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A&P > Muscular System > Flashcards

Muscular System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the origin?

A

attachment of a muscle’s tendon to the stationary bone

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2
Q

What is the insertion?

A

attachment of the muscles other tendon (the one not attached to the origin) to the moveable bone

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3
Q

Belly

A

the fleshy portion of the muscle between the tendons

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4
Q

Reverse muscle action

A

during specific movements of the body the actions are reversed, the positions of the origin and insertion or a specific muscle are switched

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5
Q

Lever

A

rigid structure that can move around a fixed point (fulcrum)

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6
Q

Does effort cause or oppose movement? And which does the opposite movement

A

Causes; load

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7
Q

What is the effort in muscle contractions?

A

the force exerted

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8
Q

Mechanical advantage/disadvantage

A

advantage- the load is closer to the fulcrum
disadvantage- the load is farther away and requires more effort to move

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9
Q

First-class levers

A

the fulcrum is between the effort and the load
eg. head on vertebral column

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10
Q

Second-class levers

A

the load is between the fulcrum and the effort
eg. standing on your tip toes

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11
Q

Third-class levers

A

the effort is between the fulcrum and the load
eg. elbow joint, biceps brachii

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12
Q

T/F first class lever is the most common in the body

A

false. third class

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13
Q

T/F A third class lever always produces a mechanical disadvantage

A

true

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14
Q

5 Patterns of fasicles

A

parallel, fusiform (spindle-shaped, narrow toward the ends and wide in the middle), circular, triangular, pennant (feather-shaped)

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15
Q

Prime mover

A

contracts to cause an action

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16
Q

Antagonist

A

stretches and yields to the effects of the prime mover

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17
Q

T/F prime movers and antagonists are usually located on opposite sides of the bone

A

true

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18
Q

Synergists

A

contract and stabilize intermediate joints

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19
Q

Fixators

A

stabilize the origin of the prime mover so that the prime mover can act more efficiently

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20
Q

Compartment

A

group of skeletal muscles, theirs associated blood vessels, and associated nerves

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21
Q

Occipitofrontalis (frontal belly)

A

draws scalp anteriorly, raises eyebrows, and wrinkles skin of forehead horizontally as in look of suprise

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22
Q

Occipital belly

A

draws scalp posteriorly

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23
Q

Orbicularis oris

A

closes and protrudes lips, as in kissing; compresses lips agains teeth; and shapes lips during speech

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24
Q

Zygomaticus major

A

draws angle of mouth superiorly and laterally, as in smiling

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25
Q

Buccinator

A

presses cheeks against teeth and lips, as in whistling, blowing and sucking; draws corner of mouth laterally; and assists in mastication by keeping food between the teeth

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26
Q

Orbicularis oculi

A

closes eye

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27
Q

Which muscles of mastication account for the strength of the bite?

A

masseter (strongest), temporalis, and medial pterygoid

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28
Q

Define muscles of mastication

A

muscles that move the mandible at the TMJ

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29
Q

Masseter

A

origin: maxilla and zygomatic arch
insertion: angle and ramus of mandible
action: elevates mandible, as in closing mouth

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30
Q

Temporalis

A

origin: temporal bone
insertion: coronoid process and ramus of mandible
action: elevates and retracts mandible

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31
Q

Origin and insertion of sternocleidomastoid

A

origin: sternal head: manubrium of sternum; clavicular head: medial third of clavicle
insertion: mastoid process of temporal bone and lateral half of superior nuchal line of occipital bone

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32
Q

Action of the sternocleidomastoid

A

acting together- flex cervical portion of vertebral column, extend head at atlanto-occipital joins

action singly- laterally flex neck and head to same side and rotate head to side opposite contracting muscle. Laterally rotate and flex head to opposite side of contracting muscle. Posterior fibers of muscle can assist in extension of head. RMA: elevate sternum during forced inhalation.

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33
Q

Origin and insertion of rectus abdominis

A

origin: pubic crest and pubic symphysis
insertion: cartilage of ribs 5-7 and xiphoid process

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34
Q

Action of rectus abdominis

A

flexes vertebral column, especially lumbar portion, and compresses abdomen to aid in defecation, urination, forced exhalation, and childbirth.
RMA: flexes pelvis on the vertebral column

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35
Q

Action of external oblique

A

acting together- compress abdomen and flex vertebral column
acting singly- laterally flex vertebral column, especially lumbar portion, and rotate vertebral column

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36
Q

Action of internal oblique

A

acting together- compress abdomen and flex vertebral column
acting singly- laterally flex vertebral column, especially lumbar portion, and rotate vertebral column

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37
Q

Insertion and action of transverse abdominis

A

insertion: xiphoid process, linea alba, and pubis
action: compress abdomen

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38
Q

What forms the rectus sheaths?

