Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

MSK Exam 1 > Tissue Architecture > Flashcards

Tissue Architecture Flashcards

1
Q

When there is a single protofilament, they are thermally (STABLE/UNSTABLE) and when there are multiple protofilaments together they are thermally (STABLE/UNSTABLE).

A

Unstable

Stable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

T/F. More energy is required to break bonds when more protofilaments are bonded together.

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Strong cytoskeletal filaments have _________ long subunits, with lateral contacts dominating. Gives it rope-like property.

A

Staggered

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

________ ________ have rope-like properties to make them resistant to stretching forces.

A

Intermediate filaments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the types of Cytoskeletal Filaments?

A

Microfilaments
Microtubules
Intermediate Filaments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

These filaments have great tensile strength (strongest of the filaments) and enables cells to withstand mechanical stress.

A

Intermediate Filaments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Intermediate Filaments are found in the ________ of most animal cells and form a network throughout it. They surround the ________ and extend to the periphery.

A

Cytoplasm

Nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Intermediate filaments are often anchored to the plasma membrane at…

A

Cell-cell junctions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Intermediate filaments form mesh-like structure called the _______ ________.

A

Nuclear lamina

***Underlies and strengthens nuclear envelope

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Intermediate filaments rope-like properties give it high tensile strength. It is often further stabilized by accessory proteins which do what?

A
    • Cross-link filaments into bundles

- - Link to microtubules, actin filaments, and cell-cell junctions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the order in development of an Intermediate Filament?

A
    • Monomer forms coiled-coil dimer
    • Two dimers come together to form staggered tetramer
    • 8 tetramers are associated laterally and form circular
    • 8 tetramers are added to growing end of filament
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the types of cytoplasmic Intermediate Filaments?

A

Keratin filaments – in epithelial cells

Vimentin and Vimentin-related filaments – in connective tissue cells, muscle cells, and glial cells

Neurofilaments – in nerve cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the types of nuclear Intermediate Filaments?

A

Nuclear lamins – in all animal cells (nuclear membrane interactions)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What happens when there is a defect in the Nuclear Lamina?

A

Can lead to rapid cellular aging, causing diseases like Progeria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

This type of filament have a crucial organization role in all eukaryotic cells and are long and stiff hollow tubes.

A

Microtubules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Microtubules have rapid assembly and disassembly, and extend from the ________ to the cell periphery. This creates “tracks” to transport vesicles, organelles and other cell components.

A

Centrosome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What do the Microtubules form that is crucial in Mitosis?

A

Mitotic spindle for chromosome segregation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What motile cell components are Microtubules a part of?

A

Cilia and Flagella

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the subunit for Intermediate Filaments?

A

Lamin or other cell-specific like vimentin (CT, muscle, glial)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the subunit for Microtubules?

A

Tubulin heterodimer (alpha and beta tubulins put together)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Microtubules grow by addition of a subunit adding to the ______ end. There is removal of subunits at the ______ end to stabilize.

A

Plus

Minus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

How do Microtubules grow?

A

The Alpha subunit of the heterodimer will link to the Beta subunit of another heterodimer already on the filament, making it grow

23
Q

This serves as the anchor point for Microtubules at the minus-end. It forms a complex on the centrosome and the Microtubules grow outward from it.

A

Gamma-tubulin (Gamma-tubulin ring complexes)

24
Q

This is a chemotherapeutic drug that binds and stabilizes microtubules. It prevents excessive growth of cancer cells by not letting chromosomes divide, stalling the cell and inducing apoptosis. However, it can kill normal cells by doing this too.

A

Taxol

25
Q

These drugs bind tubulin dimers and prevent their polymerization, so the microtubule can not even form. This keeps chromosomal segregation from occurring, killing the cell.

A

Colchicine
Colcemid
Vinblastine
Vincristine

26
Q

This type of filament is essential for cell movements such as locomotion, phagocytosis, cell division, and contraction. Many are unstable but association with other proteins can form stable structures.

A

Microfilaments

27
Q

What are the subunits of Microfilaments?

A

G-actin — Many G-actin bind to form F-actin (Filamentous actin)

28
Q

Microfilaments are present in all cell types, and the subunits bind at the plus end with the help of ______. Once this is hydrolyzed to _______ then it will dissociate at the minus end.

A

ATP

ADP

29
Q

This drug binds and stabilizes actin filaments.

A

Phalloidin

***Found in death cap mushrooms – can be lethal

30
Q

This drug caps the actin filaments plus ends, preventing polymerization there.

A

Cytochalasin

31
Q

This drug binds actin monomers and prevents their polymerization.

A

Latrunculin

32
Q

Many proteins bind to and modify actin properties. They stabilize, strengthen, cross-link, and organize. What are these proteins?

