Joints Flashcards
1
Q
nuts
A
he
2
Q
Structural classes of joints
A
fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial
3
Q
Fibrous joints
A
no synovial cavity, bones held together by dense irregular connective tissue that is rich in collagen
4
Q
Cartilaginous joints
A
no synovial cavity, bones held together by cartilage
5
Q
Synovial joints
A
have synovial cavity, held together by dense irregular connective tissue and often ligaments
6
Q
Functional classes of joints
A
degree of movement of a joint; synarthrosis, amphiathrosis, diathrosis
7
Q
Synarthrosis joints
A
immovable
8
Q
Amphiarthrosis joints
A
slightly movable
9
Q
Diarthrosis
A
freely moveable, are all synovial joints
10
Q
3 Types of fibrous joints
A
sutures, syndesmoses, interosseous membranes
11
Q
Sutures
A
fibrous joint composed of a thin layer of dense irregular connective tissue, only between bones of skull
12
Q
What is a synostosis suture?
A
suture present during the growth of the skull that fuses and becomes bone
13
Q
Syndesmosis
A
fibrous joint in which there is a greater distance between the articulating surfaces and more dense irregular connective tissue than in a suture; connective tissue arranged in bundles (ligaments)
14
Q
Interosseous membrane
A
sheet of dense irregular connective tissue that binds neighbouring long bones and permits slight movement
15
Q
T/F Fibrous joints are amphiarthroses
A
False. Sutures are synarthroses
16
Q
3 Types of cartilaginous joints
A
synchondroses, symphyses, epiphyseal cartilage
17
Q
Synchondrosis joint
A
cartilaginous joint, connective material is hyaline cartilage, slightly moveable to immovable
18
Q
Symphysis joint
A
cartilaginous joint in which the ends of the articulating bone are covered with hyaline cartilage but a broad thick, flat disc of fibrocartilage connects the bones; only midline of body; amphiarthrosis
19
Q
Epiphyseal cartilages
A
hyaline growth centers during endochondrial bone formation
20
Q
Examples of synchondroses
A
first rib and manubrium
21
Q
Examples of symphyses
A
pubic symphysis, manubrium and body of sternum, intervertebral joints
22
Q
Example of syndesmosis
A
tibiofibular joint
23
Q
What lines the surface of the bones in a synovial joint?
A
articular cartilage
24
Q
Articular capsule
A
surrounds and unites the bones in a synovial joint
25
2 Layers of the articular capsule
fibrous membrane, synovial membrane
26
Fibrous membrane of articular capsule
dense irregular connective tissue that attaches to the periosteum of the articular bones, some fibers form bundles (ligaments); flexible and great tensile strength
27
Synovial membrane
inner layer of articular capsule, composed of areolar connective tissue with elastic fibers; secretes synovial fluid
28
What is an articular fat pad?
accumulations of adipose tissue in synovial joints
29
What does synovial fluid consist of?
hyaluronic acid and interstitial fluid filtered from blood plasma, phagocytes
30
Functions of synovial fluid
lubrication, absorb shock, supply oxygen and nutrients to and remove carbon dioxide and wastes from the chondrocytes
31
2 Types of accessory ligaments in synovial joints
extracapsular- outside articular capsule
intracapsular- in capsule but outside synovial cavity
32
Articular discs (menisci)
crescent-shaped pads of fibrocartilage in some synovial joints that lie between the articular surface of the bone; subdivide synovial cavity- allows separate movements to occur in each space
33
Functions of the menisci
shock absorption, better fit between articulating bony surfaces, provide adaptable surfaces for combined movements, weight distribution, distribution of synovial fluid
34
Labrum
in ball-and-socket joints, fibrocartilaginous lip that extends from the edge of the joint socket; increases the area of contact
35
T/F The nerves that supply joints are the same as the ones to skeletal muscles that move the joint
True
36
Bursae
alleviate friction in some joints, filled with small amount of fluid; located between skin and bones, tendons and bones, muscles and bones, or ligaments and bones
37
Tendon (synovial) sheaths
tubelike bursae, wrap around certain tendons that experience friction; found where tendons pass through synovial cavities
38
4 Catagories of movements in synovial joints
gliding, angular movements, rotation, special movements
39
Gliding
nearly flat bone surfaces move back and forth and from side to side eg. intercarpal and intertarsal joints
40
Angular movement
an increase or decrease in the angle between articulating bones; flexion, extension, lateral flexion, hyperflexion, abduction, adduction, circumduction
41
Flexion
decrease in the angle between articulating bones
42
Extension
increase in the angle between articulating bones
43
Lateral flexion
movement of trunk in frontal plane (most occur along sagittal)
44
