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Pilates - APPI > Skeletal System & Joints > Flashcards

Skeletal System & Joints Flashcards

1
Q

How many bones does the human body have?

A

206

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2
Q

How are bones grouped?

A

Axial and appendicular skeleton

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3
Q

What does the axial skeleton consist of?

A
  • Cranium
  • Spinal Vertebrae
  • Ribs
  • Sternum
  • Sacrum
  • Coccyx
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4
Q

Function of the axial skeleton

A

Protects internal organs

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5
Q

Function of the appendicular skeleton

A

Facilitate movement

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6
Q

Name the 5 types of bones

A

1) Long
2) Short
3) Flat
4) Irregular
5) Sesamoid

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7
Q

Function of flat bones

A

Protect internal organs such as the brain, heart and lungs

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8
Q

Name the different flat bones

A

Cranial bones
Scapulae
Sternum
Ribs

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9
Q

Function of long bones

A

Support the weight of the body and facilitate movement

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10
Q

Name the different long bones

A

Humerus
Radius & Ulna
Femur
Tibia & Fibula
Metacarpals & metatarsals

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11
Q

What are short bones?

A

Cube-shaped components of the wrist and ankle joints

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12
Q

Name the different short bones

A

Carpals (arm)
Tarsals (foot)

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13
Q

Irregular bones vary in?

A

shape & structure

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14
Q

Name the different irregular bones

A

Vertebrae
Pelvic bones

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15
Q

Function of sesamoid bones

A

Reinforce tendons, protecting them from stress & wear

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16
Q

Name the sesamoid bone

A

Patella

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17
Q

Epiphysis

A

The rounded end of a long bone

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18
Q

Diaphysis

A

The shaft of a long bone

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19
Q

Articular cartilage

A

The articulating surface in freely movable joints.

  • smooth
  • slippery
  • porous
  • malleable
  • insensitive
  • avascular (bloodless)
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20
Q

Periosteum

A

Dense, fibrous membrane that covers the outer surface of bones. A connective tissue layer that plays a crucial role in the growth, repair and nourishment of bones.

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21
Q

What does Cancellous (spongy) bone consist of and where are they found?

A

Consists of interwoven beams (trabeculae) of bone in the:
- epiphyses of long bones
- bodies of the vertebrae
- other bones without cavities

22
Q

What do Compact bones form?

A

Forms the stout walls of the diaphysis & the thinner outer surface of other bones where there is no articular cartilage (eg flat bones of the skull)

23
Q

Medullary cavity

A

The cavity of the diaphysis.

  • Red in the young
  • Yellow when mature
24
Q

What is red marrow?

A

A red, gelatinous substance composed of red & white blood cells in a variety of developmental forms & specialized capillaries enmeshed in reticular tissue.

25
Q

What is yellow marrow?

A

Fatty connective tissue that does not produce blood cells

26
Q

Nutrient artery

A

The principle artery and major supplier of oxygen & nutrients to the shaft or body of a bone

27
Q

Endochondral Ossification - bone development

A

A process by which bones are formed and developed in the skeletal system.

28
Q

How many steps are there in the endochondral ossification process?

A

8 steps

29
Q

At what age does the endochondral process start and end?

A

Starts at 5 weeks after fertilization and ends at age 12-20 years

30
Q

3 classifications of joints

A

1) immovable (synarthroses)
2) partly movable (amphiarthroses)
3) freely movable (synovial joint or diarthroses)

31
Q

Fibrous joints

A
  • synarthroses (immovable)
  • articulating bones connected by fibrous tissue
  • structures of the skull
  • Teeth in their socket are fixed fibrous joints
32
Q

Partly movable fibrous joints

A

Syndesmoses

interosseous ligaments between bones of the forearm or bones of the leg

33
Q

Cartilaginous joints

A
  • immovable joints seen during growth
  • such as growth plates & the joint between the 1st rib and the sternum
34
Q

Fibrocartilaginous joints

A
  • partly movable fibrocartilaginous joints

Example: intervertebral disc & part of the sacroiliac joint

35
Q

Sympheses

A
  • partly movable fibrocartilaginous joints

Example: pubic bones (symphysis pubis) & the manubrium and the body of the sternum (sternal angle)

36
Q

Synovial joints

A
  • freely movable
  • articulating bones
  • articular cartilage
  • synovial membrane
  • synovial cavity (fluid)
  • joint capsule
  • bursa
  • collateral ligament
37
Q

Types of Synovial Joints

A
  • Ball & socket
  • Hinge
  • Saddle
  • Ellipsoid
  • Pivot
  • Gliding
38
Q

Ball & socket joints

A
  • hip & shoulder
  • movements in all direction are permitted: flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, internal, external rotation and circumduction
39
Q

Hinge joint

A
  • permits movement in one plane only: flexion/ extension
  • ankle
  • interphalangeal
  • elbow
  • knee
40
Q

Saddle joint

A
  • carpometacarpal joint at the base of the thumb
  • permits all motions besides rotation
41
Q

Ellipsoid joint

A
  • reduced ball & socket configuration in which significant rotation is largely excluded
  • the bicondylar knee, temporomandilibular & radiocarpal (wrist) joints
42
Q

Pivot joint

A
  • a ring of bone around a peg; ex the C1 vertebra rotates about the dens of C2
  • a rounded numeral capitulum on which the radial head pivots (rotates)
43
Q

Gliding joints

A
  • ex the facet joints of the vertebrae, the acromioclavicular, intercarpal & intertarsal joints generally have flat articulating surfaces
44
Q

Mention the 6 Cranial Bones of the skull

A
  • Occipital
  • Parietal
  • Frontal
  • Temporal
  • Ethmoid
  • Sphenoid
45
Q

Mention the 8 Facial Bones of the skull

A
  • Nasal
  • Vomer
  • Lacrimal
  • Zygomatic
  • Palatine
  • Maxilla
  • Mandible
  • Inferior Nasal Concha
46
Q

What do two temporomandibular joints form?

A

Craniomandibular Joint

47
Q

What forms the temporomandibular joint?

A
  • Temporal bone
  • Mandible
  • Condylar process
48
Q

Mention the 3 different types of joints

A
  • Fibrous joints
  • Cartilaginous joints
  • Synovial joints
49
Q

Movement of TMJ
Temporomandibular Joint

A
  • Lateral
  • Protrusion
  • Retraction
  • Elevation
  • Depression
50
Q

What does the appendicular skeleton consist of?

A
  • upper limbs
  • lower limbs
  • shoulder girdle
  • pelvis
51
Q

Scapula

A
  • medial border
  • lateral border
  • superior border
  • inferior angle
52
Q

The skeleton

A

Provides structure & protection as well as facilitates motion

Pilates - APPI (21 decks)

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