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Parasitology > Apicomplexa > Flashcards

Apicomplexa Flashcards

1
Q

Apicomplexa - general characteristics

A

All have “apical complex” in infective stage (helps host cell invasion)

  • widely diverse, infecting intestinal tissue and extraintestinal, blood, etc
  • unicellular
  • direct/indirect, asexual/sexual, predator/prey, or vector bone life cycle
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2
Q

Apicomplexa - intestinal stages

A
  • Eimeria
  • Isospora suis
  • Cryptosporidium
  • Toxoplasma gondii
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3
Q

Apicomplexa - extraintestinal stages

A
  • Cytoisospora
  • Sarcocystis cervi, neurona
  • Toxoplasma gondii
  • Hepatazoon americanum
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4
Q

Apicomplexa - blood stages

A
  • Babesia
  • Cytauxzoon felis
  • Hepatozoon
  • Plasmodium
  • Haemoproteus
  • Leucocytozoon
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5
Q

Sporogony

A

Asexual reproduction

  • single zygote (in oocyst) produces infective sporozoites
  • formation of infectious stages of parasite
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6
Q

Merogony (schizogony)

A

Asexual reproduction

  • sporozoites undergo rapid division to become meront (schizont) stages containing invasive merozoites
  • several generations possible, depending on species
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7
Q

Gametogony (gamogony)

A

Merozoites differentiate into gametes

- male microgametes and female macrogametes

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8
Q

Fertilization

A

Gametes fuse to produce zygote (oocyst)

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9
Q

Coccidian - generic life cycle

A

Zygote –> sporogony = sporozoites –> host cell invasion –> merozoites –> merogony/schizongony OR –> gamogon = gametes –> fertilization

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10
Q

Eimeria spp. - coccidia

A
  • original description based on: host species, host location, oocyst morphology
  • cosmopolitan distribution
  • host and site specific (usually)
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11
Q

Which Eimeria species are pathogenic in cattle?

A
  • E. bovis

- E. zuernii

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12
Q

Which Eimeria species are pathogenic in chickens?

A
  • E. tenella

- E. maxima

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13
Q

Eimeria - oocysts

A

Unsporulated when released in feces

  • sporogony occurs in environment
  • sporulated oocyst = 4 sporocytes, each with 2 sporozoites (total of 8 infectious units per cyst)
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14
Q

Eimeria - sporulated oocyst

A

Ingested

  • sporozoites infect target cells
  • merogony (merozoites)
  • gametogony (gametes)
  • gametes fuse = oocyst production
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15
Q

Eimeria has a _____ life cycle

A

Direct

  • host –> environment –> host
  • completed in a single host!
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16
Q

Eimeria - pathology

A
  • severe, watery diarrhea, dehydration
  • bloody feces
  • weight loss
  • lethargy/depression
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17
Q

Pathogenesis of eimeria leaves a ______ number of oocysts in fecal floatations.

A

High!

- once oocysts are present, damage has been done

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18
Q

Eimeria - cattle

A

Pathogenic: E. bovis, E. zuernii

  • PPP: 2-3 weeks
  • clinical signs: severe, watery diarrhea, weight loss, lesions, submucosa destroyed
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19
Q

Nervous coccidiosis is associated with _____

A

Eimeria zuernii

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20
Q

Eimeria - small ruminants

A

Pathogenic (sheep): E. ahsata, E. ovina

- host specificity?

21
Q

What species are not infected with Eimeria?

A

Dogs and cats

22
Q

Which species are asymptomatic with Eimeria?

A

Horses

- E. leuckarti

23
Q

Eimeria diagnosis

A
  • clinical signs
  • lesions: direct smear, lesion scoring, histology
  • fecal exam: sugar float
24
Q

When identifying the oocyst you do NOT want to _______

A

Refridgerate the sample

  • will delay sporulation, which requires 48 hours
  • use 2.5% potassium dichromate for storage
25
Q

Anticoccidials

A

Prophylactic treatment

  • wide range
  • coccidiostat vs coccidiocidal
  • rotation/shuttle programs
  • stress in young animals
26
Q

Are coccidia vaccines available?

