fibers; loose and dense

64
Q

Interstitial growth of cartilage

A

chondrocytes divide and produce more ECM, cartilage expands as more matrix is made

65
Q

Appositional growth of cartilage

A

cells in perichondrium differentiate to become chondrocytes, matrix accumulates around chondrocytes under the perichondrium on the outer surface

66
Q

4 Parts of an osteon

A

lamallae, lacunae, canaliculi, and central canal (haversian canal)

67
Q

Basic unit of compact bone

A

osteon

68
Q

Lamallae

A

concentric rings of extracellular matrix that consist of mineral salts which give bone its hardness

69
Q

Lacunae

A

small spaces between lamellae that contain mature bone cells called osteocytes.

70
Q

Canaliculi

A

networks of minute canals containing the processes of osteocytes, provide routes for nutrients to reach osteocytes and for wastes to leave them

71
Q

Havarian canal

A

part of an osteon, contains blood vessels and nerves

72
Q

Trabeculae of spongy bone

A

columns of bone that contain lamellae, osteocytes, lacunae, and canaliculi, spaces between are filled with red bone marrow

73
Q

Blood plasma

A

pale yellow fluid that consists mostly of water with a wide variety of dissolved substances

74
Q

3 Formed elements of blood

A

RBC, WBC, and platlets

75
Q

What is a membrane?

A

flat sheets of pliable tissue that cover or line a part of the body

76
Q

What do mucous membranes line?

A

body cavity that opens directly to the exterior

77
Q

Lamina propria

A

areolar connective tissue of a mucous membrane that supports the epithelium, binds it to the underlying structures, allows some flexibility of the membrane, and affords some protection for underlying structures

78
Q

nvm

A

you doin great

79
Q

What does a serous membrane line?

A

body cavity that does not open directly to the exterior (thoracic or abdominal cavities), and it covers the organs that are within the cavity

80
Q

2 Layers of a serous membrane

A

Parietal (cavity) and visceral (organ)

81
Q

Skeletal muscle

A

striated, voluntary, attached to bone or tendon; motion, posture, heat, protection

82
Q

Cardiac muscle

A

striated, intercalated discs (contains desmosomes and gap junctions), involuntary

83
Q

Smooth muscle

A

Nonstriated, involuntary, single centrally located nucleus; iris, walls of hollow internal structures; constriction of vessels, move food through GI, contraction of bladder and gall bladder

A&P (15 decks)

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