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A&P > Autonomic nervous system > Flashcards

Autonomic nervous system Flashcards

1
Q

T/F The effect of the somatic nervous system is always excitation

A

true

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2
Q

Interoceptors

A

sensory receptors located in blood vessels, visceral organs, muscles, and the nervous system that monitor conditions in the internal environment eg. chemoreceptors, mechanoreceptors

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3
Q

What do sensory and motor neurons monitor/govern in the enteric nervous system?

A

sensory- monitor chemical changes within the GI tract and stretching of walls
motor- govern contraction of GI tract smooth muscle and secretions

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4
Q

Chromaffin cells

A

cells in the adrenal madullae that secrete the NT epi and norepi

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5
Q

Where the cell bodies of preganglionic neurons of the sympathetic division located?

A

lateral gray horns of 12 thoracic and L1 and L2

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6
Q

What is the other name for sympathetic division?

A

thorocolumbar

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7
Q

Where are the cell bodies of preganglionc neurons of the parasympathetic division located?

A

cranial nerves III, VII, IX, and X (all in brainstem) and the lateral gray matter of S2-S4

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8
Q

What is the other name for parasympathetic division?

A

craniosacral

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9
Q

2 Groups of sympathetic ganglia

A

sympathetic trunk and prevertebral (collateral) ganglia

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10
Q

Postsynaptic axons from sympathetic trunk ganglia primarily innervate…

A

organs above the diaphragm (head, neck, shoulders, and heart)

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11
Q

What structures do the prevertebral ganglia close to?

A

large abdominal arteries

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12
Q

Postganglionic axons from the prevertebral ganglia innervate…

A

organs below the diaphragm

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13
Q

Where do preganglionic and postganglionic axons of the parasympathetic division synapse?

A

terminal (intrmural) ganglia- located near the wall of a visceral organ

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14
Q

Autonomic plexuses

A

tangled networks of sympathetic and parasympathetic axons in the thorax, abdomen, and pelvis

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15
Q

List the 7 autonomic plexus

A

cardiac, pulmonary, celiac (solar), superior mesenteric, inferior mesenteric, hypogastric, and renal

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16
Q

What do the superior and inferior mesenteric plexuses supply?

A

superior- small and large intestines
inferior- large intestine

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17
Q

What does the hypogastric plexus innervate?

A

pelvic viscera

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18
Q

What does the celiac plexus supply?

A

stomach, spleen, pancreas, liver, gallbladder, kidneys, adrenal medullae, testes, and ovaries

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19
Q

White ramus

A

structures containing sympathetic preganglionic axons that connect the anterior ramus of the SC with the ganglia of the sympathetic trunk

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20
Q

How many trunk ganglia are there per vertebral section?

A

3 cervical, 11 or 12 throacic, 4 or 5 lumbar, 4 or 5 sacral, and 1 coccygeal

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21
Q

What do the superior, middle, and inferior cervical ganglion innervate?

A

superior- head and heart
middle and inferior- heart and blood vessels of the neck, shoulder, and upper limb

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22
Q

What do postganglionic neurons of the thoracic sympthetic trunk supply?

A

heart, lungs, bronchi, and other thoracic viscera

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23
Q

Pathways from sympathetic trunk ganglia to visceral effectors

A

(1) enter spinal nerves; (2) form cephalic periarterial nerves; (3) form sympathetic nerves; (4) form splanchnic nerves

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24
Q

Gray rami communicantes

A

structures containing sympathetic postganglionic axons that connect the ganglia of the sympathetic trunk to spinal nerves

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25
Q

What do postganglionic neurons that enter spinal nerves innervate?

A

skin of the neck, trunk, and limbs, including sweat glands, smooth muscle in blood vessels, and arrector pili

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26
Q

Cephalic periarterial nerves

A

nerves that extend to the head by wrapping around and following the course of various arteries that pass from the neck to the head

27
Q

What do cephalic periarterial nerves supply?

A

sweat glands, blood vessels, arrector pilli of face and smooth muscle of the eye, lacrimal glands, pineal gland, nasal mucosa, and salivary glands

28
Q

What do sympathetic nerves supply?