A

aponeuroses (sheathlike tendons) of the external oblique, internal oblique, and transverse abdominis muscles

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39
Q

What is the linea alba?

A

tough, fibrous band that extends from xiphoid process of the sternum to the pubic symphysis where the rectus sheaths meet at midline

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40
Q

The linea alba stretches to increase the distance between the rectus abdominis muscles in pregnancy

A

Yes it does

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41
Q

Central tendon

A

a strong aponeurosis located near the center of the diaphragm, fuses with the pericardium and the pleurae

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42
Q

Action of the diaphragm

A

contraction: causes it to flatten and increase vertical dimension of the thoracic cavity, resulting in inhalation
relaxation: causes it to move superiorly and decreases vertical dimensions of thoracic cavity, resulting in exhalation

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43
Q

Action of external intercostals

A

contraction: elevates ribs and increases anteroposterior and lateral dimensions of thoracic cavity, resulting in inhalation
relaxation: depresses ribs and decreases anteroposterior and lateral dimensions of thoracic cavity, resulting in exhalation

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44
Q

Action of internal intercostal

A

contraction: draws adjacent ribs together to further decrease anteroposterior and lateral dimensions of thoracic cavity during forced exhalation

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45
Q

Which 5 muscles move the pectoral girdle?

A

pectoralis minor, serratus anterior, trapezius, levator scapulae, rhomboid major

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46
Q

Action of pectoralis minor

A

abducts scapula and rotates it downward. RMA: elevates ribs 3-5 during forced inhalation when scapula is fixed

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47
Q

Serratus anterior (O, I, A)

A

O: ribs 1-8 or 1-9
I: vertebral border and inferior angle of scapula
A: aducts scapula and rotates it upward. RMA: elevates ribs when scapula is stabilized. Known as “boxer’s muscle” cuz it is important in horizontal arm movements

48
Q

Trapezius (O, I, A)

A

O: superior nucal line of occipital bone, lagmentum nuchae, and spines of C7-T12
I: clavicle and acromion and spine of scapula
A: superior fibers upward rotate scapula; middle fibers abduct scapula; inferior fibers depress and upward rotate scapula; superior and inferior fibers together rotate scapula upward; stabilize scapula. RMA: superior fibers can help extend head

49
Q

Levator scapulae (OIA)

A

O: transverse processes of C1-C4
I: superior vertebral border of scapula
A: elevates scapula and rotates it downward

50
Q

Rhomboid major (A)

A

elevates and adducts scapula and rotates it downward; stabilizes scapula

51
Q

Axial muscles that move the humerus

A

pectoralis major, latissimus dorsi

52
Q

Scapular muscles that move the humerus

A

deltoid, subscapularis, supraspinatus, intraspinatus, teres major, teres minor

53
Q

Pectoralis major (OIA)

A

O: clavicle, sternum, and costal cartilages of ribs 2-6 and sometimes ribs 1-7
I: greater tubercle and lateral lip of intertubercular sulcus of humerus
A: as a whole, adducts and medially rotates arm at should join; clavicular head flexes arm, and sternocostal head extends flexed arm to side of trunk

54
Q

Latissimus dorsi (A)

A

extends, adducts, and medially rotates arm at shoulder joint; draws arm inferiorly and posteriorly. RMA: elevates vertebral column and torso

55
Q

Deltoid (OIA)

A

O: acromial extremity of clavicle, acromion of scapula, and spine of scapula
I: deltoid tuberosity of humerus
A: lateral fibers abduct arm at shoulder joint; anterior fibers flex and medially rotate arm at shoulder joint; posterior fibers extend and laterally rotate arm at shoulder joint

56
Q

Subscapularis (A)

A

medially rotates arm at shoulder joint

57
Q

Supraspinatus (OIA)

A

O: supraspinous fossa of scapula
I: greater tubercle of humerus
A: assists deltoid muscle in abducting arm at shoulder joint

58
Q

Intraspinatus (A)

A

laterally rotates arm at shoulder joint

59
Q

Teres major (A)

A

extends arm at shoulder joint and assists in adduction and medial rotation of arm at shoulder joint

60
Q

Teres minor (A)

A

laterally rotates and extends arm at shoulder joint

61
Q

Forearm flexors

A

biceps brachii, brachialis, brachioradialis

62
Q

Forearm extensors

A

triceps brachii, anconeus

63
Q

Forearm pronator

A

pronator teres

64
Q

Forearm supinator

A

supinator

65
Q

Biceps brachii (OIA)