Hyperflexion
extension beyond the anatomical position
45
Abduction
movement of bone away from the midline
46
Adduction
movement of a bone toward midline
47
Circumduction
movement of the distal end of a body part in a circle
48
Rotation
bone revolves around its own longitudinal axis
49
Medial (internal) rotation
anterior surface of a bone of the limb is turned toward the midline
50
List the special movements
elevation, depression, protraction, retraction, inversion, eversion, dorsiflexion, plantar flexion, pronation, opposition
51
Elevation
superior movement of a part of the body eg. closing mouth
52
Depression
inferior movement of a part of the body eg. open mouth
53
Protraction
anterior movement of the body part in transverse plane eg. trusting jaw forward
54
Retraction
movement of protracted body part back to anatomical position
55
Inversion
medial movement of the sole
56
Enversion
lateral movement of the sole
57
Dorsiflexion
bending of the foot in direction of dorsum (superior surface) eg. standing on heel
58
Plantar flexion
bending of foot in direction of plantar surface (sole) eg. standing on tip toes
59
Supination
movement of the forearm that turns the palm anteriorly
60
Pronation
movement of the forearm that turns the palm posteriorly
61
Opposition
movement of the thumb across the palm to touch the tips of the fingers
62
6 Catagories of joints movement
plane, hinge, pivot, condyloid, saddle, ball and socket
63
Plane joint
articulating surface of bone is flat or slightly curved; permit back and forth and side to side
64
Hinge joints
convex surface of one bone fits into the concave surface of another; permit angular, opening and closing door motion (only flexion and extension)
65
Examples of plane and hinge joints
plane- intertarsal, intercarpal, sternoclavicular, sternocostal
hinge- knee, ankle, elbow
66
Pivot joints
rounded or pointed surface of one bone articulates with a ring formed partly by another bone and partly by a ligament; uniaxial
67
Examples of pivot and condyloid
pivot- atlanto-axial, radioulnar
condyloid- radiocarpal, metacarpophalangeal
68
Condyloid joints
convex oval shaped projection of one bone fits into the oval shaped depression of another; biaxial
69
Saddle joints
saddle shaped surface on one bone fits into surface of another; biaxial
70
Ball and socket joints
ball like surface fits into a cuplike depression of another; triaxial
71
Examples of saddle and ball and socket
Saddle- carpmetaparpal
Ball- shoulder, hip
72
Go back to Table 9.2
No
73
Atlanto-occipital joint
between superior articular facets of atlas and occipital condyle of occipital bone
structural: synovial (condyloid)
functional: diarthrosis
flexion and extension of head; slight lateral flexion of head to either side
74
Atlanto-axial joint
between dens of axis and anterior arch of atlas and between lateral masses of atlas and axis
structural: synovial (pivot) between dens and anterior arch; synovial
functional: diarthrosis
rotation of head
75
Lubosacral joint
between body of 5th lumbar vertebra and base of sacrum and between inferior articular facets of 5th lumbar vertebra and superior articular facets of 1st vertebra of sacrum
structural: cartilaginous (symphysis) between body and base; synovial (planar) between articular facets
functional: amphiarthrosis between body and base; diarthrosis between articular facets
flexion, extension, lateral flexion, and rotation of vertebral column
76
Sternoclavicular joint
between sternal end of clavicle, manubrium of sternum, and 1st costal cartilage
structural: synovial (plane, pivot)
fucntional: diarthrosis
gliding, with limited movements in nearly every direction
77
Radioulnar joint
proximal radioulnar joint between head of radius and radial notch of ulna; distal radioulnar joint between ulnar notch of radius and head of ulna
structural: synovial (pivot)
functional: diarthrosis
rotation of forearm
78
Pubic symphysis
between anterior surfaces of hip bones
structural: cartilaginous (symphysis)
functional: amphiarthrosis
slight movements
79
TMJ joint
combined hinge and plane joint formed by the condylar process of the mandible and the mandibular fossa and articular tubercle of the temporal bone
movements: depression and elevation in inferior compartment; protraction, retraction, lateral displacement, and slight rotation in the superior compartment
80
Glenohumeral (shoulder) joint
ball and socket joint formed by the head of the humerus and the glenoid cavity of the scapula
81
Strong, broad ligament in the shoulder that strengthens the superior part of the articular capsule
Coracohumeral ligament
82
Three thickenings of the articular capsule over the anterior surface of the shoulder joint
glenohumeral ligaments
83
Narrow sheet extending from the greater tubercle to the lesser tubercle of the humerus.
