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A&P > Joints > Flashcards

Joints Flashcards

1
Q

nuts

A

he

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2
Q

Structural classes of joints

A

fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial

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3
Q

Fibrous joints

A

no synovial cavity, bones held together by dense irregular connective tissue that is rich in collagen

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4
Q

Cartilaginous joints

A

no synovial cavity, bones held together by cartilage

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5
Q

Synovial joints

A

have synovial cavity, held together by dense irregular connective tissue and often ligaments

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6
Q

Functional classes of joints

A

degree of movement of a joint; synarthrosis, amphiathrosis, diathrosis

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7
Q

Synarthrosis joints

A

immovable

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8
Q

Amphiarthrosis joints

A

slightly movable

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9
Q

Diarthrosis

A

freely moveable, are all synovial joints

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10
Q

3 Types of fibrous joints

A

sutures, syndesmoses, interosseous membranes

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11
Q

Sutures

A

fibrous joint composed of a thin layer of dense irregular connective tissue, only between bones of skull

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12
Q

What is a synostosis suture?

A

suture present during the growth of the skull that fuses and becomes bone

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13
Q

Syndesmosis

A

fibrous joint in which there is a greater distance between the articulating surfaces and more dense irregular connective tissue than in a suture; connective tissue arranged in bundles (ligaments)

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14
Q

Interosseous membrane

A

sheet of dense irregular connective tissue that binds neighbouring long bones and permits slight movement

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15
Q

T/F Fibrous joints are amphiarthroses

A

False. Sutures are synarthroses

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16
Q

3 Types of cartilaginous joints

A

synchondroses, symphyses, epiphyseal cartilage

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17
Q

Synchondrosis joint

A

cartilaginous joint, connective material is hyaline cartilage, slightly moveable to immovable

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18
Q

Symphysis joint

A

cartilaginous joint in which the ends of the articulating bone are covered with hyaline cartilage but a broad thick, flat disc of fibrocartilage connects the bones; only midline of body; amphiarthrosis

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19
Q

Epiphyseal cartilages

A

hyaline growth centers during endochondrial bone formation

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20
Q

Examples of synchondroses

A

first rib and manubrium

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21
Q

Examples of symphyses

A

pubic symphysis, manubrium and body of sternum, intervertebral joints

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22
Q

Example of syndesmosis

A

tibiofibular joint

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23
Q

What lines the surface of the bones in a synovial joint?

A

articular cartilage

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24
Q

Articular capsule

A

surrounds and unites the bones in a synovial joint

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25
Q

2 Layers of the articular capsule

A

fibrous membrane, synovial membrane

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26
Q

Fibrous membrane of articular capsule

A

dense irregular connective tissue that attaches to the periosteum of the articular bones, some fibers form bundles (ligaments); flexible and great tensile strength

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27
Q

Synovial membrane

A

inner layer of articular capsule, composed of areolar connective tissue with elastic fibers; secretes synovial fluid

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28
Q

What is an articular fat pad?

A

accumulations of adipose tissue in synovial joints

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29
Q

What does synovial fluid consist of?

A

hyaluronic acid and interstitial fluid filtered from blood plasma, phagocytes

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30
Q

Functions of synovial fluid

A

lubrication, absorb shock, supply oxygen and nutrients to and remove carbon dioxide and wastes from the chondrocytes

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31
Q

2 Types of accessory ligaments in synovial joints

A

extracapsular- outside articular capsule
intracapsular- in capsule but outside synovial cavity

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32
Q

Articular discs (menisci)

A

crescent-shaped pads of fibrocartilage in some synovial joints that lie between the articular surface of the bone; subdivide synovial cavity- allows separate movements to occur in each space

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33
Q

Functions of the menisci

A

shock absorption, better fit between articulating bony surfaces, provide adaptable surfaces for combined movements, weight distribution, distribution of synovial fluid

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34
Q

Labrum

A

in ball-and-socket joints, fibrocartilaginous lip that extends from the edge of the joint socket; increases the area of contact

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35
Q

T/F The nerves that supply joints are the same as the ones to skeletal muscles that move the joint

A

True

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36
Q

Bursae

A

alleviate friction in some joints, filled with small amount of fluid; located between skin and bones, tendons and bones, muscles and bones, or ligaments and bones

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37
Q

Tendon (synovial) sheaths

A

tubelike bursae, wrap around certain tendons that experience friction; found where tendons pass through synovial cavities

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38
Q

4 Catagories of movements in synovial joints

A

gliding, angular movements, rotation, special movements

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39
Q

Gliding

A

nearly flat bone surfaces move back and forth and from side to side eg. intercarpal and intertarsal joints

