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Anatomy & Physiology > Tissue Test > Flashcards

Tissue Test Flashcards

1
Q

tissue

A

collection of specialized cells and extracellular matrix that perform limited, specialized functions

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2
Q

histology

A

study of tissues

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3
Q

4 main tissue types

A

-epithelial -connective -muscle -nervous

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4
Q

epithelial

A

-lines the external surface of all organs -lines interior of all hollow organs -skin surface (epidermis) -makes up all glands

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5
Q

connective

A

-provide structure and support -provide transport

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6
Q

muscle

A

provides movement

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7
Q

nervous

A

-provides flow of information and control through electrical signaling

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8
Q

main functions of epithelium

A

-protection -absorption -filtration -secretion -sensation

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9
Q

protection (function of epithelium)

A

protects of all exposed and internal surfaces

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10
Q

control permeability (function of epithelium)

A

-different in different areas of the body -by absorption and filtration

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11
Q

provide sensation (function of epithelium)

A

through specialized epithelial cells

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12
Q

secrete and excrete (function of epithelium)

A

-through specialized gland cells -exocrine and endocrine

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13
Q

epithelial characteristics

A

-location -orientation -cellular arrangement -avascular -regenerate

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14
Q

location (epithelial characteristic)

A

-on all free body surfaces -outside of organs -lining cavities, chambers, and hollow membranes

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15
Q

orientation (epithelial characteristic)

A

-all have an apical part of a membrane -attatched to a basal surface or basement membrane connecting it to the underlying connective tissue

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16
Q

cellular arrangment (epithelial characteristic)

A

-cells arranged in close proximity and often attached in sheets -little to no matrix

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17
Q

avascular (epithelial characteristic)

A

no direct connection to the vascular system (rely on adjacent tissue for nutritient)

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18
Q

regenerate (epithelial characteristic)

A

constantly regenerated due to presence of specialized stem cells

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19
Q

classification of epithelia

A

-layers -shape

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20
Q

layers (classification of epithelia)

A

-simple -stratified -pseudostratified -transitional

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21
Q

shape (classification of epithelia)

A

-squamos -cuboidal -columnar

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22
Q

simple squamos

A

-diffusion and rapid filtration -secretion in serous membranes

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23
Q

simple cuboidal

A

-secretion and absorption -ciliated types propel mucus or reproductive cells -covers surface of ovaries

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24
Q

simple columnar

A

-secretion and regulated slower absorption -ciliated types propel mucus or reproductive cells -lines entire digestive system from stomach through large intestine (forms a mucosa membrane) -goblet cells dispersed throughout

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25
Q

simple transitional

A

doesn’t exist

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26
Q

stratified squamos

A

-protection -found where mechanical stress is high

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27
Q

stratified cuboidal/columnar

A

-protection -rare -found in ducts of very large glands

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28
Q

stratified transitional

A

-protection -stretches to accomodate disension of urinary structures -only epithelial tissue to have more than 3-4 layers (in a resting state) -specialized squamos

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29
Q

pseudostratified columnar

A

-all cells on the basement membrane but vary in height (nuclei appear at different heights) -secretion and regulated slower absorption -lines respiratory tree (forming a mucosa) -goblet cells dispersed throughout -apical cilia provide movement of mucus

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30
Q

pseudostratified columnar

A

-all cells on the basement membrane but vary in height (nuclei appear at different heights) -secretion and regulated slower absorption -lines respiratory tree (forming a mucosa) -goblet cells dispersed throughout -apical cilia provide movement of mucus

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31
Q

types of glandular epithelia

A

-endocrine -exocrine

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32
Q

endocrine

A

-secretions released to surrounding tissue and blood -ductless -ex: hormones

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33
Q

exocrine

A

-secretions released to the surface of the epithelium -many ducts -ex: sweat

34
Q

functions of connective tissue

A

-support and protect -transport -energy storage -defense/immunity

35
Q

characteristics of connective tissue

A

-vascularity -made of cells, fibers, and extracellular matric

36
Q

vascularity of connective tissue

A

-most CT is highly vascular -tendons, ligaments, cartilage are poorly vascular

37
Q

cells, fiber, extracellular matrix of connective tissue

A

-extracellular matric = ground substance + fibers -ground substance = water + specialized sticky proteins (act like glue); consistency varies

38
Q

cells, fiber, extracellular matrix of connective tissue

A

-extracellular matric = ground substance + fibers -ground substance = water + specialized sticky proteins (act like glue); consistency varies

39
Q

3 types of fibers in CT

A

-collagen -elastic -reticular

40
Q

collagen fiber

A

-most abundant -strongest

41
Q

elastic fiber

A

-stretchy -retain shape

42
Q

reticular fiber

A

-tiny, collagen fibers -make up the skeleton of soft organs (liver, spleen, glands)

