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Parasitology > Tick-Borne Diseases > Flashcards

Tick-Borne Diseases Flashcards

1
Q

Most hard ticks attach and feed for ______

A

Days

  • immature and adult females have an incomplete scutum allowing them to completely engorge
  • male ticks have complete scutum, imbibe less and more quickly
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2
Q

Soft ticks feed _______

A

Quickly and often

- go back to same host repeatedly, are rarely on host for 15-25 minutes

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3
Q

Competent host vector

A

Capable of transmitting and maintaining pathogen

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4
Q

Direct disease results

A

Tick bites

  • paralysis (toxicosis)
  • red meat allergy
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5
Q

Indirect disease

A

Transmission of pathogens

- viruses, bacteria

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6
Q

T/F: all ticks cause disease just by their bite

A

True, extent varies

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7
Q

Clinical presentation of tick bites

A
  • pain and inflammation at site

- possible complications (anemia, secondary infections, tick worry)

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8
Q

______ can cause tissue reaction and make it difficult for tick to pull out of host

A

Cement

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9
Q

Tick paralysis

A

Caused by toxin in tick saliva

  • often female hard ticks due to longer feeding time (could be larval, nymph, or adult)
  • Argas persicus, Dermacentor variabilis, Amblyomma maculatum, A. americanum
  • acute ascending flaccid paralysis
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10
Q

Red meat allergy

A

Allergic reaction to pork, beef, lamb

  • delayed anaphylaxis in humans
  • IgE antibodies to galactose-alpha-1,3-galactose
  • -> oligosaccharide blood group found in non-primate species
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11
Q

Indirect disease - biological transmission

A

With reproduction or developmental changes in pathogen

- most vector borne diseases

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12
Q

Indirect disease - mechanical transmission

A

Without reproduction or developmental changes in pathogen

- vector is a fomite

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13
Q

What makes a tick a good vector?

A
  • persistent blood-feeder
  • wide host range
  • few natural enemies
  • long-lived (life cycle can take 2 years)
  • high reproductive potential
  • pathogen can be maintained in tick populations (transstadial, transovarial)
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14
Q

Transstadial transmission

A

If larvae is infected by first blood meal, then nymph is infected when it molts
- nymph can still be infected when it molts into an adult or it can transmit at next blood meal

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15
Q

Vector competency

A

Capable of acquiring, maintaining, and transmitting an infectious agen

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16
Q

Reservoir host

A

Capable of acquiring, maintaining, and transmitting infectious agent

  • may be the vertebrate host or arthropod vector
  • are not affected by the pathogen
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17
Q

What was the first described vector borne disease?

A

Texas cattle fever

  • Babesia (protozoan)/Rhipicephalus
  • 1893
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18
Q

Bacterial tick-borne diseases of importance

A
  • lyme disease
  • tularemia
  • tropical canine pancytopenia
  • canine granulocytic ehrlichiosis
  • heartwater
  • canine cyclic thrombocytopenia
  • equine granulocytic anaplasmosis
  • anaplasmosis
  • rocky mountain spotted fever
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19
Q

Tick-borne encephalitis

A

Viral! Powassan encephalitis

  • vector: Ixodes
  • clinically affects humans, domestic animals
  • midwestern, northeastern US, canada
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20
Q

Tick-borne hemorrhagic disease

A

Viral, Nairobi sheep disease

  • vector: hard ticks
  • hemorrhagic gastroenteritis in small ruminants
  • Africa, Asia (FAD)
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21
Q

African swine fever

A

Ornithodoros

  • systemic hemorrhagic disease
  • domestic swine, wart hogs are asymptomatic reservoirs
  • Africa (FAD)
22
Q

Lyme disease - vector

A
  • Ixodes scapularis (eastern US)
  • Ixodes pacificus (western US)
    Transmission requires >24 hr attachment
23
Q

Lyme disease - agent

A

Borrelia burgdorferi

  • mainly B. burgdorferi sensu stricto
  • gram neg spirochete
24
Q

Lyme disease - reservoir hosts

A

Rodents (white footed mouse)
- reservoir for bacteria
White tailed deer
- required host for tick only (maintains tick population)

