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A&P > Brian and his cranial nerves > Flashcards

Brian and his cranial nerves Flashcards

1
Q

What makes up the brainstem?

A

medulla oblongata, pons, and midbrain

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2
Q

What makes up the diencephalon?

A

thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus

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3
Q

What is the largest part of the brain?

A

cerebrum

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4
Q

What is the difference between the cranial and spinal meninges?

A

pia mater of the cranial meninges has to layers: the periosteal and meningeal

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5
Q

What is the main source of blood to the brain and how does it leave the brain?

A

internal carotid and vertebral arteries and the dural venous sinuses drain into the internal jugular veins to return the to heart

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6
Q

How much of the bodies oxygen and glucose does the brain consume?

A

20%

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7
Q

How many minutes without blood flow causes permanent injury?

A

4 mins

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8
Q

Blood-brain barrier

A

consists mainly of tight junctions that seal together the endothelial cells of brain blood capillaries and a thick basement membrane that surrounds the capillaries

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9
Q

What substances pass the BBB?

A

lipid soluble substances (O2, CO2), steroid hormones, alcohol, barbiturates, nicotine, and caffeine; and water molecules

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10
Q

CSF

A

consists mostly of water, small amounts of gluose, proteins lactic acid, urea, cations and anions; carries same to/from neurons and neuroglia

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11
Q

Gracile and cuneate nuclei

A

nuclei in the medulla associated with sensations of tough, pressure, vibration, and conscious proprioception

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12
Q

What ascending sensory axons synapse with the cuneate and gracile nuclei

A
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12
Q

What ascending sensory axons synapse with the cuneate and gracile nuclei?

A

gracile and cuneate fasciculus

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13
Q

Medial lemniscus

A

band of white matter in the medulla that ascends to the thalamus; relays sensory info from the cuneate and gracile nulcei

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14
Q

Posterior column-medial lemniscus pathway

A

tracts of the posterior columns and the axons of the medial lemniscus

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15
Q

Gustatory necleus

A

nucleus in the medulla that receive input from the taste buds

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16
Q

Cochlear nuclei

A

in the medulla, receive auditory input from the inner ear

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17
Q

Vestibular nuclei

A

in the medulla, receive sensory input from the inner about equilibrium and proprioception

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18
Q

5 Cranial nerves that contain nuclei in the medulla

A

vestibulocochlear, glossopharyngeal, vagus, accessory, hypoglossal

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19
Q

Pons

A

a bridge that connects parts of the brain with one another

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20
Q

Pontine nuclei

A

large synaptic relay station in the pons consisting of scattered gray centers

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21
Q

Pontine respiratory group

A

together with the medullary respiratory center helps regulate breathing

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22
Q

4 Cranial nerves with nuclei in the pons

A

trigeminal, abducens, facial, vestibulocochlear

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23
Q

Cerebral peduncles

A

paired bundles of axons in the midbrain; consist of axons of the corticospinal, coticobulbar, and corticopontine tracts

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24
Q

Tectum

A

posterior part of the midbrain; contains superior and inferior colliculi

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25
Q

Superior colliculi

A

nuclei in the midbrain that serve as reflex centers fro certain visual activities

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26
Q

Inferior colliculi

A

nuclei in the midbrain that relay impulses from the receptors for hearing in the inner ear to the brain, also startle reflex

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27
Q

Substantia nigra

A

nuclei in the midbrain that contain neurons that release dopamine into the basal nuclei

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28
Q

Red nuclei

A

in the midbrain, where axons from the cerebellum and cerebral cortex form synapses

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29
Q

2 Cranial nerves with nuclei in the midbrain

A

oculomotor, trochlear

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30
Q

Reticular formation

A

broad region where white matter and gray matter exhibit a netlike arrangement; contain neurons with both sensory and motor functions

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31
Q

Reticular activation system

A

consists of sensory axons that project to the cerebral cortex; functions in consciousness, arousal, attention, muscle tone, and prevents sensory overload

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32
Q

Transverse fissure

A

separates the cerebellum from the cerebrum

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33
Q

Tentorium cerebelli

A

supports the posterior part of the cerebrum

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34
Q

Vermis

A

central constricted area of the cerebellum

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35
Q

Cerebellar hemispheres

A

lateral wings or lobes of the cerebellum

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36
Q

Which lobes of the cerebellum govern subconsious aspects of skeletal muscle movement?

