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MSK Exam 1 > Neurulation > Flashcards

Neurulation Flashcards

1
Q

The notochord is from what germ layer?

A

Mesoderm

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2
Q

The notochord is at the midline, and extends from the primitive node (knot) and moves anterior to the prechordal plate. It also acts as the template for the vertebral column, contributing to the ______ _______, and induces the neural plate, which will form the _______.

A

Intervertebral discs

CNS

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3
Q

T/F. The notochord is from mesoderm and induces the neural plate, so that means the neural plate is also from mesoderm.

A

False. The neural plate is an ectodermal structure.

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4
Q

Once then notochord has formed, it will start signaling _______ which will cause the thickening of the cells above it forming the neural plate.

A

SHH

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5
Q

What happens to the neural plate as it invaginates?

A

Brings the neural folds together with the neural groove in the center.

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6
Q

What is on the outer edges of the neural plate?

A

Neural crest

***As Neural Plate invaginate, the Neural Crest migrates away from it

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7
Q

What is the final result of the neural plate invagination?

A

Formation of the Neural Tube, which develops the CNS (brain and spinal cord)

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8
Q

Neural crest cells came from (MESODERM/ECTODERM) but act like (MESODERM/ECTODERM).

A

Ectoderm
Mesoderm

***Hence why we use purple color, mixing ectoderm (blue) with mesoderm (red)

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9
Q

What is the hollow center of the Neural Tube called?

A

Neural Canal

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10
Q

After the neural tube has been formed, we now have two distinct ectoderms. These are…

A

Surface ectoderm – gives rise to hair, skin, nails, etc.
Neuroectoderm – give rise to CNS (neural tube)

***Also have to say if something was derived from the neural crest (because it’s from ectoderm, but are their own tissue type) – can’t just say ectoderm!

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11
Q

As the neural folds invaginate with the neural groove, they zipper shut in what directions?

A

Rostral (Cranial) and Caudal directions both

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12
Q

As the neural tube forms, it leaves openings at either end which are called…

A

Rostral (Cranial) neuropore
Caudal neuropore

***At the end, the whole thing is zippered up and the openings are closed

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13
Q

What day does the Rostral Neuropore close? The Caudal Neuropore?

A

Day 25

Day 28

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14
Q

(PRIMARY/SECONDARY) Neurulation is the formation of the brain to the lumbar region of the spinal cord.

A

Primary

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15
Q

(PRIMARY/SECONDARY) Neurulation is the formation of the sacrum and coccyx.

A

Secondary

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16
Q

What is the region of Secondary Neurulation called?

A

Caudal Eminence

***Not called this once it is attached to components of primary neurulation – at that point it is just spinal cord

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17
Q

What day does Secondary Neurulation begin? What day does it end (when it connects with components of primary neurulation)?

A

Starts Day 20

Ends Day 42

18
Q

List some of the neuronal cells that come from Neural Crest.

A

Spinal Ganglia
Autonomic Ganglia
Sensory Neurons

19
Q

List some of the supporting cell types that come from Neural Crest.

A 
Schwann Cells (myelinate in the PNS) 
Cells of Meninges (Arachnoid and Pia Mater)
20
Q

These pigment cells come from the Neural Crest.

A

Melanocytes

21
Q

These endocrine cells come from the Neural Crest.

A

C-cells of Thyroid Gland

Chromaffin cells of suprarenal medulla

22
Q

List the ectomesenchyme tissues developed from Neural Crest.

A
    • Bone and cartilage of facial and visceral skeleton
    • Walls of large arteries from aortic arches
    • Ciliary muscles (eye)
    • Enamel and dentin (teeth)
23
Q

This is a disease of the neural crest because the autonomics of the intestines do not migrate there, causing obstruction. Patient can’t defecate.

A

Hirschsprung’s Disease

24
Q

What are some Neurocristopathies that can occur in the cranial Neural Crest?

A
    • Aorticopulmonary septation defects of heart
    • Anterior chamber defects of eye
    • Cleft lip and/or cleft palate
    • DiGeorge Syndrome
25
Q

This is a neurocristopathy derived from cranial neural crest. It presents with hypoparathyroidism, thyroid deficiency, thymic dysplasia leading to immunodeficiency, and defects in cardiac outflow tract and aortic arches.

A

DiGeorge Syndrome

26
Q

This neurocristopathy can occur due to Neural Crest, which is caused by a melanocyte deficiency.

A

Albinism

27
Q

Spina bifida occurs when there is a failure of the (ROSTRAL/CAUDAL) neuropore to close.

A

Caudal

28
Q

In this type of spina bifida, patients appear normal and don’t usually have any defects or issues. Occurs in 10 percent of the population. The vertebral arches formed but did not fuse together and there is a tuft of hair on the lower back.

A

Spina bifida occulta

29
Q

This type of spina bifida occurs when the meninges are herniating into a cyst on the lower back. Patients may or may not have deficits and the vertebral arches did not form.

A

Meningocele

30
Q

This type of spina bifida occurs when the meninges and the spinal cord are herniated out into a cyst on the lower back. The patient will have motor and sensory deficits and the vertebral arches did not form.

A

Meningomyelocele

31
Q

This type of spina bifida occurs when the caudal neuropore does not fuse at all, the meninges and spinal cord are open to the environment. The patient will have motor and sensory deficits and the vertebral arches did not form.

A

Myelocele (myeloschisis)

32
Q

What can be taken to prevent spina bifida?

A

Folic acid (folate)

33
Q

This is what is present in amniotic fluid that signifies the presence of spina bifida or anencephaly. High levels of it means there could be either of these defects.

A

Alpha-Fetoprotein

34
Q

In this congenital neural tube defect, the rostral neuropore doesn’t close at all and the brain barely forms. Usually not compatible with life.

A

Anencephaly

35
Q

In this congenital neural tube defect, the rostral neuropore failed to close causing a cyst to form on the back of the head and will or will not have brain tissue inside of it as well.

A

Encephalocele (with or without brain tissue)

36
Q

This is what gives rise to the meninges.

A

Meninx Primitiva

37
Q

What germ layer is the Meninx Primitiva made of?

A

Mesoderm in origin but Neural Crest cells come to populate it as well.

38
Q

This is what develops the dura mater (mesoderm), but has just recently been thought to also get help from Neural Crest.

A

Pachymeninx

39
Q

This is what develops the arachnoid and pia mater with Neural Crest.

A

Leptomeninges

40
Q

This is the term for embryonic connective tissue that includes both mesoderm and Neural Crest.

A

Mesenchyme

41
Q

What occurs during the fourth week of development?

A

Folding of the embryo

MSK Exam 1 (20 decks)

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