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MSK Exam 1 > Development of PNS > Flashcards

Development of PNS Flashcards

1
Q

During what week do the PNS and CNS develop?

A

Week 3

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2
Q

Weeks 3-8 are considered what during development?

A

Critical Period

***Major abnormalities can occur here

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3
Q

T/F. Weeks 9-38 (birth) can have both major and minor abnormalities in development.

A

False. These weeks only have functional and minor abnormalities occur.

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4
Q

What are the weeks in Neural development that major abnormalities can occur and be detrimental?

A

Weeks 3-16

***Weeks after that can have minor abnormalities occur, and this development continues until age 22 when CNS myelination is complete

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5
Q

These can be used clinically in an ultrasound to age an embryo.

A

Somites

***Count the number present on the embryo

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6
Q

At the end of which week would we have a Neural Tube/

A

Week 4

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7
Q

What is included in the CNS?

A

Brain

Spinal Cord

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8
Q

What is included in the PNS?

A 
Cranial Nerves
Spinal Nerves
Ganglia
Enteric Plexus 
Sensory receptors
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9
Q

What is the PNS divided into?

A

Somatic

Autonomic

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10
Q

(SOMATIC/AUTONOMIC) is voluntary and (SOMATIC/AUTONOMIC) is involuntary and done unconsciously.

A

Somatic
Autonomic

***Each have a sensory and motor component

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11
Q

What is the Autonomic PNS subdivided into?

A

Parasympathetic

Sympathetic

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12
Q

T/F. Parasympathetic and Sympathetic groups are sensory.

A

False. They are motor.

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13
Q

What are the types of matter the spinal cord is made up of?

A

Gray Matter

White Matter

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14
Q

This is the term for a collection of axons.

A

Funiculus

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15
Q

This is where cell bodies of neurons are located, and it has a posterior, anterior, and lateral horn.

A

Gray Matter

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16
Q

This is where axons are located and it is where the posterior, anterior, and lateral funiculus are located. It is myelinated.

A

White Matter

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17
Q

What is the sensory component of Gray Matter?

A

Dorsal (posterior) horn

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18
Q

What is the autonomic (sympathetic) component of Gray Matter?

A

Lateral horn

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19
Q

What is the motor component of Gray Matter?

A

Ventral (anterior) horn

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20
Q

What component of White Matter is only sensory and which one is sensory AND motor?

A

Dorsal (posterior) funiculus

Lateral funiculus

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21
Q

What component of the White Matter is primarily motor?

A

Ventral (anterior) funiculus

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22
Q

The Neural Tube is caudal to what?

A

Fourth pair of somites

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23
Q

This is what produces sensory neurons that stay in the brain and spinal cord.

A

Alar Plate

***Sensory neurons that go out into the periphery come from Neural Crest cells!

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24
Q

What type of germ layer is the Alar Plate?

A

Neuroectoderm

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25
Q

This gives rise to motor neurons (Brachial Plexus, etc.).

A

Basal Plate

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26
Q

What lies between the Alar Plate and the Basal Plate?

A

Sulcus limitans

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27
Q

In the formation of the spinal cord, this zone is closest to the central canal.

A

Ventricular zone (Zone 1)

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28
Q

In the formation of the spinal cord, this zone is what makes up the Gray Matter (cell bodies).

A

Intermediate zone (Zone 2)

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29
Q

In the formation of the spinal cord, this zone is what makes up the White Matter (axons).

A

Marginal zone (Zone 3)

30
Q

What cells are near the Central Canal, and what is their path of development?

A

Germinal or ventricular cell — Ependymoblast — Ependymal Cell — Choroid Plexus Cell (makes CSF)

31
Q

What cell always lines the Central Canal?

A

Ependymoblasts

32
Q

What cells would be in Zone 2 (Gray Matter)?

A

Germinal or ventricular cells (in Central Canal) would differentiate into —-

Immature Neurons – become Neurons

Glioblasts – become Astrocytes and Radial Glial Cells (Also become Oligodendrocytes but those are in Zone 3)

33
Q

What cells would be in Zone 3 (White Matter)?

A

Oligodendrocytes (from Glioblasts in Zone 2)

***Their function is to myelinate axons, hence their location

34
Q

Neurons, Astrocytes, Oligodendrocytes, and Ependymal cells are all derived from what germ layer?

A

Neuroectoderm

***Developed from Neural Tube

35
Q

These cells in the CNS are made from monocytes in the blood, making them mesodermal.

A

Mesenchymal cells

36
Q

In the CNS, what do mesenchymal cells differentiate into?

A

Microglial cells

37
Q

At what stage of development is the spinal cord and vertebral column the same length?

A

Third month in utero

38
Q

At what position does the spinal cord end for a newborn and adult, respectively?

A 
Newborn = L2 or L3
Adult = L1 or L2
39
Q

Explain why newborns and adults would have a different needle placement for lumbar puncture.

A

Newborns spinal cord ends at L2 or L3 and as they grow, their vertebral bones grow too. The spinal cord however, does not grow with the bones. Instead, as the bones grow the neurons move up and only the axons will lengthen (Cauda Equina). This is why adults spinal cord ends at L1 or L2.

40
Q

Spinal ganglion cells and sensory neurons in the periphery are derived from what germ cell layer?

A

Neural crest

***Means Ectoderm and Mesoderm together

41
Q

In the formation of the spinal cord, on the ventral side there is the Notochord and the Floor Plate which both signal _______, and on the dorsal side there is the Roof Plate and Epidermis which signal _______.

A

SHH

BMP

42
Q

The release of SHH and BMP create a gradient. Which is greater ventrally and which is greater dorsally?