A 
Nucleating protein -- anchoring protein 
Severing protein
Cross-linking protein (in cell cortex) 
Capping (plus-end-blocking) protein
Side-binding protein 
Myosin motor protein 
Bundling protein (filopodia) 
Monomer-sequestering protein (keeps monomers separate)
33
Q

The components of this are produced intracellularly and secreted and aggregate. They are composed of interlocking fibrous proteins and proteoglycans. Jell-O like structure surrounding tissue.

A

Extracellular Matrix

Basal Lamina

34
Q

This is the main structural protein in ECM/connective tissue and basal laminae. There are 28 distinct types.

A

Collagen

35
Q

Collagen are _______ proteins.

A

Trimeric

***Homotrimers, Heterotrimers

36
Q

The homotrimers or heterotrimers of collagen form what?

A

Collagenous triple helix

37
Q

_________ associate as fibers, sheets or transmembrane structures. Nutrient deficiencies and genetic conditions can affect it.

A

Collagen

38
Q

Match the following steps of collagen formation with their location of occurrence:

A. Rough ER
B. Lumen of ER
C. Lumen of ER and Golgi Apparatus 
D. Secretory Vesicle 
E. Extracellular
  1. Procollagen prepared for secretion from cell.
  2. Self-assembly of the tropocollagen molecule, initiated by disulfide bond formation in the carboy-terminal extensions; triple helix formation
  3. Hydroxylation of proline and lysine residues; glycosylation of selected hydroxylysine residues
  4. Cleavage of the propeptides, removing the amino- and carboy-terminal extensions, and self-assembly of the collagen molecules into fibrils and then fibers
  5. Synthesis of preprocollagen; insertion of the procollagen molecule into the lumen of the ER
A 
A -- 5
B -- 3
C -- 2
D -- 1
E -- 4
39
Q

Vitamin C (Ascorbate) is important in hydroxylation of forming collagen. Without it, it leads to wounds re-opening, body falling apart, loss of teeth, pale skin, and sunken eyes. This is called…

A

Scurvy

40
Q

This disease is caused by a mutation in collagen or collagen synthesis genes. Mutations alter the structure, production, or processing of collagen or proteins that interact with collagen, making connective tissue weak in the skin, bones, blood vessels, and organs.

A

Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome

41
Q

______ ______ link cells to neighboring cells while _______ _______ link cells to ECM or basil lamina.

A

Cell junctions

Focal contacts

42
Q

Cell Adhesion Molecules (CAMs) have 3 major domains, which are…

A

Extracellular (binding to adjacent cell/matrix proteins)
Transmembrane (links CAM to membrane)
Cytoplasmic (bind to cytoskeleton via linker proteins)

43
Q

There are 4 major families of CAMs, and this one is calcium-dependent. It is important in formation of junctions between cells (epithelial “sheets”). Desmosomes and adherens junctions.

A

Cadherin Superfamily

44
Q

Cadherins are seen in cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions. What are the types of Cadherins?

A

E-Cadherin (epithelial)
N-Cadherin (neural)
VE-Cadherin (vascular-endothelial)
LI-Cadherin (Liver-intestine)

45
Q

EMT (Epithelia to Mesenchymal Transition) and Cadherin Switching —- Cadherins can serve as biomarkers for invasive, metastatic tumors. In transitional bladder cancer, there is low _________ and high ________ signaling increased invasiveness of the tumor cells. Means it has increased metastatic potential.

A

E-Cadherin
N-Cadherin

***If there was higher E-Cadherin, and lower N-Cadherin then that would mean the tumor is less invasive

46
Q

This is a family of more than 24 Calcium-independent transmembrane glycoproteins. They involve immune cell interactions and are cell-cell.

A

Ig Superfamily CAMs

47
Q

These Ig Superfamily CAMs contain a variable number of Ig-like domains and are expressed on vascular endothelial cells and bind to various integrin molecules.

A

ICAM
VCAM-1
PECAM-1
NCAM

48
Q

These Ig Superfamily CAMs contain Ig-like and mucin-like domains and are expressed on mucosal endothelium to direct lymphocyte entry into mucosa.

A

MAdCAM-1

49
Q

These are a family of calcium-dependent glycoproteins that bind to extracellular carbohydrates and play an important role in host defense mechanism.

A

Selectins

50
Q

Selectins have increased presentation during local inflammatory responses and WBC surface markers include _________ which act as ligands for selectins. Low-affinity of selectins to ligands allows for leukocyte __________ during leukocyte adhesion cascade.

A

Carbohydrates

Rolling

51
Q

What are the types of selectins?

A

E-selectin (endothelial)
L-selectin (leukocyte)
P-selectin (platelet)

52
Q

These are unregulated at the site of infection. 15 alpha and 8 beta subunits form over 20 heterodimeric types.

A

Integrins

53
Q

Integrins can couple the ECM to cell cytoskeleton, can activate signaling pathways via interactions with RTKs, and have cell-cell interactions via ________ which allows for adhesion and transmigration to sites of infection.

A

B2 family

MSK Exam 1 (20 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions