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Parasitology > Tick-Borne Diseases > Flashcards

Tick-Borne Diseases Flashcards

1
Q

Most hard ticks attach and feed for ______

A

Days

  • immature and adult females have an incomplete scutum allowing them to completely engorge
  • male ticks have complete scutum, imbibe less and more quickly
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2
Q

Soft ticks feed _______

A

Quickly and often

- go back to same host repeatedly, are rarely on host for 15-25 minutes

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3
Q

Competent host vector

A

Capable of transmitting and maintaining pathogen

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4
Q

Direct disease results

A

Tick bites

  • paralysis (toxicosis)
  • red meat allergy
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5
Q

Indirect disease

A

Transmission of pathogens

- viruses, bacteria

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6
Q

T/F: all ticks cause disease just by their bite

A

True, extent varies

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7
Q

Clinical presentation of tick bites

A
  • pain and inflammation at site

- possible complications (anemia, secondary infections, tick worry)

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8
Q

______ can cause tissue reaction and make it difficult for tick to pull out of host

A

Cement

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9
Q

Tick paralysis

A

Caused by toxin in tick saliva

  • often female hard ticks due to longer feeding time (could be larval, nymph, or adult)
  • Argas persicus, Dermacentor variabilis, Amblyomma maculatum, A. americanum
  • acute ascending flaccid paralysis
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10
Q

Red meat allergy

A

Allergic reaction to pork, beef, lamb

  • delayed anaphylaxis in humans
  • IgE antibodies to galactose-alpha-1,3-galactose
  • -> oligosaccharide blood group found in non-primate species
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11
Q

Indirect disease - biological transmission

A

With reproduction or developmental changes in pathogen

- most vector borne diseases

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12
Q

Indirect disease - mechanical transmission

A

Without reproduction or developmental changes in pathogen

- vector is a fomite

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13
Q

What makes a tick a good vector?

A
  • persistent blood-feeder
  • wide host range
  • few natural enemies
  • long-lived (life cycle can take 2 years)
  • high reproductive potential
  • pathogen can be maintained in tick populations (transstadial, transovarial)
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14
Q

Transstadial transmission

A

If larvae is infected by first blood meal, then nymph is infected when it molts
- nymph can still be infected when it molts into an adult or it can transmit at next blood meal

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15
Q

Vector competency

A

Capable of acquiring, maintaining, and transmitting an infectious agen

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16
Q

Reservoir host

A

Capable of acquiring, maintaining, and transmitting infectious agent

  • may be the vertebrate host or arthropod vector
  • are not affected by the pathogen
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17
Q

What was the first described vector borne disease?

A

Texas cattle fever

  • Babesia (protozoan)/Rhipicephalus
  • 1893
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18
Q

Bacterial tick-borne diseases of importance

A
  • lyme disease
  • tularemia
  • tropical canine pancytopenia
  • canine granulocytic ehrlichiosis
  • heartwater
  • canine cyclic thrombocytopenia
  • equine granulocytic anaplasmosis
  • anaplasmosis
  • rocky mountain spotted fever
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19
Q

Tick-borne encephalitis

A

Viral! Powassan encephalitis

  • vector: Ixodes
  • clinically affects humans, domestic animals
  • midwestern, northeastern US, canada
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20
Q

Tick-borne hemorrhagic disease

A

Viral, Nairobi sheep disease

  • vector: hard ticks
  • hemorrhagic gastroenteritis in small ruminants
  • Africa, Asia (FAD)
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21
Q

African swine fever

A

Ornithodoros

  • systemic hemorrhagic disease
  • domestic swine, wart hogs are asymptomatic reservoirs
  • Africa (FAD)
22
Q

Lyme disease - vector

A
  • Ixodes scapularis (eastern US)
  • Ixodes pacificus (western US)
    Transmission requires >24 hr attachment
23
Q

Lyme disease - agent

A

Borrelia burgdorferi

  • mainly B. burgdorferi sensu stricto
  • gram neg spirochete
24
Q

Lyme disease - reservoir hosts

A

Rodents (white footed mouse)
- reservoir for bacteria
White tailed deer
- required host for tick only (maintains tick population)

