Muscular System Flashcards
1
Q
What is the origin?
A
attachment of a muscle’s tendon to the stationary bone
2
Q
What is the insertion?
A
attachment of the muscles other tendon (the one not attached to the origin) to the moveable bone
3
Q
Belly
A
the fleshy portion of the muscle between the tendons
4
Q
Reverse muscle action
A
during specific movements of the body the actions are reversed, the positions of the origin and insertion or a specific muscle are switched
5
Q
Lever
A
rigid structure that can move around a fixed point (fulcrum)
6
Q
Does effort cause or oppose movement? And which does the opposite movement
A
Causes; load
7
Q
What is the effort in muscle contractions?
A
the force exerted
8
Q
Mechanical advantage/disadvantage
A
advantage- the load is closer to the fulcrum
disadvantage- the load is farther away and requires more effort to move
9
Q
First-class levers
A
the fulcrum is between the effort and the load
eg. head on vertebral column
10
Q
Second-class levers
A
the load is between the fulcrum and the effort
eg. standing on your tip toes
11
Q
Third-class levers
A
the effort is between the fulcrum and the load
eg. elbow joint, biceps brachii
12
Q
T/F first class lever is the most common in the body
A
false. third class
13
Q
T/F A third class lever always produces a mechanical disadvantage
A
true
14
Q
5 Patterns of fasicles
A
parallel, fusiform (spindle-shaped, narrow toward the ends and wide in the middle), circular, triangular, pennant (feather-shaped)
15
Q
Prime mover
A
contracts to cause an action
16
Q
Antagonist
A
stretches and yields to the effects of the prime mover
17
Q
T/F prime movers and antagonists are usually located on opposite sides of the bone
A
true
18
Q
Synergists
A
contract and stabilize intermediate joints
19
Q
Fixators
A
stabilize the origin of the prime mover so that the prime mover can act more efficiently
20
Q
Compartment
A
group of skeletal muscles, theirs associated blood vessels, and associated nerves
21
Q
Occipitofrontalis (frontal belly)
A
draws scalp anteriorly, raises eyebrows, and wrinkles skin of forehead horizontally as in look of suprise
22
Q
Occipital belly
A
draws scalp posteriorly
23
Q
Orbicularis oris
A
closes and protrudes lips, as in kissing; compresses lips agains teeth; and shapes lips during speech
24
Q
Zygomaticus major
A
draws angle of mouth superiorly and laterally, as in smiling
25
Buccinator
presses cheeks against teeth and lips, as in whistling, blowing and sucking; draws corner of mouth laterally; and assists in mastication by keeping food between the teeth
26
Orbicularis oculi
closes eye
27
Which muscles of mastication account for the strength of the bite?
masseter (strongest), temporalis, and medial pterygoid
28
Define muscles of mastication
muscles that move the mandible at the TMJ
29
Masseter
origin: maxilla and zygomatic arch
insertion: angle and ramus of mandible
action: elevates mandible, as in closing mouth
30
Temporalis
origin: temporal bone
insertion: coronoid process and ramus of mandible
action: elevates and retracts mandible
31
Origin and insertion of sternocleidomastoid
origin: sternal head: manubrium of sternum; clavicular head: medial third of clavicle
insertion: mastoid process of temporal bone and lateral half of superior nuchal line of occipital bone
32
Action of the sternocleidomastoid
acting together- flex cervical portion of vertebral column, extend head at atlanto-occipital joins
action singly- laterally flex neck and head to same side and rotate head to side opposite contracting muscle. Laterally rotate and flex head to opposite side of contracting muscle. Posterior fibers of muscle can assist in extension of head. RMA: elevate sternum during forced inhalation.
33
Origin and insertion of rectus abdominis
origin: pubic crest and pubic symphysis
insertion: cartilage of ribs 5-7 and xiphoid process
34
Action of rectus abdominis
flexes vertebral column, especially lumbar portion, and compresses abdomen to aid in defecation, urination, forced exhalation, and childbirth.
