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A&P > Spinal Cord and Nerves > Flashcards

Spinal Cord and Nerves Flashcards

1
Q

Epidural space

A

between dura mater and wall of the vertebral canal; contains fat and connective tissue

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2
Q

Dura mater

A

thick strong layer composed of dense irregular connective tissue; continuous with the outer covering of spinal and cranial nerves

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3
Q

Arachnoid mater

A

thin, avascular layer composed of loosely arranged collagen and elastic fibers

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4
Q

Subdural space

A

between the dura and arachnoid mater, contains ISF

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5
Q

Pia mater

A

thin, transparent layer composed of thin squamous to cuboidal cells with interlacing bundles of collagen and elastic; many blood vessels

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6
Q

Dentriculate ligaments

A

membranous extensions of the pia mater that suspend the SC in the middle of its dura sheath

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7
Q

Subarachnoid space

A

between the arachnoid and pia maters; contain CSF

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8
Q

Which vertebrae are included in the cervical plexus?

A

C1-C5

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9
Q

Which vertebrae are included in the brachial plexus?

A

C5-T1

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10
Q

Which vertebrae are included in the lumbar plexus?

A

L1-L4

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11
Q

Which vertebrae are included in the sacral plexus?

A

L4-S4

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12
Q

Where is the cervical enlargement and where do its nerves go?

A

C4 to T1; nerves to and from the upper limbs

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13
Q

Where is the lumbar enlargement and where do its nerves go?

A

T9 to T12; nerves to and from lower limbs

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14
Q

Conus medullaris

A

conical structure inferior to the lumbar enlargement (ends between L1 and L2) where the SC terminates as a tapering

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15
Q

Filum terminale

A

arises from the conus mudullaris, an extension of the pia mater, anchors SC to coccyx

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16
Q

How many cervical nerves are there?

A

8

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17
Q

Roots

A

two bundles of axons, connect each spinal nerve to a segment of the cords

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18
Q

Rootlets

A

smaller bundles of axons than roots, connect spinal nerve to SC

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19
Q

Posterior (dorsal) root

A

contain only sensory axons, conduct nerve impulses from sensory receptors in the skin, muscles, and internal organs into the CNS

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20
Q

Posterior (dorsal) root ganglion

A

contains the cell bodies of sensory neruons

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21
Q

Anterior (ventral) root

A

contains axons of motor neurons, conduct nerve impulses from the CNS to effectors (muscles and glands)

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22
Q

Cuada equina

A

roots of lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal regions of the SC that angle inferiorly alongside the filum terminale like wisps of hair

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23
Q

What grooves divide the the white matter of the SC?

A

anterior median fissure and posterior median sulcus

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24
Q

What does grey matter consist of?

A

dendrites and cell bodies of neurons, unmyelinated axons, and neroglia

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25
Q

Gray commissure

A

forms the crossbar of the H (SC gray matter)

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26
Q

Central canal of SC

A

in the center of the gray commissure, filled with CSF

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27
Q

Anterior (ventral) white commissure

A

connects the white matter of the right and left sides of the SC

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28
Q

Nulcei

A

functional group formed by clusters of neuronal cell bodies

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29
Q

Posterior (dorsal) gray horns

A

contain axons of incoming sensory neurons

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30
Q

Anterior (ventral) gray horns

A

contain somatic motor nuclei which are clusters of cell bodies of somatic motor neurons; provide nerve impulses for contraction of skeletal muscles

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31
Q

Lateral gray horns

A

present only in thoracic and upper lumbar segements; contain autonomic motor nuclei, regulate activity of cardiac and smooth muscles and glands

32
Q

Tracts

A

bundles of axons in the SC with common origin or destination and carry similar information

33
Q

Sensory (ascending) tracts

A

consists of axons that conduct nerve impulses toward the brain

34
Q

Motor (descending) tracts

A

consists of axons that carry nerve impulses from the brain

35
Q

Mixed nerve

A

a spinal nerve that contains both sensory and motor axons

36
Q

Endoneurium

A

innermost layer, wraps individual axons within a nerve

37
Q

Fascicles

A

bundles of axons

38
Q

Perineurium

A

middle layer; thicker layer (up to 15 layers of fibroblasts), wraps around fascicles

39
Q

Epineurium

A

outermost layer over entire nerve; fuses with dura mater of spine

40
Q

Rami

A

spinal nerve branches

41
Q

Posterior (dorsal) ramus

A

serves the deep muscles and skin of the posterior surface of the trunk

42
Q

Anterior (ventral) ramus

A

serves the muscles and structures of the upper and lower limbs and the skin of the lateral and anterior surfaces of the trunk