A

Yes, live strains for poultry industry

  • attenuated
  • in ovo vaccination (live oocysts)
27
Q

Other ways to control Eimeria

A
  • environment: sanitation, litter management

- animal: monitoring, mixed ages, prophylactic treatment program

28
Q

Cystoisospora can have extraintestinal stage in _______

A

Paratenic hosts

  • monozoic tissue cyst
  • commonly infect dog/cat
29
Q

Isospora is strictly ______

A

Intestinal

30
Q

Isospora/cystoisospora ______ life cycle

A

Direct

  • unsporulated oocysts shed in environment –> sporogony –> sporulated oocysts
  • DH ingests sporulated oocysts –> sporozoites release –> infect target cells
31
Q

What differentiates isospora/cystoisospora from eimeria?

A

Isospora/cystoisospora have sporulated oocysts with:

- 2 sporocysts with 4 sporozoites each

32
Q

Isospora/cystoisospora asexual stages

A

Sporozoites invade host intestinal cell undergo merogony –> merozoites form –> invade new host cell –> second generation of merozoites –> invade new cells

33
Q

Isospora/cystoisospora sexual stages

A

Gametogony (gamogony)

- male/female gametes –> fertilization –> oocysts produced –> passed in feces unsporulated

34
Q

Cystoisospora indirect life cycle

A

Unsporulated oocysts shed in environment –> sporogony –> sporulated oocysts (2 sporocysts w/ 4 sporozoites each)
- DH ingests sporulated oocysts OR paratenic host with monozoic cysts –> sporozoites released –> infect intestinal cells

35
Q

Cystoisospora indirect asexual stages

A

Sporozoites invade host intestinal cell undergo merogony –> merozoites formed –> invade new host cell –> second generation of merozoites –> invade new cells

36
Q

Cystoisospora indirect sexual stages

A

Gametogony (gamogony)

- male/female gametes –> fertilization –> oocysts produced –> passed in feces unsporulated

37
Q

Cystoisospora - paratenic host

A

Ingests sporulated oocysts –> extraintestinal development of monozoic cysts

38
Q

Isospora/cystoisospora PPP

A

At least 1 week for most species

- may be longer in monozoic cysts is infection route

39
Q

Isospora suis

A

Neonatal porcine coccidiosis

  • ubiquitous in closed confinement
  • 15-20% of swine diarrhea
  • sows do not have clinical disease, just neonates
40
Q

Isospora suis - clinical signs

A
  • diarrhea: pasty yellow, fluid after 2-3 days
  • dehydration
  • lethargy
  • destruction of villous epithelium in SI: malabsorption
  • recovery: resistance
41
Q

I. suis PPP

A

5 days

- oocysts shed 1-3 weeks

42
Q

I. suis diagnostics

A

Fecal oocysts
- fecal float
- 48 hr sporulation (required to differentiate from eimeria)
PM diagnosis
- intestinal scrapings of lesions, wet mount

43
Q

I. suis control

A
  • place sows on anticoccidial during 3rd trimester
  • steam clean
  • anticoccidials
  • albon, baycox
44
Q

Cystoisospora spp - dogs

A

Ubiquitous in young dogs

  • host specific
  • diarrhea, dehydration, anorexia
  • asexual/sexual stages destroy intestinal cells
45
Q

Isospora/cystoisospora - cats

A

More pathogenic in cats 4 weeks or younger

  • diarrhea, dehydration, malnutrition, death
  • moderate or subclinical in older cats
46
Q

Isospora/cystoisospora oocyst rule outs

A

Cats: cryptosporidium, hammondia, t. gondii
Dogs: cryptosporidium, hammondia, neospora caninum, sarcocystis

47
Q

Isospora/cystoisospora sporulation _____

A

16 hours

48
Q

Isospora/cystoisospora - control

A

Dog/cats

  • disingestion of paratenic hosts
  • sanitation
  • treat all animals
  • anticoccidials

Parasitology (28 decks)

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