43
Q

CT structures

A

-cell types -fibers -ground substance

44
Q

cell types of CT

A

-fibroblasts -macrophages -fat cells -mast cells

45
Q

types of CT

A

-bone -cartilage -dense CT -areolar CT -adipose -reticular CT -blood

46
Q

bone (osseous tissue)

A

-highly vascular -cells = osteocytes -cells exist in pockets of liquid matrix, lacunae -surrounded by hard dense matrix of collagen fibers and calcium salts

47
Q

cartilage

A

-more flexible than bones -avascular -cells = chondrocytes

48
Q

3 types of cartilage

A

-hyaline -elastic -fibrocartilage

49
Q

fiber of hyaline cartilage

50
Q

function of hyaline cartilage

A

-supports/protects -flexibility/movement -growth reduce friction

51
Q

location of hyaline cartilage

A

-ribs -ends of bones at articulating joints -larynx/trachea -end of nose

52
Q

fiber of elastic cartilage

A

collagen elastic

53
Q

functions of of elastic cartilage

A

-maintain shape and flexibility -support

54
Q

locations of elastic cartilage

A

-ear -epiglottis -larynx

55
Q

fiber of fibrocartilage

A

woven collagen bundles

56
Q

functions of fibrocartilage

A

-shock absorbance -provides sturdiness and allows flexibility -deepens sockets

57
Q

locations of fibrocartilage

A

-between vertebrae -pelvic bones -ridge of ball-socket joints

58
Q

locations of fibrocartilage

A

-between vertebrae -pelvic bones -ridge of ball-socket joints

59
Q

dense CT (dense fibrous tissue)

A

-avascular -cells = fibroblasts -matrix = collagen fibers and elastic -fibers aligned parallel to make tendons and ligaments -fibers woven like a carpet or base of skin

60
Q

loose CT

A

-fibers are loosely arranged -highly vascular -many cell types

61
Q

3 types of loose CT

A

-areolar -adipose -reticular

62
Q

areolar CT

A

-most widely distributed -highly vascular -cobweb like appearance -most membranes -holds excess fluid in injury, expands in edema

63
Q

adipose CT

A

-fat -cells = adipocytes -main storage of energy -cushions and insulates

64
Q

reticular CT

A

-delicate fibers -cell = reticulocytes (tiny fibroblasts) -forms internal framework of some organs and glands

65
Q

fluid CT

A

-blood (vascular) -cells = blood cells -matrix = fluid plasma -main function = transport -lymph fluid of lymphatic system circulates immune white blood cells

66
Q

types of muscle tissue

A

-skeletal -smooth -cardiac

67
Q

skeletal muscle tissue

A

majority of large musclature

68
Q

smooth muscle tissue

A

walls of blood vessels and hollow organs

69
Q

cardiac muscle tissue

A

heart muscle

70
Q

muscle tissue

A

-specialized contractile tissue -produce movement -special actin and myosin filments

71
Q

neural tissue

A

-cell types = neuron, neuroglia -conducts electrical impulses, transfers, processes, stores information

72
Q

neuron cell (neural tissue)

A

conduct electrical commation

73
Q

neurolgia (neural tissue)

A

provide structural support

74
Q

tissue injury and repair

A

-injury causes damage to tissue -reponse by all tissues through chemical signaling -response is to restore to homeostasis

75
Q

nervous tissue

A

-cell types = neuron, neuroglia -conducts electrical impulses, transfers, processes, stores information -brain, spinal cord, nerves

76
Q

inflammation

A

-isolate injured area (swelling) -cleanup damaged tissue (macrophages) -signs of inflammation = warmth, redness, swelling, pain

77
Q

inflammation

A

-isolate injured area (swelling) -cleanup damaged tissue (macrophages) -signs of inflammation = warmth, redness, swelling, pain

78
Q

regeneration

A

-repair/replace damaged tissue with stem cells -restoration of tissue function -fibrosis = replacement of normal tissue by fibrous connective tissue (scar tissue)

79
Q

what has good regeneration

A

-epithelia -most CT -smooth muscle

80
Q

what has poor regeneration

A

-cartilage -nerve -other muscle

81
Q

what has poor regeneration

A

-cartilage -nerve -other muscle

82
Q

aging tissue

A

-repair and maintenance rate decreases -metabolic decline due to lifestyle/hormonal changes -CT becomes more fragile -epithelial tissue thins as the rate of cell death increases and repair/replacement decreases -cancer risk rate increases 25% -most cancers due to environmental factors

Anatomy & Physiology (12 decks)

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