RMA: flexes pelvis on the vertebral column
35
Action of external oblique
acting together- compress abdomen and flex vertebral column
acting singly- laterally flex vertebral column, especially lumbar portion, and rotate vertebral column
36
Action of internal oblique
acting together- compress abdomen and flex vertebral column
acting singly- laterally flex vertebral column, especially lumbar portion, and rotate vertebral column
37
Insertion and action of transverse abdominis
insertion: xiphoid process, linea alba, and pubis
action: compress abdomen
38
What forms the rectus sheaths?
aponeuroses (sheathlike tendons) of the external oblique, internal oblique, and transverse abdominis muscles
39
What is the linea alba?
tough, fibrous band that extends from xiphoid process of the sternum to the pubic symphysis where the rectus sheaths meet at midline
40
The linea alba stretches to increase the distance between the rectus abdominis muscles in pregnancy
Yes it does
41
Central tendon
a strong aponeurosis located near the center of the diaphragm, fuses with the pericardium and the pleurae
42
Action of the diaphragm
contraction: causes it to flatten and increase vertical dimension of the thoracic cavity, resulting in inhalation
relaxation: causes it to move superiorly and decreases vertical dimensions of thoracic cavity, resulting in exhalation
43
Action of external intercostals
contraction: elevates ribs and increases anteroposterior and lateral dimensions of thoracic cavity, resulting in inhalation
relaxation: depresses ribs and decreases anteroposterior and lateral dimensions of thoracic cavity, resulting in exhalation
44
Action of internal intercostal
contraction: draws adjacent ribs together to further decrease anteroposterior and lateral dimensions of thoracic cavity during forced exhalation
45
Which 5 muscles move the pectoral girdle?
pectoralis minor, serratus anterior, trapezius, levator scapulae, rhomboid major
46
Action of pectoralis minor
abducts scapula and rotates it downward. RMA: elevates ribs 3-5 during forced inhalation when scapula is fixed
47
Serratus anterior (O, I, A)
O: ribs 1-8 or 1-9
I: vertebral border and inferior angle of scapula
A: aducts scapula and rotates it upward. RMA: elevates ribs when scapula is stabilized. Known as "boxer's muscle" cuz it is important in horizontal arm movements
48
Trapezius (O, I, A)
O: superior nucal line of occipital bone, lagmentum nuchae, and spines of C7-T12
I: clavicle and acromion and spine of scapula
A: superior fibers upward rotate scapula; middle fibers abduct scapula; inferior fibers depress and upward rotate scapula; superior and inferior fibers together rotate scapula upward; stabilize scapula. RMA: superior fibers can help extend head
49
Levator scapulae (OIA)
O: transverse processes of C1-C4
I: superior vertebral border of scapula
A: elevates scapula and rotates it downward
50
Rhomboid major (A)
elevates and adducts scapula and rotates it downward; stabilizes scapula
51
Axial muscles that move the humerus
pectoralis major, latissimus dorsi
52
Scapular muscles that move the humerus
deltoid, subscapularis, supraspinatus, intraspinatus, teres major, teres minor
53
Pectoralis major (OIA)
O: clavicle, sternum, and costal cartilages of ribs 2-6 and sometimes ribs 1-7
I: greater tubercle and lateral lip of intertubercular sulcus of humerus
A: as a whole, adducts and medially rotates arm at should join; clavicular head flexes arm, and sternocostal head extends flexed arm to side of trunk
54
Latissimus dorsi (A)
extends, adducts, and medially rotates arm at shoulder joint; draws arm inferiorly and posteriorly. RMA: elevates vertebral column and torso
55
Deltoid (OIA)
O: acromial extremity of clavicle, acromion of scapula, and spine of scapula
I: deltoid tuberosity of humerus
A: lateral fibers abduct arm at shoulder joint; anterior fibers flex and medially rotate arm at shoulder joint; posterior fibers extend and laterally rotate arm at shoulder joint
56
Subscapularis (A)
medially rotates arm at shoulder joint
57
Supraspinatus (OIA)
O: supraspinous fossa of scapula
I: greater tubercle of humerus
A: assists deltoid muscle in abducting arm at shoulder joint
58
Intraspinatus (A)
laterally rotates arm at shoulder joint
59
Teres major (A)