transverse humeral ligament
84
Which shoulder ligament plays a role in stabilizing the joint when the humerus approaches its limits?
glenohumeral
85
Articular capsule of shoulder
Thin, loose sac that completely envelops the joint
86
How many bursae does the shoulder have?
4
87
Glenoid labrum
Narrow rim of fibrocartilage around the edge of the glenoid cavity that slightly deepens same.
88
Movements of the shoulder joint
flexion, extension, hyperflexion, adduction, adduction, medial rotation, lateral rotation, circumduction
89
Which muscles anchor humerus to scapula?
rotator cuff muscles
90
What allows the shoulder joint to have more freedom than other joints?
looseness of the articular capsule and shallowness of the glenoid cavity
91
Elbow joint
hinge joint formed by the trochlea and capitulum of the humerus, the trochlear notch of the ulna, and the head of the radius
92
Thick, triangular ligament that extends from the medial epicondyle of the humerus to the coronoid process and olecranon of the ulna
ulnar collateral ligament
93
Strong, triangular ligament that extends from the lateral epicondyle of humerus to the angular ligament of the radius and the radial notch of the ulna
radial collateral ligament
94
Strong band that encircles the head of the radius. Holds radius in radial notch of ulna.
anular ligament of the radius
95
What movements does the elbow joint allow?
flexion and extension
96
Hip Joint
ball and socket joint formed by the head of the femur and the acetabulum of the hip bone
97
Articular capsule of the hip joint
very dense and strong capsule that extends from the rim of the acetabulum to the neck of the femur
98
Ligament of the head of the femur
flat, triangular band that extends from the fossa of the acetabulum to the fovea capitis of the head of the femur
99
Movements of the hip joint
flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, lateral rotation, medial rotation, circumduction
100
Knee joint
modified hinge joint (cuz primary movement is uniaxial hinge movement); consists of 3 joints in 1 synovial cavity
101
List the 3 joints of the knee joint
(1) lateral condyle of femur, lateral meniscus, and lateral condyle of tibia (2) medial condyle of femur, medial meniscus, and medial condyle of tibia (3) patella and patellar surface of femur
102
Articular capsule of knee
no complete, independent capsule
103
Fused tendons of insertion of the quadraceps femoris muscles and the fascia lata that strengthens the anterior surface of the knee
medial and lateral patellar retinacula
104
Ligament of the knee that extends from the patella to the tibial tuberosity
patellar ligament
105
Ligament of the knee that extends from the medial condyle of the femur to the medial condyle of the tibia
tibial collateral ligament
105
Ligament of the knee that extends from the medial condyle of the femur to the medial condyle of the tibia
tibial collateral ligament
106
Ligament of the knee that extends form the lateral condyle of the femur to the lateral side of the head of the tibia
fibular collateral ligament
107
List the intracapsular ligaments
ACL and PLC
108
Anterior cruciate ligament
extends from intercondylar area of tibia to lateral condyle of femur; limits hyperextension, prevents tibia from sliding anteriorly
109
Posterior cruciate ligament
extends from intercondylar area of tibia to medial condyle of femur; prevents tibia from sliding posteriorly
110
How are the mensici connected?
transverse ligament
111
Articular discs (mensici)
medial- C shaped; lateral- O shaped
112
3 Bursae of the knee
prepatellar, infrapatellar, surpapatellar
113
Movements of the knee
flexion, extension, slight medial rotation, lateral rotation of the leg in the flexed position