A

anterior and posterior lobes

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37
Q

Cerebellar cortex

A

superficial layer of the cerebellum; consists of gray matter in a series of slender, parallel folds (folia)

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38
Q

Folia

A

series of slender, parallel folds of gray matter in the cerebellar cortex

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39
Q

Arbor vitae

A

tracts of white matter in the cerebellum that resemble branches of a tree

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40
Q

Cerebellar nuclei

A

regions of gray matter that give rise to axons carrying impulses from the cerebellum to other brain centers

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41
Q

Cerebellar peduncles

A

bundles of white matter that attach the cerebellum to the brainstem

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42
Q

Superior cerebellar peduncles

A

contain axons that extend from the cerebellum to the red nuclei of the midbrain and to several nuclei in the thalamus

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43
Q

Middle cerebellar peduncles

A

axons that carry impulses for voluntary movements from the pontine nuclei into the cerebellum

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44
Q

Inferior cerebellar peduncles

A

consist of (1) axons of the spinocerebellar tracts that carry sensory info into the cerebellum from the proprioceptors in the trunk and limbs; (2) axons from the vestibular apparatus of the inner ear and from the vestibular nuclei of the medulla and pons that carry sensory info into the cerebellum from the proprioceptors in the head; (3) axons from the inferior olivary nucleus of the medulla that enters the cerebellum and regulates the activity of cerebellar neurons; (4) axons that extend from the cerebellum to the vestibular nuclei fo the medulla and pons; and (5) axons that extend from the cerebellum to the reticular formation

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45
Q

What is the primary function of the cerebellum?

A

evaluate how well movements initiated by motor areas in the cerebrum are actually being carried out; help correct errors, smooth movements, and coordinate complex muscle contractions

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46
Q

What does the thalamus consist of?

A

paired oval masses of gray matter organized into nuclei with interspersed tracts of white matter

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47
Q

Interthalamic adhesion

A

joins the right and left halves of the thalamus

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48
Q

Internal medullary lamina

A

divides the gray matter of the right and left sides of the thalamus

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49
Q

Internal capsule

A

a thick band of white matter lateral to the thalamus that axons that connect the thalamus and cerebral cortex pass through

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50
Q

How does the thalamus contribute to motor functions?

A

transmits info from the cerebellum and basal nuclei to the primary motor area of the cerebral cortex

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51
Q

What are the 7 major groups of nuclei on each side of the thalamus?

A

anterior nucleus, medial nuclei, lateral group, ventral group, intralaminar nuclei, midline nucleus, and reticular nucleus

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52
Q

Anterior nucleus

A

in thalamus; receives input from the hypothalamus and sends output to the limbic system; functions in emotions and memory

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53
Q

Medial nuclei

A

in thalamus; receives input from the limbic system and basal nuclei and send output to the cerebral cortex; functions in emotions, learning, memory, and cognition

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54
Q

Lateral group

A

in thalamus; receive input from the limbic system, superior colliculi, and cerebral cortex, and sends output to the cerebral cortex; functions in expression of emotions

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55
Q

Ventral group

A

in thalamus; receives input from basal nuclei and cerebellum and sends output to motor areas of cerebral cortex; functions in movement control, and relays impulses for somatic sensations and visual and auditory impulses

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56
Q

Intralaminar nuclei

A

make connections with the reticular formation, cerebellum, basal nuclei, and wide areas of the cerebral cortex; function in arousal and integration of sensory and motor info

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57
Q

Midline nucleus

A

presumed function in memory and olfaction

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58
Q

Reticular nucleus

A

monitors, filters, and integrates activities of other thalamic nuclei

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59
Q

4 Major regions of hypothalamus

A

mammillary, tuberal, supraoptic, and preoptic

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60
Q

Mammillary region

A

in hypothalamus; contain mammillary bodies that act as relay stations for reflexes related to sense of smell and posterior hypothalamic nuclei

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61
Q

Tuberal region

A

in hypothalamus; contains infundibulum which connects the pituitary gland to the hypothalamus and the median eminence (encircle infundibulum)

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62
Q

Preoptic region

A

in hypothalamus; regulates certain autonomic activities

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63
Q

Which region of the brain contain receptors that monitor osmotic pressure, blood glucose levels, and temperature of blood?