A

heart and lungs; nerves enter the cardia and pulmonary plexuses

29
Q

Splanchnic nerves

A

pass through the sympathetic trunk without terminating in it and extend to outlying prevertebral ganglia

30
Q

2 Places splanchnic nerves go

A

most go to abdominopelvic organs, chromaffin cells

31
Q

Cranial parasympathetic outflow

A

consists of preganglionic axons that extend from the brainstem in 4 cranial nerves

32
Q

Sacral parasympathetic outflow

A

consists of preganglionic axons in anterior roots of S2-S4 spinal nerves

33
Q

4 pairs of cranial parasympathetic ganglia

A

ciliary, ptergopalatine, submandibular, otic

34
Q

What cranial nerve is associated with the ciliary ganglia and what do the postganglionic neurons innervate?

A

oculomotor (III); smooth muscles of the eyeball

35
Q

What cranial nerve is associated with the pterygopalatine ganglia and what do the postganglionic neurons innervate?

A

facial (VII); nasal mucosa, palate, pharynx, and lacrimal glands

36
Q

What cranial nerve is associated with the submandibular ganglia and what do the postganglionic neurons innervate?

A

facial; submandibular and sublingual salivary glands

37
Q

What cranial nerve is associated with the otic ganglia and what do the postganglionic neurons innervate?

A

glossopharyngeal (IX); parotid salivary gland

38
Q

What does the sacral parasympathetic outflow innervate?

A

smooth muscle and glands in the walls of the colon, ureters, urinary bladder, and reproductive organs

39
Q

What NT do cholinergic neurons release?

A

acetylcholine

40
Q

3 Areas of cholinergic neurons in the ANS

A

(1) all sympathetic and parasympathetic preganglionic neurons; (2) sympathetic postganglionic neurons that innervate most sweat glands; (3) all parasympathetic postganglionic neurons

41
Q

2 Types of cholinergic receptors

A

nicotinic and muscarinic

42
Q

Where are nicotinic receptors located?

A

dendrites and cell bodies of both sympathetic and parasympathetic postganglionic neurons, chromaffin cells, and motor end plate at NMJ

43
Q

Where are muscarinic receptors located?

A

all effectors (smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands) innervated by parasympathetic axons; most sweat glands

44
Q

Activation of nicotinic receptors by ACh results in…

A

depolarization and thus excitation

45
Q

Activation of muscarinic receptors by ACh results in…

A

either depolarization (excitation) or hyperpolarization (inhibition)

46
Q

What NT do adrenergic neurons release?

A

norepinephrine

47
Q

Most sympathetic postganglionic neurons are…

A

adrenergic

48
Q

T/F Norepinephrine can be released as either and NT or hormone

A

True

49
Q

What NT’s bind the adrenergic receptors

A

NE and epinephrine

50
Q

Is epi released as and NT or a hormone?

A

hormone

51
Q

What are the 2 main types of adrenergic receptors?

A

alpha and beta

52
Q

Activation of alpha1 and beta1 receptors generally results in (excitation/inhibition)

A

excitation

53
Q

Activation of ∂2 and ß2 receptors generally results in (excitation/inhibition)

A

inhibition

54
Q

Where are ß3 receptors located

A
55
Q

Where are ß3 receptors located?

A

cells of brown adipose tissue

56
Q

T/F NE stimulates beta receptors more strongly than alpha

A

False

57
Q

What enzyme inactivates NE?

A

monoamine oxidase (MAO) or catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT)

58
Q

What is an agonist?

A

a substance that binds to and activates a receptor

59
Q

What is an antagonist?

A

a substance that binds to and blocks a receptor

60
Q

What is autonomic tone and why brain structure regulates it?

A

balance between sympathetic and parasympathetic activity; hypothalamus

61
Q

Which ANS division is for fight or flight?

A

sympathetic

62
Q

The effects of the (sympathetic/parasympathetic) division have longer lasting and more widespread effects

A

sympathetic

63
Q

What is the major control and integration center of the ANS?

A

hypothalamus

A&P (15 decks)

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