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Bone Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

6 Functions of the skeletal system

A

support, protect, movement, mineral homeostasis, blood cell production, triglyceride storage

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2
Q

7 Parts of a long bone

A

diaphysis, epiphyses, metaphyses, articular cartilage, periosteum, medullary cavity, endosteum

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3
Q

Diaphysis

A

long bone shaft

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4
Q

Epiphyses

A

proximal and distal ends of the long bone

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5
Q

Metaphyses

A

region between the diaphysis and epiphysis; contains an epiphyseal (growth) plate

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6
Q

Epiphyseal plate

A

layer of hayline cartilage that allows the diaphysis of the bone to grow in length; becomes epiphyseal line when growth stops

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7
Q

Articular cartilage

A

thin layer of hyaline cartilage covering the part of the epiphysis where the bone forms a joint; reduces friction and absorbs shock

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8
Q

Periosteum

A

tough connective tissue sheath with blood supply that surrounds bone surface wherever it is not covered by articular cartilage; protects bone, assists in fracture repair, nourishes, attachment point for ligaments and tendons

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9
Q

What attaches periosteum to underlying bone?

A

perforating fibers (Sharpey’s fibers)

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10
Q

Medullary (marrow) cavity

A

hollow cavity with diaphysis that contains fatty yellow bone marrow and blood vessels in adults

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11
Q

Endosteum

A

thin membrane that lines medullary cavity

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12
Q

What is the most abundant mineral salt in osseous tissue?

A

calcium phosphate

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13
Q

4 Cells in bone tissue

A

osteoprogenitor, osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts

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14
Q

Osteoprogenitor

A

undergo cell division and develop into osteoblasts; found along the inner portion of the periosteum, in the endosteum, and in the canals within bone that contain blood vessels

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15
Q

Osteoblasts

A

synthesize and secrete collagen fibers and other compounds to form ECM, initiate calcification; mature into osteocytes

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16
Q

What is calcification?

A

as mineral salts are deposited in the framework formed by the collagen fibers of the ECM, they crystallize and the tissue hardens

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17
Q

Osteocytes

A

mature bone cells, maintain daily homeostasis (eg. exchange of nutrients and wastes with blood)

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18
Q

Osteoclasts

A

releases powerful lysosomal enzymes and acids on the side of the cell that faces the bone surface that digest the protein and mineral components of underlying ECM (bone resorption); help regulate blood calcium levels

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19
Q

Compact bone

A

found beneath the periosteum of all bones and makes up the bulk of the diaphysis of long bones, provides protection and support

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20
Q

How are osteons arranged in compact bone?

A

aligned in the same direction and are parallel to the length of the diaphysis

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21
Q

Concentric lamallae

A

circular plates of mineralized ECM of increasing diameter, surrounding a small network of blood vessels and nerves located in the central canal

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22
Q

Lacunae

A

spaces between lamallae that contain osteocytes

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23
Q

Canaliculi

A

radiate from lacunae, filled with ECM, contain projections of osteocytes

24
Q

Interstitial lamallae

A

lamallae between neighbouring osteons; also have lacunae with osteocytes and canaliculi

25
Interosteonic (Volkmanns or perforating) canals
passages through the periosteoum in compact bone that house blood vessels and nerves
26
Circumferential lamallae
arranged around the entire outer and inner circumference of the shaft of a long bone; external and internal circumferential lamallae
27
Perforating (Sharpey's) fibers
connect external circumferentail lamallae to periosteum
28
Spongy bone
does not contain osteons, always in the interior of the bone, contain red and yellow bone marrow; consists of lamellae that are arranged in an irregular pattern of thin columns called trabeculae
29
Trabeculae
lamallae arranged in irregular pattern of thin columns; consists of concentric lamallae, osteocytes that lie in lacunae, and canaliculi that radiate outward from the lacunae
30
Where is red bone marrow located?
hip, ribs, sternum, vertebrae, and the proximal end of humerus and femur
31
Which blood vessel enters through the diaphysis and how does it enter the compact bone?
nutrient artery; nutrient foramen
32
What does the nutrient artery do upon entering the medullary cavity and what does it supply?
divides into proximal and distal portions that extend as far as the epiphyseal plate; supplies inner part of compact bone tissue and the spongy bone and red bone marrow
33
What blood vessels supply the metaphyses?
metaphyseal artery and nutrient artery
34
What blood vessel supplies the epiphyses?
epiphyseal artery
35
3 Places that veins are present in the bone
(1) nutrient vein with nutrient artery exit through the diaphysis, (2) epiphyseal and metaphyseal veins accompany their arteries and exit through the epiphyses and metaphyses, (3) periosteal veins and exit through same
36
What supplies the periosteum?
periosteal arteries; enter through interosteonic (Volkmanns) canals
37
In what situations does ossification occur?
(1) embryo (2) infancy to adult (3) remodelling of bone (4) repair of fractures
38
Intramembranous ossification
bone forms directly within mesenchyme, which is arranged in sheetlike layers that resemble membranes
39
Endochondrial ossification
bone forms within hyaline cartilage that develops from mesenchyme
40
2 Patterns of bone formation in embryo
intramembranous and endochondrial
41
Which bones are formed via intramembranous ossification?
flat bones of the skull, most facial bones, mandible, medial part of clavicle
42
4 Steps of intramembranous ossification
(1) development of ossification center (2) calcification (3) formation of trabeculae (4) development of periosteum
43
Ossification center
site where messynchymal cells cluster and differentiate; step in intramembranous ossification
44
6 Steps in endochondrial ossification
(1) development of the cartilage model (2) growth of the cartilage model (3) development of the primary ossification center (4) development of the medullary (marrow) cavity (5) development of the secondary ossification center (6) formation of articular cartilage and the epiphyseal plate
45
Zones of cartilage in the epiphyseal plate
(1) resting (2) proliferating (3) hypertrophic (4) calcified
46
Growth of long bones in length involves what 2 steps?
(1) interstitial growth of cartilage on the epiphyseal side of the epiphyseal plate, and (2) replacement of cartilage on the diaphyseal side of the epiphyseal plate with bone by endochondrial ossification
47
Growth in thickness steps
(1) periosteal cells differentiate into osteoblasts which become surrounded by ECM and are then osteocytes. This forms ridges on either side of a periosteal blood vessel; (2) the ridges fuse together to form a tunnel that encloses the blood vessel; (3) ostoblasts in the endosteum deposit bone ECM forming concentric lamallae; (4) osteoblasts continue to form lamallae which further increases the thickness
48
Bone remodelling
ongoing replacement of old tissue by new bone tissue
49
Bone resorption
removal of minerals and collagen fibers by osteoclasts
50
Bone deposition
addition of minerals and collagen fibers to bone by osteoblasts
51
Factors affecting bone growth and remodelling
minerals, vitamins, hormones
52
Important hormones for bone growth
insulin-like growth factors (IGFs), thyroid hormones, insulin, and sex-hormones
53
What is the most important hormone in regulating calcium levels?
parathyroid hormone
54
What does PTH do?
increases blood calcium levels by increasing osteoclast activity which increases bone resorption; also acts on kidneys to decrease loss of calcium in urine
55
What is calcitriol?
active form of vit D, promotes absorption of calcium from foods which elevates blood calcium levels
56
What does calcitonin do?
inhibits osteoclast activity, speeds up bones reuptake of calcium; decreases blood calcium levels

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