A

hypothalamus

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64
Q

5 Important functions of the hypothalamus

A

control of ANS, production of hormones, regulation of emotional and behavioural patters, regulation of eating and drinking, control of body temp, and regulation of circadian rhythms

65
Q

Which two hormones are produced in the hypothalamus?

A

oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone

66
Q

What makes up the epithalamus?

A

pineal gland and habenular nuclei

67
Q

Habenular nuclei

A

in the epithalamus; involved in olfaction, especially emotional responses to odors

68
Q

Circumventricular organs

A

lie in the wall of the 3rd ventricle; can monitor chemical changes in the blood because they lack a BBB; coordinate homeostatic activities of the endocrine and nervous systems

69
Q

What is the cerebral cortex?

A

a region of gray matter that forms the outer rim of the cerebrum

70
Q

What are the folds on the cerebral cortex called?

A

gyri or convolutions

71
Q

What are the shallower grooves between folds called?

A

sulci

72
Q

Longitudinal fissure

A

separates the cerebrum into right and left hemispheres

73
Q

Corpus collosum

A

broad band of white matter that connects cerebral hemispheres; formed by 3 groups of commissural tracts

74
Q

Central sulcus

A

separates the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe

75
Q

What does the the precentral gyrus contain?

A

primary motor area of the cerebral cortex

76
Q

What does the postcentral gyrus contain?

A

primary somatosensory are of the cerebral cortex

77
Q

Lateral cerebral sulcus

A

separates the frontal lobe from the temporal lobe

78
Q

Parieto-occipital sulcus

A

separates the parietal lobe from the occipital lobe

79
Q

Where does the insula lie?

A

within the lateral cerebral sulcus, deep to the parietal, frontal and temporal lobes

80
Q

3 Tracts in cerebral white matter

A

association, commissural, and projection tracts

81
Q

Association tracts

A

contain axons that conduct nerve impulses between gyri in the same hemisphere

82
Q

Commissural tracts

A

contain axons that conduct nerve impulses from gyri in one cerebral hemisphere to corresponding gyri in the other cerebral hemispheres

83
Q

Projection tracts

A

contain axons that conduct nerve impulses from the cerebrum to lower parts of the CNS or from lower parts of the CNS to the cerebrum

84
Q

Internal capsule

A

a projection tract in the cerebrum that contains both ascending and descending axons

85
Q

What 3 nuclei make up the basal nuclei?

A

globus pallidus, putamen, and caudate nucleus

86
Q

Lentiform nucleus

A

the globus pallidus and putamen

87
Q

Corpus striatum

A

the lentiform and caudate nuclei

88
Q

Claustrum

A

thin sheet of gray matter in the cerebrum that may be involved in visual attention

89
Q

Where do the basal nuclei receive input from and send output to?

A

receive input from the cerebral cortex and provide output to motor parts of the cortex via the medial and ventral group nuclei of the thalamus

90
Q

Functions of the basal nuclei

A

help regulate initiation and termination of movemnts, control subconsious contractions of skeletal muscles, and help initiate and terminate some cognitive processes, attention, memory, and planning

91
Q

Limbic lobe

A

a rim of cerebral cortex on the medial surface of each hemisphere

92
Q

8 Main components of the limbic system

A

limbic lobe, dentate gyrus, amygdala, septal nuclei, mammillary bodies, 2 nuclei of the thalamus (anterior and medial), olfactory bulbs, and 5 named tracts

93
Q

List the 5 tracts of the limbic system

A

fornix, stria terminalis, stria medullaris, medial forebrain bundle, and mammillothalamic tract

94
Q

Roles of the limbic system

A

range of emotions (pain, pleasure, docility, affection, anger), olfaction, and memory

95
Q

Which CNS structure is capable of mitosis?

A

hippocampus

96
Q

List 5 important sensory areas

A

primary somatosensory, primary visual, and primary auditory, primary gustatory, and primary olfactory area

97
Q

Where is the primary somatosensory area located?

A

each parietal lobe

98
Q

Primary somatosensory area

A

receives nerve impulses for touch, pressure, vibration, itch, tickle, temp, pain, and proprioception and is involved in the perception of these somatic sensations

99
Q

Where is the primary visual area located?