A

High SHH levels ventrally (less as it moves dorsal)
High BMP levels dorsally (less as it moves ventrally)

***The varying levels throughout this gradient provide signals for many different things!

***Remember dorsal is sensory and ventral is motor!

43
Q

High BMP levels activate ______ and ______ which give us our sensory neurons. These sensory neurons will differentiate and give us our _______ _______.

A

PAX3
PAX7
Alar Plate

44
Q

High SHH levels activate ______ and ______ which give us our ventral neuron formation. These neurons give us our ______ ______.

A

NKX2.2
NKX6.1
Basal Plate

45
Q

Just dorsal there are slightly lower SHH and higher levels of BMP. At this point, ______ and ______ signals are activated which give us our ventral motor neurons. Our ventral motor neurons then make up our _______ _______.

A

NKX6.1
PAX6
Anterior (ventral) horn

46
Q

What two germ layers make up the PNS?

A

Neural Crest

Neuroectoderm

47
Q

In the development of the PNS, cells that develop from the Neural Tube (neuroectoderm) are…

A 
Motor neurons (in ventral/anterior horn) 
Pre-ganglionic autonomic neurons (in lateral horn)
48
Q

In the development of the PNS, cells that develop from the Neural Crest are…

A
  • Neurons of dorsal root ganglia
  • Sensory ganglia of cranial nerves
  • Schwann cells (myelinate)
  • Sympathetic ganglia
  • Parasympathetic ganglia
49
Q

In a typical segmental nerve, the Dorsal (Posterior) Root is (MOTOR/SENSORY) and contains a Spinal ganglion (called Dorsal Root Ganglion).

A

Sensory

50
Q

In a typical segmental nerve, the Ventral (Anterior) Root is (MOTOR/SENSORY).

A

Motor

51
Q

In a segmental nerve, the Dorsal and Ventral Roots come together to form the ______ ______ which is a mix of sensory and motor.

A

Spinal Nerve

52
Q

The Spinal Nerve then branches into what? Are they motor or sensory?

A

Dorsal (Posterior) Ramus
Ventral (Anterior) Ramus
They are mixed – both sensory and motor

53
Q

What does motor Dorsal Rami supply? Sensory Dorsal Rami?

A

Motor is to dorsal muscles

Sensory is to dorsal integument

54
Q

What does motor Ventral Rami supply? Sensory Ventral Rami?

A

Motor to limbs, lateral, and ventral body wall

Sensory to integument of the same regions

55
Q

This is autonomic and provides motor and sensory to viscera.

A

Ramus communicantes

56
Q

(AFFERENT/EFFERENT) neurons are motor fibers that are derived of neuroectoderm (basal plate).

A

Efferent

57
Q

(SOMATIC/VISCERAL) motor fibers end on skeletal muscle, while (SOMATIC/VISCERAL) motor fibers end on autonomic ganglion cells, which in turn control smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands.

A

Somatic

Visceral

58
Q

(AFFERENT/EFFERENT) neurons are sensory fibers. If they are going to the periphery then they are derived from Neural Crest.

A

Afferent

59
Q

(SOMATIC/VISCERAL) sensory fibers originate chiefly from the integument and (SOMATIC/VISCERAL) sensory fibers originate from the viscera.

A

Somatic

Visceral

60
Q

The ANS (Autonomic Nervous System) is involuntary and innervates the smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands. It consists of two motor pathways, which are…

A

Sympathetic

Parasympathetic

61
Q

In the ANS, what is formed by Neural Crest and what is formed by Neuroectoderm?

A

Neural Crest – formation of ganglia and post-ganglion (post-synaptic) cells

Neuroectoderm – formation of the pre-ganglion cells (pre-synaptic) cells from lateral horn

62
Q

Sympathetic ANS is located in the spinal cord in the thoracolumbar region from ______ to ______ in the lateral horn.

A

T1

L2 (maybe L3)

63
Q

What is the two link chain of the Sympathetic ANS?

A

Short and myelinated Preganglionic fiber from spinal cord to Sympathetic Ganglia (***Neuroectoderm)

Long and unmyelinated Postganglionic fiber from Ganglia to Viscera (***Neural Crest)

64
Q

These are sympathetic ganglia that lead to the head and heart.

A

Superior Cervical Ganglion
Middle Cervical Ganglion
Inferior Cervical Ganglion

65
Q

These are “Prevertebral Ganglia”, which are all sympathetic ganglia.

A

Celiac Ganglion
Aortico-renal Ganglion
Superior Mesenteric Ganglion
Inferior Mesenteric Ganglion

66
Q

Parasympathetic ANS is in the Cranial-sacral region. What Cranial Nerves and Sacral Spinal Nerves carry parasympathetic fibers (preganglionic)?

A

CN 3, 7, 9, 10

Sacral Nerves 2, 3, 4

67
Q

What is the two link chain of the Parasympathetic ANS?

A

Long and myelinated Preganglionic fiber from spinal cord to Parasympathetic Ganglia (***Neuroectoderm)

Short and unmyelinated Postganglionic fiber from Ganglia to viscera (***Neural Crest)

68
Q

These are Parasympathetic Ganglion that you would see in the walls of the viscera (organs).

A

Ciliary Ganglion
Pterygopalatine Ganglion
Submandibular Ganglion
Otic Ganglion

69
Q

The CNS is myelinated by _________ and the PNS is myelinated by ________.

A 
Oligodendrocytes (from Neuroectoderm) 
Schwann Cells (from Neural Crest)
70
Q

T/F. CNS myelination starts in the lower brain stem with older tracts starting first and ends with newer tracts. This lasts until age 22.

A

True

71
Q

In the PNS, (MOTOR/SENSORY) roots are myelinated before (MOTOR/SENSORY) roots. Occurs during the 4th month.

A

Motor

Sensory

MSK Exam 1 (20 decks)

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