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Anatomy & Physiology > Chapter 1 Test > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Test Flashcards

1
Q

anatomy

A

the study of internal and external structures of the body and their physical relationships to one another

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2
Q

physiology

A

the study of how the physical structures of an organism perform their intended functions

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3
Q

types of anatomy

A

gross anatomy and microscopic anatomy

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4
Q

gross anatomy

A

macroscopic anatomy, features of an organism’s structure which are visible with the naked eye

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5
Q

microscopic anatomy

A

anatomy at cellular and tissue levels (only discerned with magnification)

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6
Q

cytology

A

study of cells in fluid

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7
Q

histology

A

study of cells in tissue

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8
Q

anatomic levels of organization (smallest to biggest)

A

chemical level, cellular level, tissue level, organ level, organ system level, organismal level

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9
Q

chemical level

A

atoms combine to form molecules

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10
Q

cellular level

A

cells made up of molecules

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11
Q

tissue level

A

tissues consist of similar types of cells

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12
Q

organ level

A

organs made of different types of tissues

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13
Q

organ system levels

A

organ systems consist of different organs that work closely together

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14
Q

organismal level

A

human organisms are made up of many organ systems

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15
Q

integumentary system

A

-forms skin, hair, nails -protects deeper tissue from injury -synthesizes vitamin D -location of sensory (pain, etc.) and sweat/oil glands

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16
Q

skeletal system

A

-protects/supports body organs -provides a framework the muscles use to cause movement -blood cells formed within bones -stores minerals

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17
Q

muscular system

A

-allows for manipulation of environment, locomation, and facial expressions -maintains posture -produces heat that is transported with blood

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18
Q

nervous system

A

-fast-acting control system of the body -responds to internal/external changes by activating appropriate muscles and glands

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19
Q

endocrine system

A

glands secrete hormones that regulate growth, reproduction, and nutrient use by cells

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20
Q

cardiovascular system

A

-blood vessels transport blood which carries oxygen, nutrients, hormones, CO2, waste, etc. -heart pumps blood

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21
Q

lymphatic system

A

-picks up fluid leaked by blood vessels, returns it to blood -disposes of debris in the lymphatic stream -houses white blood vessels involved in immunity

*-fluid regulation

-immune system

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22
Q

respiratory system

A

-keeps blood supplied with oxygen, removes CO2 -gaseous exchanges occur throughout the walls of the air sacs of the lungs

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23
Q

digestive system

A

-begins with oral cavity using salivary glands -breaks food down into absorbable nutrients that enter the blood for distribution to body cells -indigestible food eliminated as feces -90% of absorption in small intestine (20 feet long)

24
Q

urinary system

A

-2 kidneys (filter blood plasma to remove water and nitrogeneous metabolic waste -> urine) -regulates water, electrolyte, and acid-base balance of the blood -get rid of metabolic waste

25
Q

male/female reproductive system

A

-procudes offspring -testes produce sperm and male sex hormone -ducts/glands aud in delivery of viable sperm to the female reproductive tract -ovaries produce eggs and female sex hormone -mammary glands of female breasts produce milk to nourish the baby

26
Q

2 main functions of body cavities

A

protection (shock absorption and friction reduction) and allows internal organs room to move and grow and more without interfering with other systems

27
Q

methods of identifying parts of the abdominal pelvic cavity

A

quadrants and 9 regions

28
Q

quadrants

A

surface of region equally divided into 4 sections intersecting at the umbilicus

29
Q

9 regions

A

surface of regions equally divided into 9 separate regions based upon the relationship with underlying organs

30
Q

basic survival needs

A

oxygen, water, nutrients, normal body temperature, normal and stable atmospheric pressure

31
Q

9 regions (quadrant names)

A

*memorize with h?

32
Q

oxygen

A

for cellular respiration, energy production (ATP)

33
Q

water

A

metabolism making ATP, universal solvent

34
Q

normal body temperature

A
  • 37C
  • temperature rises to fight off infections
  • PH needs to be maintained
35
Q

normal, stable atmospheric pressure

A
  • as you go up, oxygen pressure decreases
  • acclimating to new pressure takes 3-5 days
36
Q

homeostatic regulation includes…

A

metabolism, digestion, excretion of waste, respiration, maintaining boundaries, responsiveness, movement, growth/development, reproduction

37
Q

metabolism

A

transforms energy

38
Q

excretion of waste done by….

A

kidneys

39
Q

maintaining boundaries

A
  • between organs
  • blood cells have membranes, need to stay intact or they die
40
Q

responsiveness

A

respond to chemical changes, internal/external changes

41
Q

movement

A

of organs (muscle wall)

42
Q

reproduction

A

keep species alive

43
Q

homeostatic regulation process

A

stimulus, receptors, input, control center, output, effectors (response)

44
Q

stimulus

A

produces change in variable

45
Q

receptor

A

detects change

46
Q

input

A

information is sent alone afferent pathway to control center

47
Q

afferent pathway

A

information from receptor approaches the control center

48
Q

control center

A
  • integration of information
  • detects how to solve the issue and send messages to effector
49
Q

output

A

information is sent along efferent pathway to effector

50
Q

efferent pathway

A

information exits the control center

51
Q

effector

A

resets imbalance

52
Q

negative feedback

A
  • 90% of homeostatic regulation feedback
  • response to imbalance works in opposition to imbalance
  • ex: if you are too hot, you sweat to release heat faster
53
Q

positive feedback

A
  • the response adds to stimulant
  • ex: when giving birth. the baby starts the process by banging its head on the walls of the womb repeatedly, the body’s cervix dilates to prepare for childbirth. get baby out or mom and baby die.
54
Q

sagittal plane

A

separates the body into right and left sides

55
Q

frontal (coronal) plane

A

separates the body into anterior and posterior sides

56
Q

transverse plane

A

separates the body into superior and inferior sides

57
Q

homeostasis

A

existence of a stable internal environment

Anatomy & Physiology (12 decks)

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