25
Lyme disease is ______ transmitted
Transstadially
26
Distribution of Lyme disease
Northeastern, north-central US
27
Most dogs exposed to lyme disease are clinically ______
Normal | - requires combo of clinical signs, history, serology (antibodies to C6 peptide) to diagnose
28
Clinical signs of Lyme disease
Shifting leg lameness, fever, anorexia, lymphadenopathy | - polyarthritis, renal disease (glomerulonephritis)
29
Tularemia - vector
Dermacentor variabilis, D. andersoni, Amblyomma americanum | - also some tabanid flies (mechanical transmission)
30
Tularemia - agent
Francisella tularensis | - gram neg bacteria
31
Tularemia - clincial signs
Occurs in various domestic species (sheep, horses, cats) - liver abscesses, spleen - humans: ulcerated lesions, fever, headache
32
Rickettsial diseases
Obligate intracellular, gram neg - Rickettsia, Ehrlichia, Anaplasma - infection causes nonspecific signs - Rickettsiae are transstadially and transovarially transmitted - treatable with tetracyclines
33
Heartwater - vector
Amblyomma where endemic - A. maculatum: experimentally (concern for migrating birds) - FAD: sub-saharan africa, caribbean - severe clinical signs in ruminants
34
Heartwater - causative agent
Ehrlichia ruminantium | - endothelial cells
35
Tropical canine pancytopenia - vector
Rhipicephalus sanguineus
36
Tropical canine pancytopenia - causative agent
Ehrlichia canis | - mononuclear cells
37
Tropical canine pancytopenia - clinical signs
- acute: fever, anorexia, lethargy - subclinical: E. canis in blood (may resolve) - chronic: ocular, neurologic abnormalities, scrotal/limb edema, hemorrhage, weight loss, death - german shepards
38
Canine granulocytic ehrlichiosis - vector
Amblyomma americanum | - lone star tick
39
Canine granulocytic ehrlichiosis - causative agent
Ehrlichia ewingii - granulocytes (neutrophils are typical cells) - clinical signs are mild compared to E. canis
40
Canine cyclic thrombocytopenia - vector
Rhipicephalus sanguineus
41
Canine cyclic thrombocytopenia - causative agent
Anaplasma platys | - platelets
42
Canine cyclic thrombocytopenia - clinical signs
Usually asymptomatic | - acute: cyclic thrombocytopenia (10-14 days)
43
Granulocytic anaplasmosis - vector
Ixodes scapularis, Ixodes pacificus | - same vectors as Lyme disease!
44
Granulocytic anaplasmosis - causative agent
Anaplasma phagocytophilum | - granulocytes (HGA)
45
Granulocytic anaplasmosis clinical signs
``` Equine - mild, subclinical with fever, lethargy, stocking edema, petechiae Dogs and cats - asymptomatic, or nonspecific signs Ruminants (Europe) Humans ```
46
Bovine anaplasmosis - vector
``` Dermacentor andersoni (western US) Mechanical transmission: fomites, biting flies (eastern US) ```
47
Bovine anaplasmosis - causative agent
Anaplasma marginale | - RBCs (obligate intracellular)
48
Bovine anaplasmosis clinical signs in ruminants
Fever, hemolytic anemia | - severity increases with age: up to 50% mortality (adults)
49
Rocky Mountain spotted fever - vectors
D. variabilis, D. andersoni (western US) | - infection rates in tick vectors are low
50
RMSF - causative agent
Rickettsia rickettsii | - endothelial cells, vasculitis
51
RMSF - clinical signs in dogs
- fever - lymphadenopathy - polyarthritis - edema - petechiae - ocular lesions * also reported in cats*
52
Argasid tick-borne bacterial diseases
``` Epizootic bovine abortion - Ornithodoros coriaceus - agent: deltaproteobacterium Relapsing fever - Ornithodoros - agent: borrelia ```

Parasitology (28 decks)

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