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A&P > Autonomic nervous system > Flashcards

Autonomic nervous system Flashcards

1
Q

T/F The effect of the somatic nervous system is always excitation

A

true

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2
Q

Interoceptors

A

sensory receptors located in blood vessels, visceral organs, muscles, and the nervous system that monitor conditions in the internal environment eg. chemoreceptors, mechanoreceptors

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3
Q

What do sensory and motor neurons monitor/govern in the enteric nervous system?

A

sensory- monitor chemical changes within the GI tract and stretching of walls
motor- govern contraction of GI tract smooth muscle and secretions

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4
Q

Chromaffin cells

A

cells in the adrenal madullae that secrete the NT epi and norepi

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5
Q

Where the cell bodies of preganglionic neurons of the sympathetic division located?

A

lateral gray horns of 12 thoracic and L1 and L2

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6
Q

What is the other name for sympathetic division?

A

thorocolumbar

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7
Q

Where are the cell bodies of preganglionc neurons of the parasympathetic division located?

A

cranial nerves III, VII, IX, and X (all in brainstem) and the lateral gray matter of S2-S4

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8
Q

What is the other name for parasympathetic division?

A

craniosacral

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9
Q

2 Groups of sympathetic ganglia

A

sympathetic trunk and prevertebral (collateral) ganglia

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10
Q

Postsynaptic axons from sympathetic trunk ganglia primarily innervate…

A

organs above the diaphragm (head, neck, shoulders, and heart)

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11
Q

What structures do the prevertebral ganglia close to?

A

large abdominal arteries

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12
Q

Postganglionic axons from the prevertebral ganglia innervate…

A

organs below the diaphragm

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13
Q

Where do preganglionic and postganglionic axons of the parasympathetic division synapse?

A

terminal (intrmural) ganglia- located near the wall of a visceral organ

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14
Q

Autonomic plexuses

A

tangled networks of sympathetic and parasympathetic axons in the thorax, abdomen, and pelvis

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15
Q

List the 7 autonomic plexus

A

cardiac, pulmonary, celiac (solar), superior mesenteric, inferior mesenteric, hypogastric, and renal

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16
Q

What do the superior and inferior mesenteric plexuses supply?

A

superior- small and large intestines
inferior- large intestine

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17
Q

What does the hypogastric plexus innervate?

A

pelvic viscera

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18
Q

What does the celiac plexus supply?

A

stomach, spleen, pancreas, liver, gallbladder, kidneys, adrenal medullae, testes, and ovaries

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19
Q

White ramus

A

structures containing sympathetic preganglionic axons that connect the anterior ramus of the SC with the ganglia of the sympathetic trunk

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20
Q

How many trunk ganglia are there per vertebral section?

A

3 cervical, 11 or 12 throacic, 4 or 5 lumbar, 4 or 5 sacral, and 1 coccygeal

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21
Q

What do the superior, middle, and inferior cervical ganglion innervate?

A

superior- head and heart
middle and inferior- heart and blood vessels of the neck, shoulder, and upper limb

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22
Q

What do postganglionic neurons of the thoracic sympthetic trunk supply?

A

heart, lungs, bronchi, and other thoracic viscera

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23
Q

Pathways from sympathetic trunk ganglia to visceral effectors

A

(1) enter spinal nerves; (2) form cephalic periarterial nerves; (3) form sympathetic nerves; (4) form splanchnic nerves

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24
Q

Gray rami communicantes

A

structures containing sympathetic postganglionic axons that connect the ganglia of the sympathetic trunk to spinal nerves

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25
What do postganglionic neurons that enter spinal nerves innervate?
skin of the neck, trunk, and limbs, including sweat glands, smooth muscle in blood vessels, and arrector pili
26
Cephalic periarterial nerves
nerves that extend to the head by wrapping around and following the course of various arteries that pass from the neck to the head
27
What do cephalic periarterial nerves supply?
sweat glands, blood vessels, arrector pilli of face and smooth muscle of the eye, lacrimal glands, pineal gland, nasal mucosa, and salivary glands
28
What do sympathetic nerves supply?
heart and lungs; nerves enter the cardia and pulmonary plexuses
29
Splanchnic nerves
pass through the sympathetic trunk without terminating in it and extend to outlying prevertebral ganglia
30
2 Places splanchnic nerves go
most go to abdominopelvic organs, chromaffin cells
31
Cranial parasympathetic outflow
consists of preganglionic axons that extend from the brainstem in 4 cranial nerves
32
Sacral parasympathetic outflow
consists of preganglionic axons in anterior roots of S2-S4 spinal nerves
33
4 pairs of cranial parasympathetic ganglia
ciliary, ptergopalatine, submandibular, otic
34
What cranial nerve is associated with the ciliary ganglia and what do the postganglionic neurons innervate?
oculomotor (III); smooth muscles of the eyeball
35
What cranial nerve is associated with the pterygopalatine ganglia and what do the postganglionic neurons innervate?
facial (VII); nasal mucosa, palate, pharynx, and lacrimal glands
36
What cranial nerve is associated with the submandibular ganglia and what do the postganglionic neurons innervate?
facial; submandibular and sublingual salivary glands
37
What cranial nerve is associated with the otic ganglia and what do the postganglionic neurons innervate?
glossopharyngeal (IX); parotid salivary gland
38
What does the sacral parasympathetic outflow innervate?
smooth muscle and glands in the walls of the colon, ureters, urinary bladder, and reproductive organs
39
What NT do cholinergic neurons release?
acetylcholine
40
3 Areas of cholinergic neurons in the ANS
(1) all sympathetic and parasympathetic preganglionic neurons; (2) sympathetic postganglionic neurons that innervate most sweat glands; (3) all parasympathetic postganglionic neurons
41
2 Types of cholinergic receptors
nicotinic and muscarinic
42
Where are nicotinic receptors located?
dendrites and cell bodies of both sympathetic and parasympathetic postganglionic neurons, chromaffin cells, and motor end plate at NMJ
43
Where are muscarinic receptors located?
all effectors (smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands) innervated by parasympathetic axons; most sweat glands
44
Activation of nicotinic receptors by ACh results in...
depolarization and thus excitation
45
Activation of muscarinic receptors by ACh results in...
either depolarization (excitation) or hyperpolarization (inhibition)
46
What NT do adrenergic neurons release?
norepinephrine
47
Most sympathetic postganglionic neurons are...
adrenergic
48
T/F Norepinephrine can be released as either and NT or hormone
True
49
What NT's bind the adrenergic receptors
NE and epinephrine
50
Is epi released as and NT or a hormone?
hormone
51
What are the 2 main types of adrenergic receptors?
alpha and beta
52
Activation of alpha1 and beta1 receptors generally results in (excitation/inhibition)
excitation
53
Activation of ∂2 and ß2 receptors generally results in (excitation/inhibition)
inhibition
54
Where are ß3 receptors located
55
Where are ß3 receptors located?
cells of brown adipose tissue
56
T/F NE stimulates beta receptors more strongly than alpha
False
57
What enzyme inactivates NE?
monoamine oxidase (MAO) or catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT)
58
What is an agonist?
a substance that binds to and activates a receptor
59
What is an antagonist?
a substance that binds to and blocks a receptor
60
What is autonomic tone and why brain structure regulates it?
balance between sympathetic and parasympathetic activity; hypothalamus
61
Which ANS division is for fight or flight?
sympathetic
62
The effects of the (sympathetic/parasympathetic) division have longer lasting and more widespread effects
sympathetic
63
What is the major control and integration center of the ANS?
hypothalamus

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