A

O: long head originates from tubercle above glenoid cavity of scapula; short head originates form coracoid process of scapula
I: radial tuberosity of radius and bicipital aponeruosis
A: flexes forearm at elbow joint, supinates forearm at radioulnar joint, and flexes arm at shoulder joint

66
Q

Brachialis (A)

A

flexes forearm at elbow joint

67
Q

Brachioradialis (A)

A

flexes forearm at elbow joint; supinates and pronates forearm at radioulnar joints to neutral position

68
Q

Origins of triceps brachii

A

long head originates form intraglenoid tubercle;
lateral head originates from lateral and posterior surface of humerus;
medial head originates from entire posterior surface of humerus inferior to a groove from the radial nerve

69
Q

Triceps brachii (IA)

A

I: olecranon of ulna
A:extends forearm at elbow joint and extends arm at shoulder joint

70
Q

Anconeus (OIA)

A

O: lateral epicondyle of humerus
I: olecranon and superior portion of shaft of ulna
A: extends forearm at elbow joint

71
Q

Pronator teres (A)

A

pronates forearm at radioulnar joints and weakly flexes forearm at elbow joint

72
Q

Supinator (A)

A

supinates forearm at radioulnar joints

73
Q

Superficial anterior compartment of the forearm muscles

A

flexor carpi radialis, palmaris, flexor carpi ulnaris, flexor digitorum superficialis

74
Q

Flexor carpi radialis (OIA)

A

O: medial epicondyle of humerus
I: metecarpals II and III
A: flexes and abducts hand (radial deviation) at wrist joint

75
Q

Palmaris longus (A)

A

weakly flexes hand at wrist joint

76
Q

Flexor carpi ulnaris (OIA)

A

O: medial epicondyle of humerus and superior posterior border of ulna
I: pisiform, hamate, and base of metacarpal V
A: flexes and adducts hand (ulnar deviation) at wrist joint

77
Q

Flexor digitorum superficialis (OIA)

A

O: medial epicondyle of humerus, coronoid process of ulna, and ridge along lateral margin or anterior surface (anterior oblique line) of radius
I: middle phalanx of each finger
A: flexes middle phalanx of each finger at proximal interphalangeal joint, proximal phalanx of each finger at metacarpophalangeal joint, and hand at wrist joint

78
Q

Superficial anterior (flexor) compartment of the forearm muscles

A

flexor carpi radialis, palmaris longus, flexor carpi ulnaris, flexor digitorum superficialis

79
Q

Flexor carpi radialis (OIA)

A

O: medial epicondyle of humerus
I: metacarpals II and III
A: flexes and abducts hand (radial deviation) at wrist joint

80
Q

Palmaris longus (A)

A

weakly flexes hand at wrist joint

81
Q

Flexor carpi ulnaris (OIA)

A

O: medial epicondyle of humerus and superior posterior border of ulna
I: pisiform, hamate, and base of metacarpal V
A: flexes and adducts hand (ulnar deviation) at wrist joint

82
Q

Flexor digitorum superficialis (OIA)

A

O: medial epicondyle of humerus, coronoid process of ulna, and ridge along lateral margin or anterior surface (anterior oblique line) of radius
I: middle phalanx of each finger
A: flexes middle phalanx of each finger at proximal interphalangeal joint, proximal phalanx of each finger at metcarpophalangeal joint, and hand at wrist joint

83
Q

Superficial posterior (extensor) compartment of the forearm muscles

A

extensor carpi radialis longus, extensor digitorum, extensor carpi ulnaris

84
Q

Extensor carpi radialis longus (A)

A

extends and abducts hand at wrist joint (ulnar deviation)

85
Q

Extensor digitorum (OIA)

A

O: lateral epicondyle of humerus
I: distal and middle phalanges of each finger
A: extends distal and middle phalanges of each finger at interphalangeal joints, proximal phalanx of each finger at meacarophalangeal joint, and hand at wrist joint

86
Q

Extensor carpi ulnaris (OIA)

A

O: lateral epicondyle of humerus and posterior border of ulna
I: metacarpal V
A: extends and adducts hand at wrist joint

87
Q

Erector spinae muscles of the neck (grouping of muscles)

A

iliocostalis, longissimus, and spinalis muscles

88
Q

Iliocostalis group (lateral) muscles

A

iliocostalis cervicis, iliocostalis thoracis, iliocostalis lumborum

89
Q

Action of the iliocostalis muscles

A

action together, muscles of each region (cervical, thoracic, lumbar) extend and maintain erect posture of vertebral column of their respective regions; acting singly, laterally flex vertebral column of their respective regions to same side as contracting muscle

