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Anatomy & Physiology > Large Intestine and Auxiliary Organs > Flashcards

Large Intestine and Auxiliary Organs Flashcards

1
Q

why is the large intestine called “large”

A

diameter

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2
Q

4 major sections of the large intestine

A

cecum, colon, rectum, and anal canal

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3
Q

where do the small and large intestine meet

A

the ileocecal sphincter

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4
Q

cecum

A
  • 1st portion of the large intestine

- small pouch with a projection

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5
Q

projection of the cecum

A

vermiform appendix

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6
Q

appendix

A

a reservoir for bacteria that inhabit the large intestine

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7
Q

longest portion of the large intestine

A

colon

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8
Q

4 major sections of colon

A

ascending, transverse, descending, sigmoid

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9
Q

rectum extends from the _______ _____ to the tip of the ______

A

sigmoid colon; coccyx

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10
Q

from the tip of the ______ it becomes the ____ _____

A

coccyx; anal canal

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11
Q

2 sphincters

A

external and internal

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12
Q

anus

A

the exterior portion of the anal canal

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13
Q

difference between the mucosa of the small intestine and large intestine

A

there are no villi and fewer mucosal folds than in the small intestine

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14
Q

cells of the large intestine

A

simple columnar epithelia and stratified squamos cells

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15
Q

how do the cells of the large intestine change

A

it changes from simple columnar epithelia into stratified squamos cells at the rectum and anal canal due to high mechanical stress

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16
Q

why does the mucosa have many goblet cells

A

to lubricate

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17
Q

large intestine functions

A
  • recovery of water and electrolytes from chyme
  • formation and storage of feces
  • microbial fermentation
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18
Q

last __% of nutrients recovered in the large intestine

A

10

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19
Q

feces formation

A

70% water and 30% everything else

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20
Q

microbial fermentation

A
  • provides enzymes for the breakdown of indigestible molecules (cellulose)
  • synthesizes vitamins from complex molecules (K, Biotin, B5)
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21
Q

large intestine peristalsis

A
  • slower but stronger contractions of teh muscularis

- 2 to 3 peristaltic waves per day

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22
Q

peristaltic wave

A

a strong contraction moving feces toward the rectum and anal sphincters

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23
Q

largest organ of digestion

A

liver

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24
Q

where is the liver located

A

upper right quadrant of the abdomen

25
Q

what protects the liver

A

the ribs

26
Q

what is the liver enclosed in

A

a tough fibrous capsule (continuous with the visceral peritoneum)

27
Q

2 lobes of the liver

A
  • large right lobe

- smaller left lobe

28
Q

what joins the lobes of the liver together

A

falciform ligament (CT)

29
Q

how much blood does the liver hold

A

1 pint

30
Q

where does oxygenated blood enter the liver

A

hepatic artery

31
Q

where does nutrient rich blood enter the liver

A

portal vein

32
Q

lobules

A

functional units

33
Q

how many lobules are in the lobes of the liver

A

100,000

34
Q

liver will function normally with ________ damaged lobules

A

75% - 80%

35
Q

liver functions (7)

A
  • carbohydrate metabolism
  • lipid metabolism
  • protein metabolism
  • storage
  • filtration of blood
  • detoxification
  • secretion
36
Q

carbohydrate metabolism (liver)

A
  • polymerizes glucose to glycogen in response to insulin levels
  • breaks down glycogen to glucose in response to glucagon levels
  • converts non-carbs to glucose in response to glucagons
37
Q

lipid metabolism (liver)

A
  • synthesis of lipoproteins, phospholipids, and cholesterol

- conversion of carbs and proteins into fats for storage in adipose tissue

38
Q

protein metabolism (liver)

A
  • synthesis of plasma proteins especially urea, clotting factors, and vitamin K
  • conversion of amino acid to other amino acids
39
Q

storage (liver)

A

glycogen, iron, vitamins A, D, B12

40
Q

filtration of blood (liver)

A
  • removes damaged RBCs

- kupffer cells clean out debris and bacteria

41
Q

detoxification (liver)

A
  • removes toxins like alcohol

- metabolizes drugs

42
Q

secretion (liver)

A

secretion of bile from the hepatocytes for digestion and excretion

43
Q

bile

A

a greenish-yellow liquid secreted by the hepatocytes and stored in the gallbladder

44
Q

what does bile consist of

A

water, bile salts, pigments (bilirubin and biliverdin), cholesterol, and electrolytes

45
Q

bile

A
  • the only active component in digestion
  • emulsify fat into smaller globules increasing lipase efficiency
  • aid in absorption of fatty acids and fat soluble vitamins
46
Q

biliary tree flow

A

tiny bile ducts –> larger bile ducts –> right and left hepatic ducts –> the common hepatic duct –> common bile duct

47
Q

blood flow (digestive tract to heart track)

A

digestive tract –> portal vein –> sinusoids –> central vein –> vena cava

48
Q

blood flow to the sinusoids enriches the _______ _____

A

hepatic cells

49
Q

gallbladder

A

pear-shaped sac located in a depression of the inferior surface of the right hepatic lobe

50
Q

bile excretion process

A
  • bile travels from hepatocytes to the common hepatic duct
  • collects in common bile duct backing into the gallbladder for extra storage
  • cck initiates a contraction of the gallbladder and the release of bile to the duodenum
51
Q

gate between common bile duct and duodenum name

A

hepatopancreatic sphincter

52
Q

gall stones creation process

A
  • long storage of bile in the gallbladder leads to resorption of water
  • concentrated bile salts and cholesterol precipitate to form stones
  • stones block flow of bile causing increase pigments in the blood and pain due to blockage
53
Q

does the pancreas contain endocrine or exocrine function

A

both

54
Q

endocrine

A

glands that secrete hormones without ducts

55
Q

exocrine

A

secrete hormones through ducts

56
Q

exocrine pancreatic cells

A

pancreatic acinar cells

57
Q

pancreatic acinar cells function

A
  • produce pancreatic fluid with enzymes and buffers for digestion (pancreatic amylase, pancreatic lipases, nucleases, and proteolytic enzymes (trypsin))
  • fluid flows to common pancreatic duct and joins the common bile duct at the hepatopancreatic sphincter
58
Q

endocrine pancreatic cells

A

islets of langerhans

59
Q

islets of langerhans function

A
  • produce insulin and glucagons secreted to the blood supply

- regulate blood sugar level and the body’s energy supply

Anatomy & Physiology (12 decks)

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