Tissue (Ch4 APP) Flashcards
Mention the 4 major types of body tissue
1) Epithelial tissue
2) Connective tissue
3) Muscle tissue
4) Nervous tissue
What are the two types of Epithelial Tissue?
There are 2 types;
- Epithelial sheets that act as coverings for body structures
- Glands that produce secretion
How many layers does Simple Epithelial have? And what does it facilitate?
Has 1 cell layer which facilitates absorption & filtration.
Simple epithelial types
- Simple squamous epithelium
Found in renal (kidney) glomeruli - Simple cuboidal epithelium
Found in renal collecting tubules - Simple columnar epithelium
Found in the small intestine - Pseudostratified columnar epithelium
Found in the trachea
How many layers do Stratified epithelium have? And what does it allow?
Has multiple cell layers, which allow it to protect underlying tissues from abrasion.
Stratified epithelium types
- Stratified squamous
Epidermis - Stratified cuboidal
Lining of salivary gland ducts - Stratified columnar
Male urethra - Transitional
Bladder
Where does the epithelium rest?
On the basement membrane, which separates it from the underlying connective tissue.
Mention the 2 types of glands
Endocrine & Exocrine
What does the endocrine gland (adrenal glands) produce?
Produce hormones and secretes them directly into the bloodstream.
What does the exocrine gland produce?
Produce sweat, oil, saliva, earwax, digestive enzymes and other substances and secrete them into ducts and onto the skin or lumen of a hollow organ.
What is connective tissue composed of?
Composed of cells in an extracellular matrix.
- Ground substances
- Elastic/ Fibers
- Collagen
Connective tissue proper: loose
Loosely arranged fibers & abundant ground substance.
To cushion & protect body organs.
- Areoler (loosely arranged)
- Adipose (closely packed)
- Reticular (matrix)
Connective tissue proper: Dense
Tightly arranged fibers, flexible and resistant to tension.
Two types:
- Dense regular
- Dense irregular
What system do bones and cartilage form?
The skeletal system
Is bone or cartilage harder and why?
Bone is harder and more rigid because it has more collagen fibers as well as calcium salts.
What are mature bone cells called?
Osteocytes
What are mature cartilage cells called?
Chondrocytes
Where are osteocytes and chondrocytes located?
Within spaces called lacunae
What are bones and cartilage? Vascular or Avascular
Bones - vascular
Cartilage - avascular
What does vascular mean?
Contains blood vessels for the transport or fluids
What does avascular mean?
Lacks blood vessels and does not facilitate fluid transport
What is another name for bone tissue?
Osseous tissue
What do compact bone tissue consist of?
Structural units called osteons or haversian systems arranged in a way to allow them to resist torque
What does spongey bone tissue consist of?
Lattice-like network of flat bone tissue pieces called trabeculae with space between them that are filled with red bone marrow
What is cartilage formed of?
Cartilage has a rigid matrix formed by chondroblasts with firmly bound collagen fibers that give it the strength and flexibility to withstand tension and compression
Cartilage matrix contains ample x?
Fluid
By cartilage containing ample fluid it, what does it allow it to do?
1) Rebound after being compressed
2) Aids in nutrient diffusion to its chondrocytes
What are the 3 types of cartilage?
- Hyaline cartilage
- Elastic cartilage
- Fibrocartilage
What are blood and lymph?
Atypical connective tissues that circulate throughout the blood and lymphatic vessels of the body
What is blood composed of?
- 55% plasma
- 45% formed elements;
1) Red blood cells (erythrocytes)
2) Scattered white blood cells (leukocytes)
3) Platelets
Purpose of red blood cells
Transport respiratory gasses
Purpose of white blood cells
Protect the body from pathogens
Purpose of plasma
Contain enzymes and proteins responsible for clotting
What does lymph consist of?
White blood cells suspended in a fluid lymph matrix.
Where is lymph derived from?
Interstital fluid and returns proteins and excess fluid to the bloodstream
What is blood?
Blood is an atypical connective tissue that circulates throughout the blood vessels of the body
What does blood transport & bring?
- Transports oxygen from the lungs to body cells
- Brings waste carbon dioxide from cells to the lungs
- Transports nutrients & hormones
- Regulates body temperature
- Protects the body from pathogens
- Clots to prevent blood loss at sites of injury
What does muscle tissue consist of?
Cells knows as muscle fibers
What are the 3 types of muscle tissue?
1) Skeletal muscle
2) Smooth muscle
3) Cardiac muscle
Skeletal muscle
- Long, Striated & responds to voluntary commands from the nervous system
Cardiac muscles
- A special type of striated muscle found only in the myocardium of the heart.
- Has branching fibers connected by intercalated discs that allow for synchronized involuntary contraction to maintain a constant heart rate
Smooth muscle
- Long, Non-striated, tapered cells. Each cell is surrounded by a cell membrane (plasmalemma)
- Contracts involuntary in peristaltic waves that move substances through the body’s digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive tracts
What does nervous tissue consist of?
Nervous tissue consists of cells called neurons, which pass information and cells that support them called neuroglia.
The nervous system is made up entirely of nervous tissue.
What are neurons?
Nervous system cells that can conduct electrical signals and pass information rapidly throughout the body.
What does a typical neuron consist of?
- A cell body (a soma) that has many dendrites and one axon.
What is Hyaline cartilage?
- Avascular
- Insensitive
- Compressible
Where can you find hyaline cartilage?
- External nose
- Larynx
- Lower respiratory tract
What is elastic cartilage?
Essentially hyaline cartilage with elastic fibers and some collagen
Where can you find elastic cartilage?
- Supports the external ear
- The epiglottis of the larynx
What is fibrocartilage?
Dense fibrous tissue interspersed with cartilage cells and intercellular matrix
Where can you find fibrocartilage?
The intervertebral disc
What is compact bone?
- Impact resistant
- Weight-bearing shell of bone
- Consists of columns called Haversian systems
What is spongy bone?
Internal to compact bone and is easily seen at the ends of long bones.
Consists of;
- irregularly shaped
- interwoven beams of bone
- lacking haversian systems
Do muscles pull or push?
Muscles always pull, never push
CNS - Central Nervous System
Impulse conducting cells of the brain and spinal cord
PNS - Peripheral Nervous System
Spinal and cranial nerves
Neurons - Three structural categories based on numbers of processes (poles)
- unipolar
- bipolar
- multipolar
Processes that are highly branched (arborized) and uncovered are called?
Dendrites
They bring impulses to the cell body of origin
Slender, long, minimally branched processes are called?
Axons
Conduct impulses away from the cell body of origin
What is myelin?
Layers of insulating phospholipid that enhanced impulse conduction rates.
How is myelin produced?
In the CNS - oligodendrocytes
In the PNS - Schwann cells
