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Axial Skeleton Flashcards

1
Q

What bones are in the axial skeleton and how many?

A

skull, auditory, hyoid, ribs, sternum, and vertebral column; 80

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2
Q

What bones are in the appendicular skeleton?

A

upper and lower limbs and the bones forming the girdles that connect the limbs to the axial skeleton

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3
Q

5 Types of bone (shapes)

A

long, short, flat, irregular, and sesmoid

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4
Q

Short bones

A

cube-shaped, consist of spongy bone except for a thin layer of compact bone on the surface

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5
Q

Flat bones

A

composed of 2 plates of compact bone with layer of spongy bone in between; cranial, sternum, ribs, scapula

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6
Q

Irregular bones

A

complex shapes and vary in amounts of compact/spongy bone; vertebrae, hip bones, certain facial bones, and the calcaneus

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7
Q

Sesamoid bones

A

develop in certain tendons that have considerable friction, tension, and physical stress; vary in number in different people, except the patella which everyone has

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8
Q

Sutural bones

A

located in suture lines in the cranium, number varies per person

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9
Q

Fissure

A

narrow slit between adjacent parts of bone through which blood vessels and nerves pass eg. superior orbital fissure of the sphenoid bone

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10
Q

Foramen

A

hole that blood vessels, nerves, or ligaments pass through eg. optic foramen of sphenoid bone

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11
Q

Fossa

A

shallow depression eg. coronoid fossa of humerus

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12
Q

Sulcus

A

furrow along bone surface that accommodates blood vessels, nerves, or tendon eg. intertubercular sulcus of humerus

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13
Q

Meatus

A

tubelike opening eg. external auditory meatus of temporal bone

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14
Q

Condyle

A

Large, round protuberance with a smooth articular surface at end of bone eg. lateral condyle of femur

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15
Q

Processes

A

projections on bone that form joints or attachment points for connective tissue

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16
Q

Facet

A

Smooth, flat, slightly concave or convex articular surface eg. superior articular facet of vertebra

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17
Q

Head

A

Usually rounded articular projection supported on neck (constricted portion) of bone eg. head of femur

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18
Q

Crest

A

Prominent ridge or elongated projection eg. iliac crest of hip bone

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19
Q

Epicondyle

A

Typically roughened projection above condyle eg. medial epicondyle of femur

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20
Q

Line

A

Long, narrow ridge or border (less prominent than crest) eg. linea aspera of femur

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21
Q

Spinous process

A

sharp, slender projection eg. spinous process of vertebra

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22
Q

Trochanter

A

very large projection eg. greater trochanter of femur

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23
Q

Tubercle

A

variable sized rounded projection eg. greater tubercle of humerus

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24
Q

Tuberosity

A

variable sized projections that has a rough, bumpy surface eg. ischial tuberosity of hip bone

