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Integumentary Flashcards

1
Q

What layer is deep to the dermis?

A

subcutaneous or hypodermis

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2
Q

lamellated corpuscles (pacinian)

A

nerve endings in hypodermis sensitive to pressure

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3
Q

What cells is the epidermis composed of?

A

keratinized stratified squamous epithelium; keratinocytes, melanocytes, intrepidermal macrophages, and tactile epithelial cells

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4
Q

What are lamellar granules and what produces them?

A

water-repellent sealant that decreases water entry and loss and inhibits the entry of foreign materials; keratinocytes

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5
Q

6 Functions of the skin

A

Regulate body temp, stores blood, protects, sensation, excretion/absorption, synthesis of vit D

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6
Q

Intraepidermal cells (Langerhans)

A

arise from red bone marrow, help other cells of the immune system recognize an invading microbe and destroy it

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7
Q

Tactile epithelial cells (Merkel)

A

located in the deepest layer of the epidermis, where they contact the flattened process of a sensory neuron, a structure called a tactile disc or Merkel disc

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8
Q

Strata of thin skin

A

stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, and a thin stratum corneum

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9
Q

Where is thick skin located?

A

fingertips, palms, and soles

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10
Q

Strata of thick skin

A

stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, and a thick stratum corneum

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11
Q

What is the stratum basale composed of?

A

single row of cuboidal or columnar keratinocytes; some stem cells (new kertatinocytes arise from)

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12
Q

What is the stratum spinosum composed of?

A

mainly consists of numerous keratinocytes arranged in 8–10 layers

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13
Q

What is the stratum granulosum composed of? Where is it in the epidermal layering?

A

Middle of epidermis; consists of 3 to 5 layers of flattened keratinocytes that are undergoing apoptosis, contain lamellar granules

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14
Q

What is keratohyalin and what layer are they found in?

A

granulosum; protein with darkly staining granules

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15
Q

What is the stratum lucidum composed of and where in the body is it located?

A

4 to 6 layers of flattened clear, dead keratinocytes that contain large amounts of keratin and thickened plasma membrane; only in thick skin

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16
Q

What is keratinization?

A

a processes of cells moving from one epidermal layer to the next and gaining more keratin as they go

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17
Q

What hormonelike protein regulates growth of skin?

A

epidermal growth factor

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18
Q

What is the dermis composed of?

A

dense irregular connective tissue containing collagen and elastic fibers

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19
Q

2 Layers of the dermis

A

papillary and reticular

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20
Q

Dominant cell found in dermis

A

fibroblasts

21
Q

Papillary region

A

Superficial portion of dermis (about one-fifth); consists of areolar connective tissue with thin collagen and fine elastic fibers; contains dermal ridges that house blood capillaries, corpuscles of touch, and free nerve endings.

22
Q

Dermal papillae

A

small, nipple-shaped structures that project into
the undersurface of the epidermis; increase surface area of papillary region; contain capillary loop, corpuscles of touch, and free nerve endings

23
Q

Reticular region

A

Deeper portion of dermis (about four-fifths); consists of dense irregular connective tissue with bundles of thick collagen and some coarse elastic fibers. Spaces between fibers contain some adipose cells, hair follicles, nerves, sebaceous glands, and sudoriferous glands.

24
Q

Epidermal ridges

A

downward projections of the epidermis into the dermis between the dermal papillae of the papillary region

25
3 Pigments of skin colour
melanin, carotene, hemoglobin
26
Hair shaft
superficial portion of the hair, which projects above the surface of the skin
27
Hair root
portion of the hair deep to the shaft that penetrates into the dermis
28
Hair follicle
surrounds root, composed of external (downward continuation of the epidermis) and internal (sheath of epithelium between external root sheath and hair) root sheaths
29
Dermal root sheath
dense dermis surrounding the hair follicle
30
Hair bulb
at the base of each hair follicle; contains papilla and matrix
31
Papilla of the hair
areolar connective tissue and many blood vessels that nourish the growing hair follicle; in bulb
32
Hair matrix
responsible for the growth of existing hairs; in bulb
33
Arrector pili
smooth muscle of hair, makes goose bumps
34
Sebaceous glands
Distribution: lips, glans penis, labia minora, tarsal glands Location of secretory portion: dermis Termination of excretory duct: hair follicles Functions: moisten hair, prevent water loss, soft skin, inhibit bacteria Onset of function: activated during puberty
35
Eccrine glands
Distribution: body, especially forehead, palms, and soles Location of secretory portion: deep dermis Termination of excretory duct: surface of epithelium Functions: body temp, waste removal, emotional stress Onset of function: babe
36
Apocrine glands
Distribution: axilla, groin, areolae, beard, clit, labia minora Location of secretory portion: deep dermis Termination of excretory duct: hair foliclles Functions: emotional and sexual Onset of function: puberty
37
Ceruminous glands
Distribution: external auditory canal Location of secretory portion: subcutaneous Termination of excretory duct: surface of auditory canal or into sebaceous glands Functions: impeded foreign bodies, waterproof
38
Nail bed
visible portion of the nail
39
Free edge
part of the nail body that may extend past the distal end of the digit
40
Nail root
portion of the nail that is buried in a fold of skin
41
Lunula
whit- ish, crescent-shaped area of the proximal end of the nail body
42
Hyponychium
junction between the free edge and skin of the fingertip and secures the nail to the fingertip
43
Nail bed
skin below the nail plate that extends from the lunula to the hyponychium
44
Eponychium
cuticle
45
Nail matrix
epithelium proximal to the nail root, contains dividing cells, which produce new nail cells
46
Functions of the nail
1. They protect the distal end of the digits. 2. They provide support and counter pressure to the palmar surface of the fingers to enhance touch perception and manipulation. 3. They allow us to grasp and manipulate small objects, and they can be used to scratch and groom the body in various ways.
47
Thin Skin
Distribution: body except palms, fingertips, soles Thickness: 0.1-0.15 mm Hair and arrector pili: present Sebaceous glands: present Sudoriferous glands: fewer Sensory receptors: sparser
48
Thick Skin
Distribution: palms, fingertips, soles Thickness: 0.6-4.5 mm Hair and arrector pili: absent Sebaceous glands: absent Sudoriferous glands: absent Sensory receptors: denser
49
How is thermoregulation achieved?
Sweat and adjusting blood flow in the dermis

A&P (15 decks)

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