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Parasitology > Hookworms > Flashcards

Hookworms Flashcards

1
Q

Hookworm classification

A

Phylum: Nematoda
Order: Strongylida
Superfamily: Ancylostomatoidae
- large animals: Bunostomum phlebotomum, trigonocephalum
- small animals: Ancylostoma caninum, braziliense, tubaeforme, Uncinaria stenocephala

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2
Q

Which large animal hookworm belongs to cattle only?

A

Bunostomum phlebotomum

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3
Q

Which small animal hookworm belongs to dogs only?

A

Ancylostoma caninum

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4
Q

Which small animal hookworm belongs to cats only?

A

Ancylostoma tubaeforme

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5
Q

Bunostomum phlebotomum pathology

A

Highly pathogenic, blood feeders!!

  • heavy infections with adults = diarrhea, anemia, hypoproteinemia
  • calves: marked weakness, emaciation, submandibular edema
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6
Q

B. phlebotomum - entry site skin

A
  • irritation and pruritus
  • swelling, scabs
  • penetration of larvae may cause cattle to stamp their feet; lick their legs
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7
Q

B. phlebotomum - entry site intestines

A
  • vili loss
  • inflammation
  • hemorrhagic lesions (ulcers)
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8
Q

Bunostomum phlebotomum - hosts

A

DH: wild and domestic ruminants (cattle, zebu)

  • site of adults: small intestines (duodenum)
  • distribution: worldwide in temperate regions, US (south and midwest)
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9
Q

B. phlebotomum - life cycle

A

Adults in SI –> eggs in feces –> L1 –> L2 –> L3 ensheathed (infective) –> L3 penetrates skin (most common) –> L3 enters circulatory system –> L3 migrates to heart, lungs, alveoli –> L4 coughed up , swallowed –> L4 in SI
Alternate route: L3 ingested (less common) –> L4 in SI

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10
Q

Bunostomum phlebotomum - clinical signs

A
  • anemia
  • diarrhea
  • submandibular edema
  • emaciation
  • weakness
  • death is possible
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11
Q

Bunostomum phlebotomum - diagnosis

A 
Eggs
- fecal float
- thick shell, dirty looking 
Adults
- robust worms, chitinous cutting plates
- large buccal cavity
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12
Q

Bunostomum phlebotomum - treatment and control

A
  • approved medication
  • avoid moist pastures
  • promote dryness
  • hygiene (remove manure)
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13
Q

Bunostomum trigonocephalum - hosts

A

DH: sheep, goats, alpacas, llamas

- site of adults: small intestine (jejunum, ileum)

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14
Q

Bunostomum trigonocephalum - clinical signs

A
  • irritation at entry site
  • progressive anemia
  • diarrhea (dark)
  • edema (bottle jaw)
  • death possible (200-300 worms)
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15
Q

Bunostomum trigonocephalum - life cycle

A

Adults in SI –> eggs in feces –> L1 –> L2 –> L3 ensheathed (infective) –> L3 penetrates skin (common) –> L3 enters circulatory system –> L3 migrates to heart, lungs, alveoli –> L4 coughed up, swallowed –> L4
- alternate route: L3 ingested –> L4

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16
Q

Bunostomum trigonocephalum - diagnosis and treatment

A
  • fecal float

- levamisole labeled for sheep

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17
Q

Which small animal hookworms affect both dogs and cats?

A
  • Ancylostoma braziliense

- Uncinaria stenocephala (more common in colder climates in US)

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18
Q

Small animal hookworm morphology

A

Curved on anterior end (hooked), males have copulatory bursa

  • Ancylostoma caninum, A. tubaeforme: 3 pairs of teeth
  • Ancylostoma braziliense: 1 pair of teeth
  • Uncinaria stenocephala: cutting plates
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19
Q

Ancylostoma caninum - hosts

A 
DH: canids
PH: vertebrates (rodents), cockroaches
- site of adults: small intestine
- distribution: tropical/subtropical, does not tolerate freezing, larvae like well drained soil, shade, warmth, humidity 
- more prevalent in southeast than north
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20
Q

What are 4 potential routes of infection for A. caninum?

A
  • L3 penetrate skin: goes to circulatory system, lungs –> cough and swallow
  • DH ingests L3, enter SI crypts
  • PH ingests L3: L3 arrest, reactivated, enter SI crypts, DH ingests PH
  • pregnant bitch ingests L3: L3 –> lungs –> somatic tissue, arrests, reactivated –> mammary glands –> nursing pup ingests L3 –> L3 enter SI crypts in pup
21
Q

Ancylostoma caninum - peracute disease

A

Occurs in puppies

  • pale membranes, dark feces
  • possible rapid decline in health at 2 weeks (before eggs produced)
  • 0 eggs per gram
  • coma, death
22
Q

Ancylostoma caninum - acute disease

A

Older pup, mature

  • severe anemia
  • may still have 0 EPG
23
Q

Ancylostoma caninum - chronic disease

A

Asymptomatic or slightly anemic

  • eggs in feces
  • immunocompetent host
24
Q

Ancylostoma caninum - secondary disease

A

Older animals

  • profound anemia
  • immunocompromised
  • secondary to other disease
25
Q

Ancylostoma braziliense - hosts

A

DH: canids, felids

  • site of adults: small intestine
  • distribution: tropical/subtropical, larvae prefer moist, sandy soil, warmth
26
Q

Ancylostoma tubaeforme - hosts

A

DH: felids

  • site of adults: small intestine
  • distribution: worldwide, increased prevalence in warmer climates
27
Q

Which Ancylostoma spp has transmammary transmission?