43
Q

Meningeal branch

A

reenters the vertebral cavity through the intervertebral foramen and supplies the vertebrae, vertebral ligaments, blood vessels of the SC, and meninges

44
Q

Rami communicantes

A

components of the autonomic nervous system

45
Q

Plexus

A

a network of axons

46
Q

Intercostal (thoracic) nerves (T2-T12)

A

directly connect to the structures they supply in the intercostal spaces

47
Q

Dermatomes

A

area of the skin that provides sensory input to the CNS via one pair of spinal nerves or the trigeminal (V) nerve

48
Q

What does the cervical plexus supply?

A

the skin and muscles of the head, neck, and superior part of the shoulders and chest

49
Q

What does the brachial plexus supply?

A

almost entire nerve supply of the shoulders and upper limbs

50
Q

What does the lumbar plexus supply?

A

anterolateral abdominal wall, external genitalia, and par of the lower limb

51
Q

What does the sacral plexus supply?

A

booty, perineum, and lower limbs

52
Q

2 Functions of the SC

A

maintain homeostasis: nerve impulse propagation and integration of information

53
Q

Spinothalamic tract

A

sensory tract; conveys nerve impulses for sensing pain, temp, itch, and tickle

54
Q

Posterior column

A

consists of 2 sensory tracts: gracile fasciculus and cueate fasciculus; convey nerve impulses for touch, pressure, vibration, and conscious proprioception

55
Q

Posterior column

A

consists of 2 sensory tracts: gracile fasciculus and cueate fasciculus; convey nerve impulses for touch, pressure, vibration, and conscious proprioception

56
Q

3 tracts of the direct motor (pyramidal) pathways

A

lateral corticospinal, anterior corticospinal, and corticobulbar tracts

57
Q

Action of the direct motor pathways

A

convey nerve impulses that originate in the cerebral cortex and are destined to cause voluntary movements of skeletal muscles

58
Q

4 Tracts of the indirect motor (extrapyramidal) pathway

A

rubrospinal, tectospinal, vestibulospinal, lateral reticulospinal, and medial reticulospinal tracts

59
Q

Action of the extrapyramidal pathways

A

convey nerve impulses from the brainstem to cause automatic movements, help coordinate body movements with visual stimuli, maintain muscle tone, sustain contraction of postural muscles, and regulate muscle tone in response to movements of the head

60
Q

Reflex

A

fast, involuntary, unplanned sequence of actions that occurs in response to a particular stimulus

61
Q

Spinal reflex

A

when integration of a reflex takes place in the SC gray matter

62
Q

Cranial reflex

A

when integration of a reflex occurs in the brainstem

63
Q

Somatic reflex

A

involve contractions of skeletal muscles

64
Q

Autonomic (visceral) reflexes

A

involve responses of smooth and cardiac muscle and glands

65
Q

Reflex arc

A

pathway followed by nerve impulses that produce a reflex

66
Q

5 Functional components of a reflex arc

A

sensory receptor, sensory neuron, integration center, motor neuron, effector

67
Q

Stretch reflex

A

monosynaptic; cause contraction of a skeletal muscle (the effector) in response to stretching of the muscle

68
Q

What elicites a stretch reflex?

A

tapp on tendons attached to muscles at the elbow, wrist, knee, and ankle joints

69
Q

Muscle spindles

A

sensory of receptors in muscles that monitor changes in the length of the muscles

70
Q

Ipsilateral reflex

A

sensory nerve impulses enter the SC on the same side from which motor nerve impulses leave it; all ipsilaterals are monosynaptic

71
Q

Reciprocal innervations

A

components of a neural circuit simultaneously cause contraction of one muscle and relaxation of its antagonist; prevents conflict between opposing muscles

72
Q

Tendon reflex

A

ipsilateral; control muscle tension by causing muscle relaxation before muscle force becomes to great that tendons might be torn; can override stretch reflex

73
Q

Tendon (Golgi tendon) organs

A

sensory receptors for tendon reflex; lie within a tendon near its junction with a muscle

74
Q

Flexor (withdrawal) reflex

A

polysynaptic, ipsilateral

75
Q

Intersegmental reflex arc

A

nerve impulses from one sensory neuron ascend and descend in the SC and activate interneurons in several segments of the SC; a single sensory neuron can activate several motor neurons

76
Q

Crossed extensor reflex

A

contralateral; help maintain your balance after you step on the tack

A&P (15 decks)

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