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A&P > Axial Skeleton > Flashcards

Axial Skeleton Flashcards

1
Q

What bones are in the axial skeleton and how many?

A

skull, auditory, hyoid, ribs, sternum, and vertebral column; 80

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2
Q

What bones are in the appendicular skeleton?

A

upper and lower limbs and the bones forming the girdles that connect the limbs to the axial skeleton

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3
Q

5 Types of bone (shapes)

A

long, short, flat, irregular, and sesmoid

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4
Q

Short bones

A

cube-shaped, consist of spongy bone except for a thin layer of compact bone on the surface

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5
Q

Flat bones

A

composed of 2 plates of compact bone with layer of spongy bone in between; cranial, sternum, ribs, scapula

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6
Q

Irregular bones

A

complex shapes and vary in amounts of compact/spongy bone; vertebrae, hip bones, certain facial bones, and the calcaneus

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7
Q

Sesamoid bones

A

develop in certain tendons that have considerable friction, tension, and physical stress; vary in number in different people, except the patella which everyone has

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8
Q

Sutural bones

A

located in suture lines in the cranium, number varies per person

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9
Q

Fissure

A

narrow slit between adjacent parts of bone through which blood vessels and nerves pass eg. superior orbital fissure of the sphenoid bone

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10
Q

Foramen

A

hole that blood vessels, nerves, or ligaments pass through eg. optic foramen of sphenoid bone

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11
Q

Fossa

A

shallow depression eg. coronoid fossa of humerus

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12
Q

Sulcus

A

furrow along bone surface that accommodates blood vessels, nerves, or tendon eg. intertubercular sulcus of humerus

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13
Q

Meatus

A

tubelike opening eg. external auditory meatus of temporal bone

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14
Q

Condyle

A

Large, round protuberance with a smooth articular surface at end of bone eg. lateral condyle of femur

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15
Q

Processes

A

projections on bone that form joints or attachment points for connective tissue

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16
Q

Facet

A

Smooth, flat, slightly concave or convex articular surface eg. superior articular facet of vertebra

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17
Q

Head

A

Usually rounded articular projection supported on neck (constricted portion) of bone eg. head of femur

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18
Q

Crest

A

Prominent ridge or elongated projection eg. iliac crest of hip bone

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19
Q

Epicondyle

A

Typically roughened projection above condyle eg. medial epicondyle of femur

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20
Q

Line

A

Long, narrow ridge or border (less prominent than crest) eg. linea aspera of femur

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21
Q

Spinous process

A

sharp, slender projection eg. spinous process of vertebra

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22
Q

Trochanter

A

very large projection eg. greater trochanter of femur

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23
Q

Tubercle

A

variable sized rounded projection eg. greater tubercle of humerus

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24
Q

Tuberosity

A

variable sized projections that has a rough, bumpy surface eg. ischial tuberosity of hip bone

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25
Q

8 Cranial bones

A

frontal, 2 temporal, occipital, 2 parietal, ethmoid, sphenoid

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26
Q

14 Facial bones

A

2 nasal, 2 zygomatic, 2 maxillae, mandible, 2 lacrimal, 2 palantine, 2 inferior nasla conchae, and vomer

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27
Q

What forms the zygomatic arch?

A

the zygomatic process of the temporal bone and the temporal process of the zygomatic bone

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28
Q

Where is the mandibular fossa located?

A

inferior posterior surface of the zygomatic process of each temporal bone

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29
Q

What forms the temporal mandibular joint (TMJ)?

A

condyle process (mandible) that articulates with the mandibular fossa and articular tubercle of the temporal bone

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30
Q

Where is the mastoid portion located?

A

temporal bone; posterior and inferior to the external auditory meatus

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31
Q

What process offers an attachment point for several neck muscles?

A

mastoid process

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32
Q

What opening does the facial and vestibulocochlear nerve pass?

A

internal auditory meatus

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33
Q

What is the petrous portion and where is it located?

A

houses the internal and middle ear; temporal bone at the base of skull between the sphenoid and occipital bones

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34
Q

What is the foramen magnum and where is it located?

A

medulla oblongata passes through to connect with spinal cord; base of occipital bone

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35
Q

Occipital condyles

A

on either side of foramen magnum, articulate with first vertebra (atlas)

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36
Q

Where is the external occipital protuberance?

A

midline, above foramen magnum

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37
Q

What bones does the sphenoid bone articulate with?

A

anteriorly with the frontal and ethmoid, laterally with the temporal, and posteriorly with the occipital

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38
Q

What is the sella turcica?

A

bony, saddle-shaped structure on the superior surface of the body of the sphenoid bone

39
Q

What fossa houses the pituitary gland in the sphenoid bone?

A

hypophyseal fossa

40
Q

What does the ethmoid bone form?

A

anterior portion of the cranial floor, medial wall of the orbits, superior portions of the nasal septum, and most of the side wall of the nasal cavity

41
Q

What is the purpose of the conchae of the ethmoid bone?

A

increase vascular and mucous membrane surface area in the nasal cavity which warms and moistens air

42
Q

Inferior nasal conchae

A

inferior to the middle nasal conchae of the ethmoid, separate bone from the ethmoid

43
Q

What bones does the vomer articulate with?

