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Pilates - APPI > Tissue (Ch4 APP) > Flashcards

Tissue (Ch4 APP) Flashcards

1
Q

Mention the 4 major types of body tissue

A

1) Epithelial tissue
2) Connective tissue
3) Muscle tissue
4) Nervous tissue

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2
Q

What are the two types of Epithelial Tissue?

A

There are 2 types;
- Epithelial sheets that act as coverings for body structures
- Glands that produce secretion

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3
Q

How many layers does Simple Epithelial have? And what does it facilitate?

A

Has 1 cell layer which facilitates absorption & filtration.

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4
Q

Simple epithelial types

A
  • Simple squamous epithelium
    Found in renal (kidney) glomeruli
  • Simple cuboidal epithelium
    Found in renal collecting tubules
  • Simple columnar epithelium
    Found in the small intestine
  • Pseudostratified columnar epithelium
    Found in the trachea
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5
Q

How many layers do Stratified epithelium have? And what does it allow?

A

Has multiple cell layers, which allow it to protect underlying tissues from abrasion.

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6
Q

Stratified epithelium types

A
  • Stratified squamous
    Epidermis
  • Stratified cuboidal
    Lining of salivary gland ducts
  • Stratified columnar
    Male urethra
  • Transitional
    Bladder
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7
Q

Where does the epithelium rest?

A

On the basement membrane, which separates it from the underlying connective tissue.

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8
Q

Mention the 2 types of glands

A

Endocrine & Exocrine

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9
Q

What does the endocrine gland (adrenal glands) produce?

A

Produce hormones and secretes them directly into the bloodstream.

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10
Q

What does the exocrine gland produce?

A

Produce sweat, oil, saliva, earwax, digestive enzymes and other substances and secrete them into ducts and onto the skin or lumen of a hollow organ.

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11
Q

What is connective tissue composed of?

A

Composed of cells in an extracellular matrix.

  • Ground substances
  • Elastic/ Fibers
  • Collagen
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12
Q

Connective tissue proper: loose

A

Loosely arranged fibers & abundant ground substance.

To cushion & protect body organs.

  • Areoler (loosely arranged)
  • Adipose (closely packed)
  • Reticular (matrix)
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13
Q

Connective tissue proper: Dense

A

Tightly arranged fibers, flexible and resistant to tension.

Two types:
- Dense regular
- Dense irregular

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14
Q

What system do bones and cartilage form?

A

The skeletal system

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15
Q

Is bone or cartilage harder and why?

A

Bone is harder and more rigid because it has more collagen fibers as well as calcium salts.

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16
Q

What are mature bone cells called?

A

Osteocytes

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17
Q

What are mature cartilage cells called?

A

Chondrocytes

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18
Q

Where are osteocytes and chondrocytes located?

A

Within spaces called lacunae

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19
Q

What are bones and cartilage? Vascular or Avascular

A

Bones - vascular
Cartilage - avascular

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20
Q

What does vascular mean?

A

Contains blood vessels for the transport or fluids

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21
Q

What does avascular mean?

A

Lacks blood vessels and does not facilitate fluid transport

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22
Q

What is another name for bone tissue?

A

Osseous tissue

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23
Q

What do compact bone tissue consist of?

A

Structural units called osteons or haversian systems arranged in a way to allow them to resist torque

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24
Q

What does spongey bone tissue consist of?

A

Lattice-like network of flat bone tissue pieces called trabeculae with space between them that are filled with red bone marrow

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25
Q

What is cartilage formed of?

A

Cartilage has a rigid matrix formed by chondroblasts with firmly bound collagen fibers that give it the strength and flexibility to withstand tension and compression

26
Q

Cartilage matrix contains ample x?

A

Fluid

27
Q

By cartilage containing ample fluid it, what does it allow it to do?

A

1) Rebound after being compressed
2) Aids in nutrient diffusion to its chondrocytes

28
Q

What are the 3 types of cartilage?

A
  • Hyaline cartilage
  • Elastic cartilage
  • Fibrocartilage
29
Q

What are blood and lymph?

A

Atypical connective tissues that circulate throughout the blood and lymphatic vessels of the body

30
Q

What is blood composed of?

