Cells

Question 1

Cholesterol

Answer 1

a steroid with an attached OH (hydroxyl) group

Question 2

Glycolipid

Answer 2

lipids with attached carbohydrate groups.

Question 3

T/T the head of the lipid bilayer is hydrophobic

Answer 3

False

Question 4

3 Types of membrane proteins

Answer 4

integral, transmembrane, peripheral, glycoprotein

Question 5

Glycocalyx

Answer 5

sugary coat formed by carbohydrate portions of glycolipids and glycoproteins in the PM; allows cells to recognize each other

Question 6

6 Functions of membrane proteins

Answer 6

ion channels, carriers, receptor, linkers, enzymes, cell identity markers

Question 7

What molecules is the PM highly permeable to? Moderately permeable?

Answer 7

oxygen, carbon dioxide, steroids
water, urea
the more hydrophobic or lipid-soluble a substance, the greater the membrane’s permeability to that substance

Question 8

T/F The inner surface of the plasma membrane is more positively charged

Answer 8

False

Question 9

T/F Na+ is more concentrated inside the cell

Answer 9

False

Question 10

5 Factors that influence rate of diffusion

Answer 10

steepness of concentration gradient, temperature, mass of diffusing substance, surface area, diffusion distance

Question 11

Important example of simple diffusion

Answer 11

oxygen and carbon dioxide between blood and body cells, and between blood and air within the lungs during breathing

Question 12

Most abundant ion channel in the PM

Answer 12

K+ or Cl-

Question 13

Transport maximum

Answer 13

Once all of the carriers are occupied, the transport maximum is reached, and a further increase in the concentration gradient does not increase the rate of facilitated diffusion

Question 14

How does glucose enter the body cells?

Answer 14

Carrier mediated facilitated diffusion

Question 15

Aquaporins

Answer 15

integral membrane proteins that function as water channels, play a critical role in controlling the water content of cells; responsible for the production of cerebrospinal fluid, aqueous humor, tears, sweat, saliva, and the concentration of urine

Question 16

Osmotic pressure

Answer 16

amount of pressure needed to restore the starting condition; the higher the solute concentration, the higher the solution’s osmotic pressure

Question 17

Hypotonic soultion

Answer 17

lower concentration of solutes than the cytosol; RBCs hemolysis (burst)

Question 18

Hypertonic

Answer 18

higher concentration of solutes than the cytosol; RBCs crenate (shrink)

Question 19

2 Sources of energy for active transport

Answer 19

(1) hydrolysis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is the source in primary active transport; (2) energy stored in an ionic concentration gradient is the source in secondary active transport

Question 20

Most abundant primary active transport pump

Answer 20

Na+/K+ ATPase

Question 21

Symporters

Answer 21

transporter in secondary active transport that move two substances in the same direction

Question 22

Antiporters

Answer 22

transporters in secondary active transport that move two substances in opposite directions

Question 23

6 Steps in receptor mediated endocytosis

Answer 23

(1) binding (2) vesicle formation (3) uncoating (4) fusion with endosome (5) recycling of receptors to PM (6) degradation in lysosomes

Question 24

2 Types of phagocytes

Answer 24

macrophages and nuetrophils

Question 25

Bulk-phase endocytosis

Answer 25

the plasma membrane folds inward and forms a vesicle containing a droplet of extracellular fluid

Question 26

Transcytosis

Answer 26

vesicles undergo endocytosis on one side of a cell, move across the cell, and then undergo exocytosis on the opposite side

Question 27

What % of the total cell volume is cytosol?

Answer 27

55%

Question 28

Microfilaments

Answer 28

thinnest, generate movement and provide mechanical support

Question 29

What does the centrosome consist of?

Answer 29

pair of centrioles and the pericentriolar matrix

Question 30

Functions of centrosomes

Answer 30

microtubule organizer, pericentriolar matrix organizes mitotic spindles

Question 31

Rough ER

Answer 31

synthesize glycoproteins and phospholipids

Question 32

Smooth ER

Answer 32

synthesizes fatty acids and steroids; inactivates or detoxifies drugs; removes the phosphate group from glucose-6-phosphate; stores and releases calcium ions that trigger contraction in muscle cells

Question 33

Functions of the golgi complex

Answer 33

Modifies, sorts, packages, and transports proteins received from the rough ER; makes transfer, secretory and membrane vesicles

Question 34

Difference between autolysis and autophagy

Answer 34

autophagy is the digestion of worn-out organelles
and autolysis is the entire cell

Question 35

Function of proteasome

Answer 35

destruction of faulty, damaged, or unneeded proteins

Question 36

T/F Mitochondria play role in apoptosis

Answer 36

True

Question 37

T/F the nuclear envelope has a lipid bilayer

Answer 37

True

Question 38

Proteome

Answer 38

all of an organism’s proteins.

Question 39

T/F Introns code for proteins

Answer 39

False. Exons do.

Question 40

Interphase

Answer 40

DNA replicates and organelles produced; G1, S, and G2 phases

Question 41

2 Events in the mitotic phase

Answer 41

nuclear division (mitosis) and a cytoplasmic division (cytokinesis)

Question 42

Prophase

Answer 42

chromatin fibers condense and shorten into chromosomes

Question 43

Metaphase

Answer 43

microtubules of the mitotic spindle align the centromeres of the chromatid pairs along the metaphase plate

Question 44

Anaphase

Answer 44

centromeres split, separating the two members of each chromatid pair and move toward opposite ends of the cell

Question 45

Telophase

Answer 45

chromosomes unravel into chromatin and a nuclear envelope forms around them