extends arm at shoulder joint and assists in adduction and medial rotation of arm at shoulder joint
60
Teres minor (A)
laterally rotates and extends arm at shoulder joint
61
Forearm flexors
biceps brachii, brachialis, brachioradialis
62
Forearm extensors
triceps brachii, anconeus
63
Forearm pronator
pronator teres
64
Forearm supinator
supinator
65
Biceps brachii (OIA)
O: long head originates from tubercle above glenoid cavity of scapula; short head originates form coracoid process of scapula
I: radial tuberosity of radius and bicipital aponeruosis
A: flexes forearm at elbow joint, supinates forearm at radioulnar joint, and flexes arm at shoulder joint
66
Brachialis (A)
flexes forearm at elbow joint
67
Brachioradialis (A)
flexes forearm at elbow joint; supinates and pronates forearm at radioulnar joints to neutral position
68
Origins of triceps brachii
long head originates form intraglenoid tubercle;
lateral head originates from lateral and posterior surface of humerus;
medial head originates from entire posterior surface of humerus inferior to a groove from the radial nerve
69
Triceps brachii (IA)
I: olecranon of ulna
A:extends forearm at elbow joint and extends arm at shoulder joint
70
Anconeus (OIA)
O: lateral epicondyle of humerus
I: olecranon and superior portion of shaft of ulna
A: extends forearm at elbow joint
71
Pronator teres (A)
pronates forearm at radioulnar joints and weakly flexes forearm at elbow joint
72
Supinator (A)
supinates forearm at radioulnar joints
73
Superficial anterior compartment of the forearm muscles
flexor carpi radialis, palmaris, flexor carpi ulnaris, flexor digitorum superficialis
74
Flexor carpi radialis (OIA)
O: medial epicondyle of humerus
I: metecarpals II and III
A: flexes and abducts hand (radial deviation) at wrist joint
75
Palmaris longus (A)
weakly flexes hand at wrist joint
76
Flexor carpi ulnaris (OIA)
O: medial epicondyle of humerus and superior posterior border of ulna
I: pisiform, hamate, and base of metacarpal V
A: flexes and adducts hand (ulnar deviation) at wrist joint
77
Flexor digitorum superficialis (OIA)
O: medial epicondyle of humerus, coronoid process of ulna, and ridge along lateral margin or anterior surface (anterior oblique line) of radius
I: middle phalanx of each finger
A: flexes middle phalanx of each finger at proximal interphalangeal joint, proximal phalanx of each finger at metacarpophalangeal joint, and hand at wrist joint
78
Superficial anterior (flexor) compartment of the forearm muscles
flexor carpi radialis, palmaris longus, flexor carpi ulnaris, flexor digitorum superficialis
79
Flexor carpi radialis (OIA)
O: medial epicondyle of humerus
I: metacarpals II and III
A: flexes and abducts hand (radial deviation) at wrist joint
80
Palmaris longus (A)
weakly flexes hand at wrist joint
81
Flexor carpi ulnaris (OIA)
O: medial epicondyle of humerus and superior posterior border of ulna
I: pisiform, hamate, and base of metacarpal V
A: flexes and adducts hand (ulnar deviation) at wrist joint
82
Flexor digitorum superficialis (OIA)
O: medial epicondyle of humerus, coronoid process of ulna, and ridge along lateral margin or anterior surface (anterior oblique line) of radius
I: middle phalanx of each finger
A: flexes middle phalanx of each finger at proximal interphalangeal joint, proximal phalanx of each finger at metcarpophalangeal joint, and hand at wrist joint
83
Superficial posterior (extensor) compartment of the forearm muscles
extensor carpi radialis longus, extensor digitorum, extensor carpi ulnaris
84
Extensor carpi radialis longus (A)
extends and abducts hand at wrist joint (ulnar deviation)
85
Extensor digitorum (OIA)
O: lateral epicondyle of humerus
I: distal and middle phalanges of each finger
A: extends distal and middle phalanges of each finger at interphalangeal joints, proximal phalanx of each finger at meacarophalangeal joint, and hand at wrist joint
86
Extensor carpi ulnaris (OIA)
O: lateral epicondyle of humerus and posterior border of ulna
I: metacarpal V
A: extends and adducts hand at wrist joint
87
Erector spinae muscles of the neck (grouping of muscles)
iliocostalis, longissimus, and spinalis muscles
88
Iliocostalis group (lateral) muscles
iliocostalis cervicis, iliocostalis thoracis, iliocostalis lumborum
89
Action of the iliocostalis muscles