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40
Q

Angular movement

A

an increase or decrease in the angle between articulating bones; flexion, extension, lateral flexion, hyperflexion, abduction, adduction, circumduction

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41
Q

Flexion

A

decrease in the angle between articulating bones

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42
Q

Extension

A

increase in the angle between articulating bones

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43
Q

Lateral flexion

A

movement of trunk in frontal plane (most occur along sagittal)

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44
Q

Hyperflexion

A

extension beyond the anatomical position

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45
Q

Abduction

A

movement of bone away from the midline

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46
Q

Adduction

A

movement of a bone toward midline

47
Q

Circumduction

A

movement of the distal end of a body part in a circle

48
Q

Rotation

A

bone revolves around its own longitudinal axis

49
Q

Medial (internal) rotation

A

anterior surface of a bone of the limb is turned toward the midline

50
Q

List the special movements

A

elevation, depression, protraction, retraction, inversion, eversion, dorsiflexion, plantar flexion, pronation, opposition

51
Q

Elevation

A

superior movement of a part of the body eg. closing mouth

52
Q

Depression

A

inferior movement of a part of the body eg. open mouth

53
Q

Protraction

A

anterior movement of the body part in transverse plane eg. trusting jaw forward

54
Q

Retraction

A

movement of protracted body part back to anatomical position

55
Q

Inversion

A

medial movement of the sole

56
Q

Enversion

A

lateral movement of the sole

57
Q

Dorsiflexion

A

bending of the foot in direction of dorsum (superior surface) eg. standing on heel

58
Q

Plantar flexion

A

bending of foot in direction of plantar surface (sole) eg. standing on tip toes

59
Q

Supination

A

movement of the forearm that turns the palm anteriorly

60
Q

Pronation

A

movement of the forearm that turns the palm posteriorly

61
Q

Opposition

A

movement of the thumb across the palm to touch the tips of the fingers

62
Q

6 Catagories of joints movement

A

plane, hinge, pivot, condyloid, saddle, ball and socket

63
Q

Plane joint

A

articulating surface of bone is flat or slightly curved; permit back and forth and side to side

64
Q

Hinge joints

A

convex surface of one bone fits into the concave surface of another; permit angular, opening and closing door motion (only flexion and extension)

65
Q

Examples of plane and hinge joints

A

plane- intertarsal, intercarpal, sternoclavicular, sternocostal
hinge- knee, ankle, elbow

66
Q

Pivot joints

A

rounded or pointed surface of one bone articulates with a ring formed partly by another bone and partly by a ligament; uniaxial

67
Q

Examples of pivot and condyloid

A

pivot- atlanto-axial, radioulnar
condyloid- radiocarpal, metacarpophalangeal

68
Q

Condyloid joints

A

convex oval shaped projection of one bone fits into the oval shaped depression of another; biaxial

69
Q

Saddle joints

A

saddle shaped surface on one bone fits into surface of another; biaxial

70
Q

Ball and socket joints

A

ball like surface fits into a cuplike depression of another; triaxial

71
Q

Examples of saddle and ball and socket

A

Saddle- carpmetaparpal
Ball- shoulder, hip

72
Q

Go back to Table 9.2

A

No

73
Q

Atlanto-occipital joint

A

between superior articular facets of atlas and occipital condyle of occipital bone
structural: synovial (condyloid)
functional: diarthrosis
flexion and extension of head; slight lateral flexion of head to either side

74
Q

Atlanto-axial joint

A

between dens of axis and anterior arch of atlas and between lateral masses of atlas and axis
structural: synovial (pivot) between dens and anterior arch; synovial
functional: diarthrosis
rotation of head

75
Q

Lubosacral joint

A

between body of 5th lumbar vertebra and base of sacrum and between inferior articular facets of 5th lumbar vertebra and superior articular facets of 1st vertebra of sacrum
structural: cartilaginous (symphysis) between body and base; synovial (planar) between articular facets
functional: amphiarthrosis between body and base; diarthrosis between articular facets
flexion, extension, lateral flexion, and rotation of vertebral column

76
Q

Sternoclavicular joint

A

between sternal end of clavicle, manubrium of sternum, and 1st costal cartilage
structural: synovial (plane, pivot)
fucntional: diarthrosis
gliding, with limited movements in nearly every direction

77
Q

Radioulnar joint

A

proximal radioulnar joint between head of radius and radial notch of ulna; distal radioulnar joint between ulnar notch of radius and head of ulna
structural: synovial (pivot)
functional: diarthrosis
rotation of forearm

78
Q

Pubic symphysis

A

between anterior surfaces of hip bones
structural: cartilaginous (symphysis)
functional: amphiarthrosis
slight movements

