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A&P > Integumentary > Flashcards

Integumentary Flashcards

1
Q

What layer is deep to the dermis?

A

subcutaneous or hypodermis

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2
Q

lamellated corpuscles (pacinian)

A

nerve endings in hypodermis sensitive to pressure

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3
Q

What cells is the epidermis composed of?

A

keratinized stratified squamous epithelium; keratinocytes, melanocytes, intrepidermal macrophages, and tactile epithelial cells

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4
Q

What are lamellar granules and what produces them?

A

water-repellent sealant that decreases water entry and loss and inhibits the entry of foreign materials; keratinocytes

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5
Q

6 Functions of the skin

A

Regulate body temp, stores blood, protects, sensation, excretion/absorption, synthesis of vit D

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6
Q

Intraepidermal cells (Langerhans)

A

arise from red bone marrow, help other cells of the immune system recognize an invading microbe and destroy it

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7
Q

Tactile epithelial cells (Merkel)

A

located in the deepest layer of the epidermis, where they contact the flattened process of a sensory neuron, a structure called a tactile disc or Merkel disc

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8
Q

Strata of thin skin

A

stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, and a thin stratum corneum

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9
Q

Where is thick skin located?

A

fingertips, palms, and soles

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10
Q

Strata of thick skin

A

stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, and a thick stratum corneum

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11
Q

What is the stratum basale composed of?

A

single row of cuboidal or columnar keratinocytes; some stem cells (new kertatinocytes arise from)

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12
Q

What is the stratum spinosum composed of?

A

mainly consists of numerous keratinocytes arranged in 8–10 layers

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13
Q

What is the stratum granulosum composed of? Where is it in the epidermal layering?

A

Middle of epidermis; consists of 3 to 5 layers of flattened keratinocytes that are undergoing apoptosis, contain lamellar granules

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14
Q

What is keratohyalin and what layer are they found in?

A

granulosum; protein with darkly staining granules

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15
Q

What is the stratum lucidum composed of and where in the body is it located?

A

4 to 6 layers of flattened clear, dead keratinocytes that contain large amounts of keratin and thickened plasma membrane; only in thick skin

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16
Q

What is keratinization?

A

a processes of cells moving from one epidermal layer to the next and gaining more keratin as they go

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17
Q

What hormonelike protein regulates growth of skin?

A

epidermal growth factor

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18
Q

What is the dermis composed of?

A

dense irregular connective tissue containing collagen and elastic fibers

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19
Q

2 Layers of the dermis

A

papillary and reticular

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20
Q

Dominant cell found in dermis

A

fibroblasts

21
Q

Papillary region

A

Superficial portion of dermis (about one-fifth); consists of areolar connective tissue with thin collagen and fine elastic fibers; contains dermal ridges that house blood capillaries, corpuscles of touch, and free nerve endings.

22
Q

Dermal papillae

A

small, nipple-shaped structures that project into
the undersurface of the epidermis; increase surface area of papillary region; contain capillary loop, corpuscles of touch, and free nerve endings

23
Q

Reticular region

A

Deeper portion of dermis (about four-fifths); consists of dense irregular connective tissue with bundles of thick collagen and some coarse elastic fibers. Spaces between fibers contain some adipose cells, hair follicles, nerves, sebaceous glands, and sudoriferous glands.

24
Q

Epidermal ridges

A

downward projections of the epidermis into the dermis between the dermal papillae of the papillary region

25
Q

3 Pigments of skin colour

A

melanin, carotene, hemoglobin

26
Q

Hair shaft

A

superficial portion of the hair, which projects above the surface of the skin

27
Q

Hair root

A

portion of the hair deep to the shaft that penetrates into the dermis

28
Q

Hair follicle

A

surrounds root, composed of external (downward continuation of the epidermis) and internal (sheath of epithelium between external root sheath and hair) root sheaths

29
Q

Dermal root sheath

A

dense dermis surrounding the hair follicle

30
Q

Hair bulb

A

at the base of each hair follicle; contains papilla and matrix

31
Q

Papilla of the hair

A

areolar connective tissue and many blood vessels that nourish the growing hair follicle; in bulb

32
Q

Hair matrix

A

responsible for the growth of existing hairs; in bulb

33
Q

Arrector pili

A

smooth muscle of hair, makes goose bumps

34
Q

Sebaceous glands

A

Distribution: lips, glans penis, labia minora, tarsal glands
Location of secretory portion: dermis
Termination of excretory duct: hair follicles
Functions: moisten hair, prevent water loss, soft skin, inhibit bacteria
Onset of function: activated during puberty

35
Q

Eccrine glands

A

Distribution: body, especially forehead, palms, and soles
Location of secretory portion: deep dermis
Termination of excretory duct: surface of epithelium
Functions: body temp, waste removal, emotional stress
Onset of function: babe

36
Q

Apocrine glands

A

Distribution: axilla, groin, areolae, beard, clit, labia minora
Location of secretory portion: deep dermis
Termination of excretory duct: hair foliclles
Functions: emotional and sexual
Onset of function: puberty

37
Q

Ceruminous glands

A

Distribution: external auditory canal
Location of secretory portion: subcutaneous
Termination of excretory duct: surface of auditory canal or into sebaceous glands
Functions: impeded foreign bodies, waterproof

38
Q

Nail bed

A

visible portion of the nail

39
Q

Free edge

A

part of the nail body that may extend past the distal end of the digit

40
Q

Nail root

A

portion of the nail that is buried in a fold of skin

41
Q

Lunula

A

whit- ish, crescent-shaped area of the proximal end of the nail body

42
Q

Hyponychium

A

junction between the free edge and skin of the fingertip and secures the nail to the fingertip

43
Q

Nail bed

A

skin below the nail plate that extends from the lunula to the hyponychium

44
Q

Eponychium

A

cuticle

45
Q

Nail matrix

A

epithelium proximal to the nail root, contains dividing cells, which produce new nail cells

46
Q

Functions of the nail

A
  1. They protect the distal end of the digits.
  2. They provide support and counter pressure to the palmar surface of the fingers to enhance touch perception and manipulation.
  3. They allow us to grasp and manipulate small objects, and they can be used to scratch and groom the body in various ways.
47
Q

Thin Skin

A

Distribution: body except palms, fingertips, soles
Thickness: 0.1-0.15 mm
Hair and arrector pili: present
Sebaceous glands: present
Sudoriferous glands: fewer
Sensory receptors: sparser

48
Q

Thick Skin

A

Distribution: palms, fingertips, soles
Thickness: 0.6-4.5 mm
Hair and arrector pili: absent
Sebaceous glands: absent
Sudoriferous glands: absent
Sensory receptors: denser

49
Q

How is thermoregulation achieved?

A

Sweat and adjusting blood flow in the dermis

A&P (15 decks)

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