A

perpendicular plate of the ethmoid and sphenoid, inferiorly with the maxillae and palatine

44
Q

What 2 bones form the bony nasal septum?

A

ethmoid and vomer

45
Q

What bones form the hard palate?

A

maxillae and palantine

46
Q

What bones does the maxillae articulate with?

A

all facial bones except mandible

47
Q

What bones articulate with the zygomatic bones?

A

frontal, maxilla, sphenoid, and temporal

48
Q

What is the ramus?

A

perpendicular portions of the mandible

49
Q

3 Components of the nasal septum

A

vomer, septal cartilage, and the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone

50
Q

Which cranial and facial bones form the orbits?

A

cranial: frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid
facial: palatine, zygomatic, lacrimal, maxilla

51
Q

Coronal suture

A

frontal and both parietal

52
Q

Sagittal suture

A

2 parietal bones on the superior midline of the skull

53
Q

Lambdoid suture

A

2 parietal bones to the occipital

54
Q

Squamous suture

A

parietals and temporals on lateral aspect of skull

55
Q

Which skull bones contain the paranasal sinuses?

A

frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, and maxillae

56
Q

2 Functions of the paranasal sinuses

A

increase surface area for mucus production and echo chambers that intensify and prolong voice sounds

57
Q

Fontanelles

A

areas where unossified mesenchyme has develops into dense connective tissue

58
Q

Where is the hyoid bone located?

A

suspended from the styloid process of the temporal bones in the anterior neck between the mandible and larynx

59
Q

Purpose of the hyoid bone

A

support tongue, provide attachment site for muscles of the tongue, neck, and pharynx

60
Q

How many vertebrae does an adult have?

A

26

61
Q

How many cervical vertebrae are there?

A

7

62
Q

How many thoracic vertebrae are there?

A

12

63
Q

How many lumbar vetebrae are there?

A

5

64
Q

How many sacral vertebrae are there?

A

5 fused vertebrae

65
Q

What does the coccyx consist of?

A

4 fused coccygeal vertebrae

66
Q

Which spinal curves are convex and concave?

A

convex: cervical and lumbar
concave: thoracic and sacral

67
Q

What is the purpose of normal curves?

A

increase strength, help maintain balance, absorb shock during walking, and help prevent fractures

68
Q

What does each intervertebral disc consist of?

A

annulus fribrosus- outer ring of fibrocartilage
nucleus pulposus- inner, soft, pulpy, highly elastic

69
Q

Parts of a vertebrae

A

body, arch, and several processes

70
Q

Which is the weight bearing part of the vertebrae?

A

body

71
Q

Vertebral foramen

A

contains the spinal cord, adipose tissue, areolar tissue, and blood vessels; formed by the body and the arch

72
Q

Spinous process

A

medial process, attachment point for muscles

73
Q

T/F Cervical vertebrae are smaller than all other vertebrae

A

False. Coccyx are smaller

74
Q

Vertebral foramina

A

foramen of cervical vertebrae, largest of the the spinal column, house the cervical enlargement of the SC

75
Q

Atlas

A

C1, lacks a body and spinous process

76
Q

atlanto-occipital joint

A

atlas articulating with the occipital condyles, allow head nodding

77
Q

Axis

A

C2, has vertebral body, has odontoid process

78
Q

Odontoid process (dens)

A

process of the axis, projects superiorly through the anterior portion of the vertebral foramen of the atlas, makes a pivot on which the atlas and head rotate, shake head no

79
Q

Differences between T1-T10 and T11-T12

A

T1-T10 are long, laterally flattened, and directed inferiorly
T11-T12 are shorter, broader, and directed posteriorly

80
Q

Costal facets

A

articular surfaces for the ribs on the thoracic vertebrae (except T11 and 12)

81
Q

Lumbo-sacral joint

A

base of the sacrum articulates with the 5th lumbar vertebrae

82
Q

What is the foundation for the pelvic girdle?

A

sacrum

83
Q

Sacral promontory

A

projecting boarder of the base of the sacrum, one of the points used for measurements of the pelvis

84
Q

What is the thoracic cage composed of?

A

sternum, ribs, and their costal cartilages, and the bodies of the thoracic vertebrae

85
Q

3 Parts of the sternum

A

manubrium (superior portion), body (middle), xiphoid process (smallest, inferior)

86
Q

Sternal angle of sternum

A

junction of the manubrium and body

87
Q

Suprasternal notch

A

depression on the superior surface of the manubrium

88
Q

Clavicular notches of the sternum

A

articulate with the medial ends of the clavicles to form the sternoclavicular joints

89
Q

Costal cartilage

A

hyaline cartilage that attaches 1-7th ribs to the sternum

90
Q

What is a true rib?

A

ribs that have costal cartilages and attach directly to the sternum

91
Q

Sternocostal joints

A

articulations formed between the true ribs and the sternum

92
Q

Vertebrochondral ribs

A

false ribs 8-10th, attache to one another and then to the cartilages of the 7th ribs

93
Q

Floating (vertebral) ribs

A

11th and 12th ribs, attach only posteriorly to the thoracic vertebrae

A&P (15 decks)

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