action together, muscles of each region (cervical, thoracic, lumbar) extend and maintain erect posture of vertebral column of their respective regions; acting singly, laterally flex vertebral column of their respective regions to same side as contracting muscle
90
Scalenes
anterior, middle, and posterior scalene
91
Anterior scalene (A)
action together, right and left anterior scalene and middle scalene elevate first ribs during deep inhalation
92
Middle scalene (A)
RMA: flex cervical vertebrae; acting singly, laterally flex and slightly rotate cervical vertebrae
93
Posterior scalene (A)
acting together, right and left posterior scalene elevate second ribs during deep inhalation;
acting singly, laterally flex and slightly rotate cervical vertebrae
94
Muscles of the gluteal region that move the femur (6)
iliopsoas, iliacus, gluteus maximus, gluteus medius, adductor longus, adductor magnus
95
Iliopsoas (psoas major) (OIA)
O: transverse porcesses and bodies of lumbar vertebrae
I: with iliacus into lesser trochanter of femure
A: psoas major and iliacus muscles acting together flex thigh at hip joint, rotate thigh laterallym and flex trunk on hip as in sitting up from supine
96
Gluteus maximus (OIA)
O: iliac crest, sacrum, coccyx, and aponeurosis of sarcospinalis
I: iliotibial tract of fascia lata and superior lateral part of linea aspera under greater trochanter of femur
A: extends thigh at hip joint and laterally rotates thigh; helps lock knee in extension
RMA: extends torso
97
Gluteus medius (A)
abducts thigh at hip joint and medially rotates thigh
98
Adductor longus (A)
adducts and flexes thigh at hip joint and rotates thigh
RMA: extends thigh
99
Adductor magnus (A)
adducts thigh at hip joint and rotates thigh; anterior part flexes thigh at hip joint, and posterior part extends thigh at hip joint
100
Anterior (extensor) compartment of the thigh muscles
rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, vastus intermedius, sartorius
101
Posterior (flexor) compartment of thigh muscle (hamstrings)
biceps femoris, semitendinosus, semimebranosus
102
Rectus femoris (O)
anterior inferior iliac spine
103
Vastus lateralis (O)
greater trochanter and linea aspera of femur
104
Vastus medialis (O)
linea aspera of femur
105
Vastus intermedius (O)
anterior and lateral surface of body of femur
106
Insertion and action of the quadraceps femoris muscles
I: patella via quadraceps tendon and then tibial tuberosity via patellar ligament
A: all four heads extend leg at knee join; rectus femoris muscle acting alone also flexes thigh at hip joint
107
Sartorius (A)
weakly flexes leg at knee joint; weakly flexes, abducts and laterally rotates thigh at hip joint
108
Biceps femoris (OIA)
O: long head arises from ischial tuberosity; short head arises from linea aspera of femur
I: head of fibula and lateral condyle of tibia
A: flexes leg at knee joint and extends thigh at hip joint
109
Semitendinosus (A)
flexes leg at knee joint and extends thigh at hip joint
110
Semimembranosus (A)
flexes leg at knee joint and extends thigh at hip joint
111
Tibialis anterior (OIA)
O: lateral condyle and body of tibia and interosseous membrane
I: metatarsal I and first cuneiform
A: dorsiflexes foot at ankle joint and inverts (supinates) foot at intertarsal joints
112
Extensor digitorum longus (OIA)
O: lateral condyle of tibia, anterior surface of fibula, and interosseous membrane
I: middle and distal phalanges of toes II-V
A: dorsiflexes foot at ankle joint and extends distal and middle phalanges of each toe at interphalangeal joints and proximal phalanx of each toe at metatarsophalangeal joint
113
Fibularis (peroneus) longus (A)
plantar flexes foot at ankle joint and everts (pronates) foot at inertarsal joints
114
Gastrocneumius (OIA)
O: lateral and medial condyles of femur and capsule of knee
I: calcaneus by of Achilles tendon
A: plantar flexes foot at ankle joint and flexes leg at knee joint
115
Soleus (A)
plantar flexes foot at ankle joint
116
Flexor digitorum longus (OIA)
O: middle third of posterior surface of tibia
I: distal phalanges of toes II-V
A: plantar flexes foot at ankle joint; flexes distal and middle phalanges of toes II-V at inerphalangeal joints and proximal phalanx of toes II-V at metatarsophalangeal joint