A
  • 55% plasma
  • 45% formed elements;
    1) Red blood cells (erythrocytes)
    2) Scattered white blood cells (leukocytes)
    3) Platelets
31
Q

Purpose of red blood cells

A

Transport respiratory gasses

32
Q

Purpose of white blood cells

A

Protect the body from pathogens

33
Q

Purpose of plasma

A

Contain enzymes and proteins responsible for clotting

34
Q

What does lymph consist of?

A

White blood cells suspended in a fluid lymph matrix.

35
Q

Where is lymph derived from?

A

Interstital fluid and returns proteins and excess fluid to the bloodstream

36
Q

What is blood?

A

Blood is an atypical connective tissue that circulates throughout the blood vessels of the body

37
Q

What does blood transport & bring?

A
  • Transports oxygen from the lungs to body cells
  • Brings waste carbon dioxide from cells to the lungs
  • Transports nutrients & hormones
  • Regulates body temperature
  • Protects the body from pathogens
  • Clots to prevent blood loss at sites of injury
38
Q

What does muscle tissue consist of?

A

Cells knows as muscle fibers

39
Q

What are the 3 types of muscle tissue?

A

1) Skeletal muscle
2) Smooth muscle
3) Cardiac muscle

40
Q

Skeletal muscle

A
  • Long, Striated & responds to voluntary commands from the nervous system
41
Q

Cardiac muscles

A
  • A special type of striated muscle found only in the myocardium of the heart.
  • Has branching fibers connected by intercalated discs that allow for synchronized involuntary contraction to maintain a constant heart rate
42
Q

Smooth muscle

A
  • Long, Non-striated, tapered cells. Each cell is surrounded by a cell membrane (plasmalemma)
  • Contracts involuntary in peristaltic waves that move substances through the body’s digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive tracts
43
Q

What does nervous tissue consist of?

A

Nervous tissue consists of cells called neurons, which pass information and cells that support them called neuroglia.

The nervous system is made up entirely of nervous tissue.

44
Q

What are neurons?

A

Nervous system cells that can conduct electrical signals and pass information rapidly throughout the body.

45
Q

What does a typical neuron consist of?

A
  • A cell body (a soma) that has many dendrites and one axon.
46
Q

What is Hyaline cartilage?

A
  • Avascular
  • Insensitive
  • Compressible
47
Q

Where can you find hyaline cartilage?

A
  • External nose
  • Larynx
  • Lower respiratory tract
48
Q

What is elastic cartilage?

A

Essentially hyaline cartilage with elastic fibers and some collagen

49
Q

Where can you find elastic cartilage?

A
  • Supports the external ear
  • The epiglottis of the larynx
50
Q

What is fibrocartilage?

A

Dense fibrous tissue interspersed with cartilage cells and intercellular matrix

51
Q

Where can you find fibrocartilage?

A

The intervertebral disc

52
Q

What is compact bone?

A
  • Impact resistant
  • Weight-bearing shell of bone
  • Consists of columns called Haversian systems
53
Q

What is spongy bone?

A

Internal to compact bone and is easily seen at the ends of long bones.

Consists of;
- irregularly shaped
- interwoven beams of bone
- lacking haversian systems

54
Q

Do muscles pull or push?

A

Muscles always pull, never push

55
Q

CNS - Central Nervous System

A

Impulse conducting cells of the brain and spinal cord

56
Q

PNS - Peripheral Nervous System

A

Spinal and cranial nerves

57
Q

Neurons - Three structural categories based on numbers of processes (poles)

A
  • unipolar
  • bipolar
  • multipolar
58
Q

Processes that are highly branched (arborized) and uncovered are called?

A

Dendrites

They bring impulses to the cell body of origin

59
Q

Slender, long, minimally branched processes are called?

A

Axons

Conduct impulses away from the cell body of origin

60
Q

What is myelin?

A

Layers of insulating phospholipid that enhanced impulse conduction rates.

61
Q

How is myelin produced?

A

In the CNS - oligodendrocytes
In the PNS - Schwann cells

Pilates - APPI (21 decks)

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