90
Q

Scalenes

A

anterior, middle, and posterior scalene

91
Q

Anterior scalene (A)

A

action together, right and left anterior scalene and middle scalene elevate first ribs during deep inhalation

92
Q

Middle scalene (A)

A

RMA: flex cervical vertebrae; acting singly, laterally flex and slightly rotate cervical vertebrae

93
Q

Posterior scalene (A)

A

acting together, right and left posterior scalene elevate second ribs during deep inhalation;
acting singly, laterally flex and slightly rotate cervical vertebrae

94
Q

Muscles of the gluteal region that move the femur (6)

A

iliopsoas, iliacus, gluteus maximus, gluteus medius, adductor longus, adductor magnus

95
Q

Iliopsoas (psoas major) (OIA)

A

O: transverse porcesses and bodies of lumbar vertebrae
I: with iliacus into lesser trochanter of femure
A: psoas major and iliacus muscles acting together flex thigh at hip joint, rotate thigh laterallym and flex trunk on hip as in sitting up from supine

96
Q

Gluteus maximus (OIA)

A

O: iliac crest, sacrum, coccyx, and aponeurosis of sarcospinalis
I: iliotibial tract of fascia lata and superior lateral part of linea aspera under greater trochanter of femur
A: extends thigh at hip joint and laterally rotates thigh; helps lock knee in extension
RMA: extends torso

97
Q

Gluteus medius (A)

A

abducts thigh at hip joint and medially rotates thigh

98
Q

Adductor longus (A)

A

adducts and flexes thigh at hip joint and rotates thigh
RMA: extends thigh

99
Q

Adductor magnus (A)

A

adducts thigh at hip joint and rotates thigh; anterior part flexes thigh at hip joint, and posterior part extends thigh at hip joint

100
Q

Anterior (extensor) compartment of the thigh muscles

A

rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, vastus intermedius, sartorius

101
Q

Posterior (flexor) compartment of thigh muscle (hamstrings)

A

biceps femoris, semitendinosus, semimebranosus

102
Q

Rectus femoris (O)

A

anterior inferior iliac spine

103
Q

Vastus lateralis (O)

A

greater trochanter and linea aspera of femur

104
Q

Vastus medialis (O)

A

linea aspera of femur

105
Q

Vastus intermedius (O)

A

anterior and lateral surface of body of femur

106
Q

Insertion and action of the quadraceps femoris muscles

A

I: patella via quadraceps tendon and then tibial tuberosity via patellar ligament
A: all four heads extend leg at knee join; rectus femoris muscle acting alone also flexes thigh at hip joint

107
Q

Sartorius (A)

A

weakly flexes leg at knee joint; weakly flexes, abducts and laterally rotates thigh at hip joint

108
Q

Biceps femoris (OIA)

A

O: long head arises from ischial tuberosity; short head arises from linea aspera of femur
I: head of fibula and lateral condyle of tibia
A: flexes leg at knee joint and extends thigh at hip joint

109
Q

Semitendinosus (A)

A

flexes leg at knee joint and extends thigh at hip joint

110
Q

Semimembranosus (A)

A

flexes leg at knee joint and extends thigh at hip joint

111
Q

Tibialis anterior (OIA)

A

O: lateral condyle and body of tibia and interosseous membrane
I: metatarsal I and first cuneiform
A: dorsiflexes foot at ankle joint and inverts (supinates) foot at intertarsal joints

112
Q

Extensor digitorum longus (OIA)

A

O: lateral condyle of tibia, anterior surface of fibula, and interosseous membrane
I: middle and distal phalanges of toes II-V
A: dorsiflexes foot at ankle joint and extends distal and middle phalanges of each toe at interphalangeal joints and proximal phalanx of each toe at metatarsophalangeal joint

113
Q

Fibularis (peroneus) longus (A)

A

plantar flexes foot at ankle joint and everts (pronates) foot at inertarsal joints

114
Q

Gastrocneumius (OIA)

A

O: lateral and medial condyles of femur and capsule of knee
I: calcaneus by of Achilles tendon
A: plantar flexes foot at ankle joint and flexes leg at knee joint

115
Q

Soleus (A)

A

plantar flexes foot at ankle joint

116
Q

Flexor digitorum longus (OIA)

A

O: middle third of posterior surface of tibia
I: distal phalanges of toes II-V
A: plantar flexes foot at ankle joint; flexes distal and middle phalanges of toes II-V at inerphalangeal joints and proximal phalanx of toes II-V at metatarsophalangeal joint

A&P (15 decks)

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