A

occipital lobe

100
Q

Where is the primary auditory area located?

A

temporal lobe

101
Q

Where is the primary gustatory area located?

A

insula

102
Q

Where is the primary olfactory area located?

A

temporal lobe

103
Q

List the 2 most important motor areas

A

primary motor and Broca’s speech area

104
Q

Where is the primary motor area located?

A

frontal lobe

105
Q

Where is Broca’s speech area located?

A

frontal lobe

106
Q

Where does the Broca’s area send its output?

A

the premotor regions that control the muscles of the larynx, pharynx, and mouth and also to the primary motor area to control breathing muscles while speaking

107
Q

List the 10 association areas

A

somatosensory association, visual association, facial recognition, auditory association, orbitofrontal cortex, Wernicke’s, common integrative, prefrontal cortex, premotor, and frontal eye field

108
Q

Visual association area

A

occipital lobe, receives impulses from the primary visual area and the thalamus; essential for recognizing and evaluating what is seen

109
Q

Facial recognition area

A

temporal lobe, receives impulses from the visual association area; stores info about faces (recognition)

110
Q

Auditory association area

A

temporal lobe, allows you to recognize sound as speech, music, or noise

111
Q

Orbitofrontal cortex

A

frontal lobe, receives sensory impulses from the primary olfactory area; allows you to identify odors

112
Q

Wernicke’s area

A

temporal and parietal lobes, interprets the meaning of speech by recognizing spoken words

113
Q

Common integrative area

A

receives impulses from these areas and from the somatosensory, visual, and auditory association areas and from the primary gustatory, primary olfactory, thalamus, and parts of the brainstem; formation of thoughts based on a variety of sensory inputs

114
Q

Prefrontal cortex

A

frontal lobe; connects with other areas of the cerebral cortex, thalamus, hypothalamus, limbic system, and cerebellum; concerned with the makeup of a person’s personality, intellect, complex learning abilities, recall info, initiative, judgement, foresight, reasoning, conscience, intuition, mood, planning for the future, and development of abstract ideas

115
Q

Premotor area

A

communicates with the primary motor cortex, the sensory association areas in the parietal lobe, the basal nuclei, and the thalamus; deals with learned motor activities of a complex and sequential nature

116
Q

Frontal eye field area

A

frontal cortex, controls voluntary scanning movements of the eye

117
Q

Alpha waves

A

rhythmic; occur when individuals are awake and disappear during sleep

118
Q

Beta waves

A

appear when the nervous system is active- during periods of sensory input and mental activity

119
Q

Theta waves

A

occur during emotional stress

120
Q

Delta waves

A

occur during deep sleep in adults and awake infants

121
Q

What are the special sensory nerves?

A

cranial nerves I, II, and VIII; carry axons of sensory neurons, unique to the head

122
Q

What are the motor nerves?

A

cranial nerves III, IV, VI, XI, and XII; contain only axons of motor neurons as they leave the brainstem

123
Q

2 Types of motor axons that innervate skeletal muscles

A

brachial and somatic motor axons

124
Q

What are the mixed nerves?

A

cranial nerves V, VII, IX, and X; contain both sensory and motor axons

125
Q

Olfactory bulbs

A

ends of olfactory nerves formed of masses of gray matter where the axon terminals of olfactory receptors form synapses with the dendrites and cells bodies of the next neurons in the olfactory pathway

126
Q

Optic chiasm

A

merging of the 2 optic nerves

127
Q

Axons of all ganglion cells in the retina join to form the ____ ____

A

optic nerve

128
Q

Which cranial nerves control the muscles that move the eyeball?

A

oculomotor (III), trochlear (IV), and abducens (VI)

129
Q

What does the oculomotor nerve innervate and where does its nucleus arise?

A

movements of the eyeball and upper eyelid, accommodation, and constriction
midbrain

130
Q

What does the trochlear nerve innervate?

A

extrinsic eyeball muscle that controls movement of the eyeball

131
Q

Which is the smallest cranial nerve and the only one that arises in the brainstem?

A

trochlear (IV)

132
Q

What does the abducens nerve do and where does its nucleus arise?