A

A. caninum

28
Q

Ancylostoma spp - pathology

A
  • larvae: dermatitis, pneumonia

- adults: anemia, enteritis, edema

29
Q

Which Ancylostoma spp is most pathogenic?

A

A. caninum!!

30
Q

Ancylostoma spp - clinical signs

A

Primarily in warmer seasons!

  • severity of disease dependent on: ability to compensate, # of parasites, ancylostoma spp involved
  • adult dogs have anemia, anorexia, emaciation, weakness –> dark, tarry diarrhea, more likely in stressed and malnourished dogs
31
Q

Number of hookworms able to mature in SI will be influenced by ______

A
  • age
  • acquired immunity
  • premunition: residual population of hookworms confers resistance to new infection
32
Q

How does immunity to infection develop?

A
  • mature dogs may harbor small numbers of worms
  • contaminate environment
  • if well nourished and immunocompetent show few, if any, signs of disease
33
Q

All hookworms suck ______

A

Blood!!

34
Q

A. caninum disease summary

A

Voracious bloodsucker

  • more pathogenic than A. braziliense
  • most severe in pups by transmammary transmission
  • pale mucous membranes
  • anemia, ill thrift, failure to gain weight, poor hair coat
  • dark tarry diarrhea
  • death
  • survivors are poor doers with chronic anemia
35
Q

Respiratory disease and pneumonia

A

In puppies when large numbers of larvae migrate through lungs
- respiratory signs with hookworm-induced anemia

36
Q

Penetration by larval hookworms

A
  • dermatitis with errythema, puritus, and papules
  • lesions most commonly on feet, interdigital spaces
  • A. caninum and A. braziliense most often
37
Q

Ancylostoma infection diagnosis

A

Fecal float

  • thin shelled eggs
  • oval
  • if fecal is less than 24 hrs old, may see free L1
38
Q

Ancylostoma adult characteristics

A

3 pair of teeth in adults
- A. caninum and A. tubaeforme
1 pair of teeth
- A. braziliense

39
Q

Uncinaria stenocephala - hosts

A

DH: canids, felids
PH: rodents
- site of adults: small intestine
- distribution: cooler climates, larvae resistant to freezing!!
- less common than A. caninum in the southeast

40
Q

What are 3 potential routes of infection for Uncinaria stenocephala?

A
  • L3 penetrates skin (uncommon) –> circulatory system –> heart/lungs, cough and swallow
  • DH ingests L3 –> enter SI crypts
  • PH ingests L3 –> somatic migration –> L3 arrest, reactivate –> enter SI crypts –> DH ingests PH
41
Q

Is there transmammary transmission with U. stenocephala?

A

No!

42
Q

Uncinaria stenocephala - pathology and signs

A

May be asymptomatic, least pathogenic hookworm in dogs (rare in cats)

  • minimal lesions from larvae
  • adult blood feeding: heavy infection, catarrhal infection
  • ingest 1-2% of blood volume than A. caninum ingets
43
Q

Uncinaria stenocephala diagnosis

A 
Eggs
- floatation
- similar to ancylostoma
Adults
- chitinous plates (no teeth)
44
Q

Dog hookworm treatment suggestions

A
  • A. caninum: fenbendazole, milbemycin oxime, moxidectin, pyrantel pamoate
  • U. stenocephala: pyrantel pamoate, fenbendazole, moxidectin
  • A. braziliense: pyrantel pamoate
45
Q

Cat hookworm treatment suggestions

A
  • A. tubaeforme: emodepside, ivermectin, milbemycin oxime, moxidectin, pyrantel, selamectin
46
Q

Cutaneous larval migrans

A

Creeping eruption

  • L3 penetrate surface layers of human skin and migrate
  • walking barefoot or sitting on contaminated soil or sand
  • no maturation (wrong host)
47
Q

Which hookworm species is most important for CLM?

A

Ancylostoma braziliense

  • gulf coast
  • southeastern states
  • highest prevalence
48
Q

CLM pathogenesis

A
  • papules
  • inflamed tracks
  • thickened skin
  • pruritus
  • systemic eosinophilia (uncommon, occurs in Australia)
  • A. caninum: adults found in human intestines, single worms, no eggs, percutaneous transmission not oral!

Parasitology (28 decks)

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