Chapter 1 Test Flashcards
anatomy
the study of internal and external structures of the body and their physical relationships to one another
physiology
the study of how the physical structures of an organism perform their intended functions
types of anatomy
gross anatomy and microscopic anatomy
gross anatomy
macroscopic anatomy, features of an organism’s structure which are visible with the naked eye
microscopic anatomy
anatomy at cellular and tissue levels (only discerned with magnification)
cytology
study of cells in fluid
histology
study of cells in tissue
anatomic levels of organization (smallest to biggest)
chemical level, cellular level, tissue level, organ level, organ system level, organismal level
chemical level
atoms combine to form molecules
cellular level
cells made up of molecules
tissue level
tissues consist of similar types of cells
organ level
organs made of different types of tissues
organ system levels
organ systems consist of different organs that work closely together
organismal level
human organisms are made up of many organ systems
integumentary system
-forms skin, hair, nails -protects deeper tissue from injury -synthesizes vitamin D -location of sensory (pain, etc.) and sweat/oil glands
skeletal system
-protects/supports body organs -provides a framework the muscles use to cause movement -blood cells formed within bones -stores minerals
muscular system
-allows for manipulation of environment, locomation, and facial expressions -maintains posture -produces heat that is transported with blood
nervous system
-fast-acting control system of the body -responds to internal/external changes by activating appropriate muscles and glands
endocrine system
glands secrete hormones that regulate growth, reproduction, and nutrient use by cells
cardiovascular system
-blood vessels transport blood which carries oxygen, nutrients, hormones, CO2, waste, etc. -heart pumps blood
lymphatic system
-picks up fluid leaked by blood vessels, returns it to blood -disposes of debris in the lymphatic stream -houses white blood vessels involved in immunity
*-fluid regulation
-immune system
respiratory system
-keeps blood supplied with oxygen, removes CO2 -gaseous exchanges occur throughout the walls of the air sacs of the lungs
digestive system
-begins with oral cavity using salivary glands -breaks food down into absorbable nutrients that enter the blood for distribution to body cells -indigestible food eliminated as feces -90% of absorption in small intestine (20 feet long)
urinary system
-2 kidneys (filter blood plasma to remove water and nitrogeneous metabolic waste -> urine) -regulates water, electrolyte, and acid-base balance of the blood -get rid of metabolic waste
male/female reproductive system
-procudes offspring -testes produce sperm and male sex hormone -ducts/glands aud in delivery of viable sperm to the female reproductive tract -ovaries produce eggs and female sex hormone -mammary glands of female breasts produce milk to nourish the baby
2 main functions of body cavities
protection (shock absorption and friction reduction) and allows internal organs room to move and grow and more without interfering with other systems
methods of identifying parts of the abdominal pelvic cavity
quadrants and 9 regions
quadrants
surface of region equally divided into 4 sections intersecting at the umbilicus
9 regions
surface of regions equally divided into 9 separate regions based upon the relationship with underlying organs
basic survival needs
oxygen, water, nutrients, normal body temperature, normal and stable atmospheric pressure
9 regions (quadrant names)
*memorize with h?
oxygen
for cellular respiration, energy production (ATP)
water
metabolism making ATP, universal solvent
normal body temperature
- 37C
- temperature rises to fight off infections
- PH needs to be maintained
normal, stable atmospheric pressure
- as you go up, oxygen pressure decreases
- acclimating to new pressure takes 3-5 days
homeostatic regulation includes…
metabolism, digestion, excretion of waste, respiration, maintaining boundaries, responsiveness, movement, growth/development, reproduction
metabolism
transforms energy
excretion of waste done by….
kidneys
maintaining boundaries
- between organs
- blood cells have membranes, need to stay intact or they die
responsiveness
respond to chemical changes, internal/external changes
movement
of organs (muscle wall)
reproduction
keep species alive
homeostatic regulation process
stimulus, receptors, input, control center, output, effectors (response)
stimulus
produces change in variable
receptor
detects change
input
information is sent alone afferent pathway to control center
afferent pathway
information from receptor approaches the control center
control center
- integration of information
- detects how to solve the issue and send messages to effector
output
information is sent along efferent pathway to effector
efferent pathway
information exits the control center
effector
resets imbalance
negative feedback
- 90% of homeostatic regulation feedback
- response to imbalance works in opposition to imbalance
- ex: if you are too hot, you sweat to release heat faster
positive feedback
- the response adds to stimulant
- ex: when giving birth. the baby starts the process by banging its head on the walls of the womb repeatedly, the body’s cervix dilates to prepare for childbirth. get baby out or mom and baby die.
sagittal plane
separates the body into right and left sides
frontal (coronal) plane
separates the body into anterior and posterior sides
transverse plane
separates the body into superior and inferior sides
homeostasis
existence of a stable internal environment