25
Q

Lyme disease is ______ transmitted

A

Transstadially

26
Q

Distribution of Lyme disease

A

Northeastern, north-central US

27
Q

Most dogs exposed to lyme disease are clinically ______

A

Normal

- requires combo of clinical signs, history, serology (antibodies to C6 peptide) to diagnose

28
Q

Clinical signs of Lyme disease

A

Shifting leg lameness, fever, anorexia, lymphadenopathy

- polyarthritis, renal disease (glomerulonephritis)

29
Q

Tularemia - vector

A

Dermacentor variabilis, D. andersoni, Amblyomma americanum

- also some tabanid flies (mechanical transmission)

30
Q

Tularemia - agent

A

Francisella tularensis

- gram neg bacteria

31
Q

Tularemia - clincial signs

A

Occurs in various domestic species (sheep, horses, cats)

  • liver abscesses, spleen
  • humans: ulcerated lesions, fever, headache
32
Q

Rickettsial diseases

A

Obligate intracellular, gram neg

  • Rickettsia, Ehrlichia, Anaplasma
  • infection causes nonspecific signs
  • Rickettsiae are transstadially and transovarially transmitted
  • treatable with tetracyclines
33
Q

Heartwater - vector

A

Amblyomma where endemic

  • A. maculatum: experimentally (concern for migrating birds)
  • FAD: sub-saharan africa, caribbean
  • severe clinical signs in ruminants
34
Q

Heartwater - causative agent

A

Ehrlichia ruminantium

- endothelial cells

35
Q

Tropical canine pancytopenia - vector

A

Rhipicephalus sanguineus

36
Q

Tropical canine pancytopenia - causative agent

A

Ehrlichia canis

- mononuclear cells

37
Q

Tropical canine pancytopenia - clinical signs

A
  • acute: fever, anorexia, lethargy
  • subclinical: E. canis in blood (may resolve)
  • chronic: ocular, neurologic abnormalities, scrotal/limb edema, hemorrhage, weight loss, death
  • german shepards
38
Q

Canine granulocytic ehrlichiosis - vector

A

Amblyomma americanum

- lone star tick

39
Q

Canine granulocytic ehrlichiosis - causative agent

A

Ehrlichia ewingii

  • granulocytes (neutrophils are typical cells)
  • clinical signs are mild compared to E. canis
40
Q

Canine cyclic thrombocytopenia - vector

A

Rhipicephalus sanguineus

41
Q

Canine cyclic thrombocytopenia - causative agent

A

Anaplasma platys

- platelets

42
Q

Canine cyclic thrombocytopenia - clinical signs

A

Usually asymptomatic

- acute: cyclic thrombocytopenia (10-14 days)

43
Q

Granulocytic anaplasmosis - vector

A

Ixodes scapularis, Ixodes pacificus

- same vectors as Lyme disease!

44
Q

Granulocytic anaplasmosis - causative agent

A

Anaplasma phagocytophilum

- granulocytes (HGA)

45
Q

Granulocytic anaplasmosis clinical signs

A 
Equine
- mild, subclinical with fever, lethargy, stocking edema, petechiae
Dogs and cats
- asymptomatic, or nonspecific signs
Ruminants (Europe) 
Humans
46
Q

Bovine anaplasmosis - vector

A 
Dermacentor andersoni (western US)
Mechanical transmission: fomites, biting flies (eastern US)
47
Q

Bovine anaplasmosis - causative agent

A

Anaplasma marginale

- RBCs (obligate intracellular)

48
Q

Bovine anaplasmosis clinical signs in ruminants

A

Fever, hemolytic anemia

- severity increases with age: up to 50% mortality (adults)

49
Q

Rocky Mountain spotted fever - vectors

A

D. variabilis, D. andersoni (western US)

- infection rates in tick vectors are low

50
Q

RMSF - causative agent

A

Rickettsia rickettsii

- endothelial cells, vasculitis

51
Q

RMSF - clinical signs in dogs

A
  • fever
  • lymphadenopathy
  • polyarthritis
  • edema
  • petechiae
  • ocular lesions
  • also reported in cats*
52
Q

Argasid tick-borne bacterial diseases

A 
Epizootic bovine abortion
- Ornithodoros coriaceus
- agent: deltaproteobacterium
Relapsing fever
- Ornithodoros 
- agent: borrelia

Parasitology (28 decks)

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