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25
8 Cranial bones
frontal, 2 temporal, occipital, 2 parietal, ethmoid, sphenoid
26
14 Facial bones
2 nasal, 2 zygomatic, 2 maxillae, mandible, 2 lacrimal, 2 palantine, 2 inferior nasla conchae, and vomer
27
What forms the zygomatic arch?
the zygomatic process of the temporal bone and the temporal process of the zygomatic bone
28
Where is the mandibular fossa located?
inferior posterior surface of the zygomatic process of each temporal bone
29
What forms the temporal mandibular joint (TMJ)?
condyle process (mandible) that articulates with the mandibular fossa and articular tubercle of the temporal bone
30
Where is the mastoid portion located?
temporal bone; posterior and inferior to the external auditory meatus
31
What process offers an attachment point for several neck muscles?
mastoid process
32
What opening does the facial and vestibulocochlear nerve pass?
internal auditory meatus
33
What is the petrous portion and where is it located?
houses the internal and middle ear; temporal bone at the base of skull between the sphenoid and occipital bones
34
What is the foramen magnum and where is it located?
medulla oblongata passes through to connect with spinal cord; base of occipital bone
35
Occipital condyles
on either side of foramen magnum, articulate with first vertebra (atlas)
36
Where is the external occipital protuberance?
midline, above foramen magnum
37
What bones does the sphenoid bone articulate with?
anteriorly with the frontal and ethmoid, laterally with the temporal, and posteriorly with the occipital
38
What is the sella turcica?
bony, saddle-shaped structure on the superior surface of the body of the sphenoid bone
39
What fossa houses the pituitary gland in the sphenoid bone?
hypophyseal fossa
40
What does the ethmoid bone form?
anterior portion of the cranial floor, medial wall of the orbits, superior portions of the nasal septum, and most of the side wall of the nasal cavity
41
What is the purpose of the conchae of the ethmoid bone?
increase vascular and mucous membrane surface area in the nasal cavity which warms and moistens air
42
Inferior nasal conchae
inferior to the middle nasal conchae of the ethmoid, separate bone from the ethmoid
43
What bones does the vomer articulate with?
perpendicular plate of the ethmoid and sphenoid, inferiorly with the maxillae and palatine
44
What 2 bones form the bony nasal septum?
ethmoid and vomer
45
What bones form the hard palate?
maxillae and palantine
46
What bones does the maxillae articulate with?
all facial bones except mandible
47
What bones articulate with the zygomatic bones?
frontal, maxilla, sphenoid, and temporal
48
What is the ramus?
perpendicular portions of the mandible
49
3 Components of the nasal septum
vomer, septal cartilage, and the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone
50
Which cranial and facial bones form the orbits?
cranial: frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid facial: palatine, zygomatic, lacrimal, maxilla
51
Coronal suture
frontal and both parietal
52
Sagittal suture
2 parietal bones on the superior midline of the skull
53
Lambdoid suture
2 parietal bones to the occipital
54
Squamous suture
parietals and temporals on lateral aspect of skull
55
Which skull bones contain the paranasal sinuses?
frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, and maxillae
56
2 Functions of the paranasal sinuses
increase surface area for mucus production and echo chambers that intensify and prolong voice sounds
57
Fontanelles
areas where unossified mesenchyme has develops into dense connective tissue
58
Where is the hyoid bone located?
suspended from the styloid process of the temporal bones in the anterior neck between the mandible and larynx
59
Purpose of the hyoid bone
support tongue, provide attachment site for muscles of the tongue, neck, and pharynx
60
How many vertebrae does an adult have?
26
61
How many cervical vertebrae are there?
7
62
How many thoracic vertebrae are there?
12
63
How many lumbar vetebrae are there?
5
64
How many sacral vertebrae are there?
5 fused vertebrae
65
What does the coccyx consist of?
4 fused coccygeal vertebrae
66
Which spinal curves are convex and concave?
convex: cervical and lumbar concave: thoracic and sacral
67
What is the purpose of normal curves?
increase strength, help maintain balance, absorb shock during walking, and help prevent fractures
68
What does each intervertebral disc consist of?
annulus fribrosus- outer ring of fibrocartilage nucleus pulposus- inner, soft, pulpy, highly elastic
69
Parts of a vertebrae
body, arch, and several processes
70
Which is the weight bearing part of the vertebrae?
body
71
Vertebral foramen
contains the spinal cord, adipose tissue, areolar tissue, and blood vessels; formed by the body and the arch
72
Spinous process
medial process, attachment point for muscles
73
T/F Cervical vertebrae are smaller than all other vertebrae
False. Coccyx are smaller
74
Vertebral foramina
foramen of cervical vertebrae, largest of the the spinal column, house the cervical enlargement of the SC
75
Atlas
C1, lacks a body and spinous process
76
atlanto-occipital joint
atlas articulating with the occipital condyles, allow head nodding
77
Axis
C2, has vertebral body, has odontoid process
78
Odontoid process (dens)
process of the axis, projects superiorly through the anterior portion of the vertebral foramen of the atlas, makes a pivot on which the atlas and head rotate, shake head no
79
Differences between T1-T10 and T11-T12
T1-T10 are long, laterally flattened, and directed inferiorly T11-T12 are shorter, broader, and directed posteriorly
80
Costal facets
articular surfaces for the ribs on the thoracic vertebrae (except T11 and 12)
81
Lumbo-sacral joint
base of the sacrum articulates with the 5th lumbar vertebrae
82
What is the foundation for the pelvic girdle?
sacrum
83
Sacral promontory
projecting boarder of the base of the sacrum, one of the points used for measurements of the pelvis
84
What is the thoracic cage composed of?
sternum, ribs, and their costal cartilages, and the bodies of the thoracic vertebrae
85
3 Parts of the sternum
manubrium (superior portion), body (middle), xiphoid process (smallest, inferior)
86
Sternal angle of sternum
junction of the manubrium and body
87
Suprasternal notch
depression on the superior surface of the manubrium
88
Clavicular notches of the sternum
articulate with the medial ends of the clavicles to form the sternoclavicular joints
89
Costal cartilage
hyaline cartilage that attaches 1-7th ribs to the sternum
90
What is a true rib?
ribs that have costal cartilages and attach directly to the sternum
91
Sternocostal joints
articulations formed between the true ribs and the sternum
92
Vertebrochondral ribs
false ribs 8-10th, attache to one another and then to the cartilages of the 7th ribs
93
Floating (vertebral) ribs
11th and 12th ribs, attach only posteriorly to the thoracic vertebrae

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