A

causes abduction (lateral rotation) of the eyeball
pons

133
Q

Trigeminal (semilunar) ganglion

A

swelling of the large sensory root that contains cell bodies of most of the primary sensory neurons

134
Q

Where does the trigeminal nerve arise?

A

pons

135
Q

What are the 3 branches of the trigeminal nerve?

A

ophthalmic, maxillary, and mandibular nerve

136
Q

What does the ophthalmic nerve innervate?

A

skin over upper eyelid, cornea, lacrimal glands, upper part of the nasal cavity, side of the nose, forehead, and anterior half of the scalp

137
Q

What does the maxillary nerve innervate?

A

mucosa of the nose, palate, part of the pharynx, upper teeth, upper lip, and lower eyelid

138
Q

What does the mandibular nerve innervate?

A

anterior two-thirds of the tongue (not taste), cheek and mucosa deep to it, lower teeth, skin over the mandible and side of the head anterior to the ear, and mucosa of the floor of the mouth

139
Q

What do the brachial motor neurons of the trigeminal nerve control?

A

chewing movements

140
Q

Where does the facial (VII) nerve arise from?

A

pons

141
Q

Geniculate ganglion

A

a cluster of cell bodies of sensory neurons of the facial nerve within the temporal bone

142
Q

What do the sensory axons of the facial nerve innervate?

A

skin in the ear canal (touch, pain, thermal), anterior two-thirds of the tongue, proprioceptors from the muscles of the face and scalp

143
Q

What do the brachial motor neurons of the facial nerve innervate?

A

middle ear, facial, scalp and neck muscles– facial expressions; nasal glands, palatine glands, and saliva-producing glands

144
Q

Axons of the parasympathetic motor neurons run in branches of the facial nerve and end in what 2 ganglia?

A

pterygopalatine and submandibular ganglion

145
Q

2 Branches of the vestibulocochlear nerve

A

vestibular and cochlear

146
Q

Where are the cell bodies of the vestibular branch located?

A

vestibular ganglia

147
Q

Where are the cell bodies of the cochlear branch sensory neurons located?

A

spiral ganglion

148
Q

Where do vestibular nuclei and cochlear nuclei in the brain?

A

vestibular-pons and cerebellum
cochlear-medulla oblongata

149
Q

What do the motor fibers of the vestibulocochlear nerve innervate?

A

hair cells in the inner ear

150
Q

5 Places axons of the sensory axons of the glossopharyngeal nerve arise from

A

(1) taste buds in the posterior one-third of the tongue; (2) proprioceptors from some swallowing muscles supplied by the motor portion; (3) baroreceptors in the carotid sinus; (4) chemoreceptors in the carotid bodies; (5) external ear to convey touch, pain, and thermal

151
Q

Where are the cell bodies of the glossopharyngeal located?

A

superior and inferior ganglia

152
Q

Where does the glossopharyngeal nerve end in the brain?

A

medulla

153
Q

What does the brachial motor neuron branch of the glossopharyngeal nerve do?

A

swallowing, secrete saliva

154
Q

Cell bodies of parasympathetic motor neurons of the glossopharyngeal branch are located in the ___ ____

A

otic ganglion

155
Q

Where do the sensory axons in the vagus nerve arise from?

A

the skin of the external ear for touch, pain, and thermal sensations; a few taste buds in the epiglottis and pharynx; proprioceptors in muscles of the neck and throat; baroreceptors in the carotid sinus and chemoreceptors in the carotid and aortic bodies

156
Q

Where does sensory info from the vagus nerve go in the brain?

A

medulla and pons

157
Q

Where does the brachial motor neurons nuclei arise from in the brain and what do they supply?

A

medulla oblongota; muscles of the pharynx, larynx, and soft palate that are used for swallowing, vocalizing, and coughing

158
Q

What do the axons of parasympathetic motor neurons in the vagus nerve supply?

A

lungs, heart, glands of GI, and smooth muscle of respiratory passageways, esophagus, stomach, gallbladder, SI, and most of LI

159
Q

Where does the accessory nerves motor axons arise from?

A

anterior gray horn of the first 5 segments of the cervical portion of the SC

160
Q

What does the accessory nerve do?

A

coordinate head movements

161
Q

What does the hypoglossal (XII) nerve do?

A

supply the muscles of the tongue; speech and swallowing

A&P (15 decks)

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