79
Q

TMJ joint

A

combined hinge and plane joint formed by the condylar process of the mandible and the mandibular fossa and articular tubercle of the temporal bone
movements: depression and elevation in inferior compartment; protraction, retraction, lateral displacement, and slight rotation in the superior compartment

80
Q

Glenohumeral (shoulder) joint

A

ball and socket joint formed by the head of the humerus and the glenoid cavity of the scapula

81
Q

Strong, broad ligament in the shoulder that strengthens the superior part of the articular capsule

A

Coracohumeral ligament

82
Q

Three thickenings of the articular capsule over the anterior surface of the shoulder joint

A

glenohumeral ligaments

83
Q

Narrow sheet extending from the greater tubercle to the lesser tubercle of the humerus.

A

transverse humeral ligament

84
Q

Which shoulder ligament plays a role in stabilizing the joint when the humerus approaches its limits?

A

glenohumeral

85
Q

Articular capsule of shoulder

A

Thin, loose sac that completely envelops the joint

86
Q

How many bursae does the shoulder have?

A

4

87
Q

Glenoid labrum

A

Narrow rim of fibrocartilage around the edge of the glenoid cavity that slightly deepens same.

88
Q

Movements of the shoulder joint

A

flexion, extension, hyperflexion, adduction, adduction, medial rotation, lateral rotation, circumduction

89
Q

Which muscles anchor humerus to scapula?

A

rotator cuff muscles

90
Q

What allows the shoulder joint to have more freedom than other joints?

A

looseness of the articular capsule and shallowness of the glenoid cavity

91
Q

Elbow joint

A

hinge joint formed by the trochlea and capitulum of the humerus, the trochlear notch of the ulna, and the head of the radius

92
Q

Thick, triangular ligament that extends from the medial epicondyle of the humerus to the coronoid process and olecranon of the ulna

A

ulnar collateral ligament

93
Q

Strong, triangular ligament that extends from the lateral epicondyle of humerus to the angular ligament of the radius and the radial notch of the ulna

A

radial collateral ligament

94
Q

Strong band that encircles the head of the radius. Holds radius in radial notch of ulna.

A

anular ligament of the radius

95
Q

What movements does the elbow joint allow?

A

flexion and extension

96
Q

Hip Joint

A

ball and socket joint formed by the head of the femur and the acetabulum of the hip bone

97
Q

Articular capsule of the hip joint

A

very dense and strong capsule that extends from the rim of the acetabulum to the neck of the femur

98
Q

Ligament of the head of the femur

A

flat, triangular band that extends from the fossa of the acetabulum to the fovea capitis of the head of the femur

99
Q

Movements of the hip joint

A

flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, lateral rotation, medial rotation, circumduction

100
Q

Knee joint

A

modified hinge joint (cuz primary movement is uniaxial hinge movement); consists of 3 joints in 1 synovial cavity

101
Q

List the 3 joints of the knee joint

A

(1) lateral condyle of femur, lateral meniscus, and lateral condyle of tibia (2) medial condyle of femur, medial meniscus, and medial condyle of tibia (3) patella and patellar surface of femur

102
Q

Articular capsule of knee

A

no complete, independent capsule

103
Q

Fused tendons of insertion of the quadraceps femoris muscles and the fascia lata that strengthens the anterior surface of the knee

A

medial and lateral patellar retinacula

104
Q

Ligament of the knee that extends from the patella to the tibial tuberosity

A

patellar ligament

105
Q

Ligament of the knee that extends from the medial condyle of the femur to the medial condyle of the tibia

A

tibial collateral ligament

105
Q

Ligament of the knee that extends from the medial condyle of the femur to the medial condyle of the tibia

A

tibial collateral ligament

106
Q

Ligament of the knee that extends form the lateral condyle of the femur to the lateral side of the head of the tibia

A

fibular collateral ligament

107
Q

List the intracapsular ligaments

A

ACL and PLC

108
Q

Anterior cruciate ligament

A

extends from intercondylar area of tibia to lateral condyle of femur; limits hyperextension, prevents tibia from sliding anteriorly

109
Q

Posterior cruciate ligament

A

extends from intercondylar area of tibia to medial condyle of femur; prevents tibia from sliding posteriorly

110
Q

How are the mensici connected?

A

transverse ligament

111
Q

Articular discs (mensici)

A

medial- C shaped; lateral- O shaped

112
Q

3 Bursae of the knee

A

prepatellar, infrapatellar, surpapatellar

113
Q

Movements of the knee

A

flexion, extension, slight medial rotation, lateral rotation of the leg in the flexed position

A&P (15 decks)

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